Blood Sugar Regulation

Pancreas

Pancreas

PancreasTwo cell types to produce:

1. digestive enzymes – exocrine acini

2. hormones – islets of Langerhans

1 – 2% of pancreas are the islets of Langerhans

Islets of LangerhansTwo hormones are produced:

1. insulin – beta cells

2. glucagon – alpha cells

blue = cell nucleigreen = insulinred = glucagon

Insulin FunctionWhen is insulin released? after eating

hyperglycemia

beta cellscellular signals for

insulin releasedecreased blood

sugar

increased glucose uptake

glycogen production in liver

Glucagon FunctionWhat does glucagon do? breaks down glycogen

hypoglycemia

alpha cellscellular signals for glucagon release

increased blood sugar

glucose release from liver

glucose production in liver

Blood Sugar DiseasesThree types of diabetes:

1. Diabetes Mellitus - Type 1

2. Diabetes Mellitus - Type 2

3. Diabetes Insipidus

Diabetes Mellitus – Type Ialso known as juvenile diabetes

Cause

Symptoms

Treatment

Diabetes Mellitus – Type IIformerly known as adult-onset diabetes

Cause

Symptoms

Treatment

Diabetes InsipidusCause

Symptoms

Treatment

Canadian ConnectionFrederick Banting & Charles

BestNobel Prize – 1923insulin isolation

tied off ducts to digestive tract

cell producing digestive enzymes shrivelled

only islets of Langerhans remained

Hormone StructureInsulin

peptide hormone

glucagonpeptide hormone

Stress Regulation

Adrenal Glands

adrenal – “next to” the renal system

Two main sections:

1. adrenal cortex long-term stress

2. adrenal medulla short-term stress

Adrenal Gland

Adrenal CortexLong-term stress sends ACTH (adrenocorticotropic

hormone)

pituitary adrenal cortex

Produces two types of hormones:1. glucocorticoids2. mineralcorticoids

ACTH

1. Glucocorticoidsclass of steroid hormones for glucose regulationspecific example: cortisol

What happens when you’re stressed out?

2. Mineralcorticoidsclass of steroid hormones for mineral regulationspecific example: aldosterone

What happens when you’re stressed out?

Adrenal MedullaShort-term stress detected by hypothalamus

Produces two hormones:

1. epinephrine (adrenaline)

2. norepinephrine (noradrenaline)

both compounds are examples of catecholamines, which are also neurotransmitters

Hormone Structuresepinephrine

hydrophilic

norepinephrinehydrophilic

Flight-or-Fight Response

What’s your response?increased heart rateincreased breathingblood vessel dilation more O2 deliveryiris dilation collect maximum visual

information

these responses are induced by catecholamine release