Panel 5: Policy Issues and Initiatives in Low and Middle Income Countries Tuesday November 15 (4:00- 5:30) 12 th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation

Panel 5: Policy Issues and Initiatives in Low and Middle Income Countries

Tuesday November 15 (4:00- 5:30)

12th Symposium on

Development and Social Transformation

NGOs and Civil Society Social Movement in Iran

Amir Farmanesh


12th Symposium on


Analyze Iran emerging NGOs

CONDITIONS OF MOVEMENT EMERGENCE: WHY IRAN NGOS ARE IMPORTANT?

POLITICAL OPPORTUNITIES AND CONSTRAINTS OF THE POLITICAL-SOCIAL-ECONOMICAL ENVIRONMENT

INDIGENOUS RECOURSES: IRANIAN NGOS, GLANCE AT THEIR ROOTS

Targeted constituents: Who composes Targeted constituents: Who composes Iranian NGOs?Iranian NGOs? Women Intellectuals and Academics Students The Youth

Role of leadershipRole of leadership

Areas of Further EmpowermentAreas of Further Empowerment

Links with communities Advocacy and lobbying by NGOs Giving priority to work outside of Tehran Capacity Development International co-operation Paving Legal Process

Preservation Strategies: NGO Autonomy in Ecuador

Stephanie Smith


12th Symposium on


The Background:Variation in NGO

Autonomy

The Background:Variation in NGO

Autonomy

Accountability-orientationEconomic FactorsMissionSocio-political EnvironmentOrg Life-cycle (stability)

Accountability-orientationEconomic FactorsMissionSocio-political EnvironmentOrg Life-cycle (stability)

Principal-Agent TheoryPrincipal-Agent Theory

Principals (donors) are individuals or organizations that engage other actors (NGOS) in promoting the principal’s agenda

Interviews reveal limitations Mission (in)congruence Accountability to multiple stakeholders

Principals (donors) are individuals or organizations that engage other actors (NGOS) in promoting the principal’s agenda

Interviews reveal limitations Mission (in)congruence Accountability to multiple stakeholders

Resource DependenceResource Dependence

Ecuador NGOs are interdependent with their external environment

All 12 Ecuador NGOs reported 95-99% of funding from outside Ecuador

Multiple stakeholders Concerns for mission, values, legitimacy

Ecuador NGOs are interdependent with their external environment

All 12 Ecuador NGOs reported 95-99% of funding from outside Ecuador

Multiple stakeholders Concerns for mission, values, legitimacy

Managing Resource Dependence

Managing Resource Dependence

Strategies are used to manage influences of the external environment on NGO activities

Examples

Strategies are used to manage influences of the external environment on NGO activities

Examples

SignificanceSignificance

Additional coping mechanism Join the dominant organizational culture Adopt its rhetoric and practices to stabilize its environment

Future research will explore how organizational culture is transferred between organizations

Additional coping mechanism Join the dominant organizational culture Adopt its rhetoric and practices to stabilize its environment

Future research will explore how organizational culture is transferred between organizations

Determinants of Success in the Collectivization Efforts of Small Farmers in the Plantation Sector: Case of Kenyan Tea

Industry

Vikram Kapur


12th Symposium on


The Tea Sector

Tea – a major plantation crop in India, China, Sri Lanka, Kenya, Indonesia, Turkey, Japan, Vietnam

Annual global production : 3064 mkg (in 2002) Area : 2.65 mn ha; Avg yield : 1157 kg/ha (in 2002) Primary markets (auctions) in India (9), Colombo,

Mombasa, Jakarta, Limbe, Chittagong World exports : 1439 mkg (in 2002) Major consumers are India, China, Russia/CIS, UK,

Pakistan, USA, Iraq, Egypt

India and Kenya – A Comparison of the Tea Industry

World area under tea in 2002 (ha)

19%

5%

76%

India

Kenya

Rest

0

5001000

15002000

2500

Kg/ha

India Kenya Rest

Producer

Yield of tea in the world during 2002 (kg/ha)

Global production of tea in 2002 (mkg)

0

500

1000

1500

2000

India Kenya Rest

Producer

Mkg

World tea exports during 2002 (mkg)

14%

19%

67%

India

Kenya

Rest

Structure of Kenyan Tea Industry

Small sector

Collectivization of small tea growers in Kenya

Political upheaval in 1950s led to State-promoted expansion of area under tea through peasant cultivation

After independence, Kenya Tea Development Authority (KTDA) set up in 1964

Organized small growers, plantations and factories

From 1995, liberalization; converted as Agency and transfer of assets to growers

Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA)

KTDA’s structure:• 311,875 small growers;

82,230 ha of tea• 45 tea factories; 58% of

national output• Board(post ‘95): 12 grower

reps; 4 Govt nominees• MD with GMs for

Operations/Agriculture, Sales/Marketing, Finance & Corporate divisions

Kenya Tea Development Agency (KTDA)

KTDA’s operations:• Extension services; input

supply; technical support• Leaf inspection, collection,

handling, transportation• Processing, grading, sorting

and packing• Marketing, receiving

payments from buyers and passing on to farmers

• Coordination and planning

Impact of KTDA model

Small growers area increased from 17,921 ha at independence (1963) to 85,510 ha (1997)

Small sector production grew to 58% of total, making Kenya the 4th largest producer in the world

Also, 2nd largest tea exporter Economic empowerment of SGs Indirect employment to 2 million Tea - largest sub-sector in Agri;

significant contribution to GDP

Critique of KTDA model

Privatization (transfer of KTDA equity to small growers) did not improve yields and quality

Low level of input use, poor husbandry practices

Information asymmetry and mistrust between farmers & KTDA

Factory boards still oblivious of marketing and its relationship with quality

Determinants of success in collectivization

Small plantation farmers need to aggregate and sell their crop to a processor of the commodity -but this can prove exploitative in the absence of competition

Contract farming by agro-industrial firms an option but they prefer large growers due to lower transaction costs

Cooperatives a viable mechanism for SGs provided farmers are a homogeneous group with informed leadership there is strong State support but minimal interference the organization is able to provide tangible benefits / returns to

members by becoming competitive in a free market system

Learnings for Kenya and India

KENYA ‘Liberalization’ may not

work if information asymmetry between KTDA and growers continues

Have transparency in pricing and payments through greater accountability of KTDA towards small growers

Larger investments reqd in extension/input services

INDIA Small sector (20%) to be

organized into growers’ cooperatives & an SGDA

Extension, input supply, procurement, marketing services required by SGs

Minimal interference by Govt; strong R&D support

Tea cooperatives may be run on commercial basis

Recommendations for Indian Policy

Small tea growers need to be provided institutional support through a KTDA type of model (SGDA)

The organization may be a commercial entity run on cooperative principles and fully accountable to SGs

Existing cooperatives may be freed from State control; professionalism brought in

Focus on capacity building

An Examination of Commensurability in Transnational Development Projects: Examples

from Highland Guatemala

Nina Muller-Schwarze


12th Symposium on


Democratic Stuggles in Algeria

Veronica Reeves


12th Symposium on


Algeria as Pride of Arab World: Late 70’s-Early 80’s

leading player in OPEC

hostage mediator in Iran and Lebanon

promoted Euro-Arab dialogue

Turning Point: 1991 Elections economic hardship-social

unrest

constitutional changes allow more open-voting

first round: FIS party (Islamists) overwhelming winners

second round: cancelled

Plunging into Chaos

FIS leaders/supporters jailed rebel militant groups emerge…

take up arms civilians targeted Army accused of own atrocities

Civil Conflict: The Human Cost

150,000 dead

thousands missing

sharp decline in quality of life

Inching Toward Stability gradual decline in violence

militants offered amnesty

most militant groups have disbanded

no more than 1,000 militants still fighting

Future Challenges poverty

housing shortages

restless youth

high unemployment

questionable future for democracy


Tuesday, November 15 (4:00- 5:30)

Amir Farmanesh NGOS and Social Movement in Iran

Stephanie Smith NGO Autonomy in Ecuador

Vikram Kapur Kenyan Tea and Collectivization

Nina Muller-Schwarze Development Projects: Guatemala

Veronica Reeves Democratic Struggles in Algeria

12th Symposium on


Documents

Panel 5: Policy Issues and Initiatives in Low and Middle Income Countries Tuesday November 15 (4:00- 5:30) 12 th Symposium on Development and Social Transformation