Paper-Central City in Mexico City

7/31/2019 Paper-Central City in Mexico City

1/16

IS IT POSSIBLE THINK ABOUT CENTRAL CITY IN MEXICO CITY?

RAMIREZ PALOMO, Armando.PHD Urbanism Candidate at Facultad de Arquitectura Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico.

Email: apalomoi@prodigy,net.mx [email protected]

Abstract

The Mexico central city has contained four of the sixteen administrative areas into which are

divided the Federal District. Mxico City showed almost the same pattern of the North

American cities, however after seventy years of depopulation of centre of Mxico City its

possible to review what had happened with the economic development of the administrative

areas that form part of the Unikel central city in the Federal District. The Cuauhtemoc

Delegacin has a great economic value with respect other twenty five administrative areas, so

that the comparison appear to be irrelevant and allow think about of strength central city inside

one of the administrative area (at least two) beyond the historic center

The Unikels use of central city

Mxico City is frequently identified with Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Mxico

, Figure 1, where its possible see urban area in grey sprawling into the Federal

District, the State of Mxico and going on closing other four states.

Figure 1 Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Mxico

But strictly City of Mexico is the

Federal District with its sixteen

Delegaciones1(Figure 2). There is a

great debate about the administrative

units which are included into de

Metropolitan definition; howeverthe Instituto Nacional de Estadstica

Geografa e Informtica (INEGI)

includes sixteen Delegaciones of

Federal District and fifty nine

Municipios from de states of

Mxico and Hidalgo. Thats the

1 These are the administrative areas into which the Federal District is divided.

Inegi (2004)
mailto:apalomoi@prodigy,net.mxmailto:apalomoi@prodigy,net.mxmailto:[email protected]:apalomoi@prodigy,net.mxmailto:[email protected]


2/16

situation, but the federal administration is based in three level of government: Federal, estatal,

and municipal thus the metropolitan form has not legal status.

Figure 2. Distrito Federal

The central city was identified since 1976 by Unikel

in his pioneer research The urban development in

Mexico, with the urban area contained in four

Delegaciones (Cuauhtemoc, Miguel Hidalgo, Benito

Jurez and Venustiano Carranza) appearing inside

yellow line in Figure 2. That was the results of

Chicago human ecology school applied to the studies

on the development of the cities in Mexico. Whit

regard to the location of the central city in a

geographic area like the city of Mexico has provoked

a controversy that still produces interesting

reflections for the academic community and those

who takes decisions in the matter of public policy; it

is the case of the argument used in the titled article

the Slight knowledge of the Center in the Global

City (Terrazas, 2000), where the author reviews

researches made by Unikel, Coulomb, Schteingart, and affirms the insufficient empirical

evidence to affirm the existence of the central city; and after analyzing historical concepts like

central business district, centers, inner city, central city, Terrazas suggests the center like a

metropolitan centrality that contains the advanced tertiary services plus other commercial

establishments and would be located in a great central zone (the historical center but thecolonies Doctors, Jurez, Zona rosa, Rome) as well as spread out along of four axes related to

Peripheral Ring, the Inner Circuit, Avenue University and Calzada de Tlalpan. To do that

Terrazas took 1994 economic census data related to commercial unit and people employ in, and

the criteria was more than 100 commercial units and more than 1000 employees by basic

statistical area (Terrazas, 2000).

Inegi (2004)


3/16

Central City in literature

The concept of central city appears in Literature in reference to three dimensions: one, related

to the urban nuclei around which the different types from city were developed, from the

ceremonial cities, the cities been, the Renaissance cities strength, cities, the industrial city and

the city post - present industrialist or, and that put emphasis in the historical development of the

production relations reason why the organization of the cities is a framework of social and

economic processes according to the determined historical moment, those processes catalyzed

themselves from the industrial revolution (Bairoch, 1990; Benevolo, 1992; Moreno Toscano,

1978); second is related to the industrial location, that it looked for to explain the size, number

and distribution of the human settlements in the cities based on the supplying of goods and

services that are only supplied there, that search gave rise to the theory of the central places and

the respective categories like the central place, the hierarchy of the central places, the

complementary region or hinterland, and the threshold (Gutirrez Puebla, 1984); third it is the

concentric ring zones proposal elaborated from the theory of the central place, that puts

emphasis in the growth of the city from the distribution of land use, the price and rents of the

land, transport and the urban employment, applied in the fields of sociology, economy and

geography and furthermore appear which it is known like radial sectors and multiple nuclei

and they have in common the concept of central businesses district to talk about to the forming

nucleus of the cities the countries of the North hemisphere, as well as to the possible forms

taken by the sprawling city outside its nucleus. In all the cases there is consensus in the

explanation that the central city or central nucleus is the area in where they concentrate a set of

functions (central) habitacionales, commercial, of services, of entertainment, cultural (in the

sense restricted of I finish and that is related basically to the arts, Literature and music), of

relaxation, among others (Burguess, 1925; Harris, 1997; Richardson, 1993).

In that one area, place or central city, was developed by centuries the most important activities

of the urban societies and, with it, another conception related to the historical patrimony, thehistorical centers, that often are left contents in the central city and sometimes can be located

beyond their borders.

...los centros urbanos antiguos, hoy llamados histricos, son el origen de la propia vida de la

ciudad... Los ncleos histricos fueron durante tres siglos toda la urbe y despus se

convirtieron en su centro, lo que explica por qu son espacios tan heterogneos en lo social,

econmico y cultural (Surez Pareyn, 2002, p.3)

Even the improvement of the historical centers is a process that hardly has a century ofdevelopment, and that still now presents lights and shades in relation to the attention which


4/16

they deserve the heterogeneities indicated by Surez. Although there are (in fashion) public

policies for the protection of those centers, the characterization of Monnet opens interrogations

about his results.

Despus de un siglo de nacionalizacin, las polticas de proteccin de centros histricos se

han vuelto polticas pblicas: (a) a nivel mundial expertos y turistas estructuran sus mercados

(de competencia para los primeros, de consumo para los segundos) mediante la identificacin

globalizada de lo tpicamente local; (b) a nivel nacional, poltico y tecncratas explotan el

sentimiento de lo nacional para lograr la transformacin radical de las estructuras urbanas

conforme a un cierto modelo global de desarrollo (que prev la desaparicin del ambulantaje y

la monumentalizacin de los edificios y espacios pblicos; (c) a nivel local, despus de

decenios de modernizacin urbanstica, que implic la destruccin de entornos familiares, los

habitantes se adhieren a los proyectos conservadores (aunque el balance indica que se pierde la

funcin residencial) (Monnet, 1999: p. 5).

The boundary and identification of those centers are related to the type of patrimony to

consider (architectonic, artistic , among others), the

historical period, the location issues. The concepts central city, central area, center, historical

center, are the result of an elaboration and related theoretical interpretation with the intention of

study (Coulomb, Duahu, 1988), of such form that is indispensable to accept that each one of

those words sends to territories, people and social and processes, economic processes, political

processes, cultural processes, that would only have sense if they are referred historical a little

while precise, identified social actors, central functions (land uses, types of services, types of

commerce etc.) and a specific territory in where those processes are developed.

As resulting from the growth of the cities, as well as of their theoretical explanations, appeared

the concept of inner city as an alternative to the one of central city, by means of which some

people was tried to silence the strident voices in the United States whose critics were centered

in the inefficiency of the programs of urban renovation in the central cities. The inner cityappeared like an extension of the central city, beyond the known limits, without arriving at the

suburbs, but maintaining the characteristics of the high density of population, the symbolic-

cultural dimension and the central economic functions, with the exception of the change in the

economic structure (the exit of manufacturing industry and the arrival of the services),

nevertheless to establish the limits are a complex task and can, the administrative divisions to

absolutely help but not to solve the problem. His main strength would be centrality and

perspective depend on which (like it has settled down that the form follows the function)strengths and weaknesses in the coexistence of the inner city with neighboring organizations


5/16

are identified with clarity, to take care of disorganization social, to attenuate to the fight by the

power in inner territory (Erber, in Kennedy and Kennedy, 1976) processes.

The big list of concepts

The reflection respect to the form and names for the City of Mexico, as well as their different

boundaries that would be to be applied in the urban investigation are part of an opened agenda

in where such amount of concepts fits (many of which they do not have practical application).

The characterizations, although are controversial, they become referring from current use for

the academic reflection and the decision making. At the present time they are possible to be

found more than one hundred adjectives for the city, many of which they have applications in

local contexts and not always are known. Such amount of proposals is even associated with the

impact by the new thing that can result in a continuous dissolution or the vortex from the

perpetual disintegration in social sciences and the humanities (Berman, cited by Taylor and

Lang, 2004). Taylor and Lang in the same work said there are two ways of understood that,

one is to celebrate the variety: the world, especially the urban world, is inherently 'messy' and

therefore it is only to be expected that it should be described in multifarious ways. The other is

to suspect that there is more than a little incoherent thinking abroad in contemporary urban

studies (Ibid, p. 3)

Case of study

When we take a bird eye on Mexico City and its Metropolitan Zone of Mexico Valley we can

see a big area sprawling into much of the basin and forming part of great center region of the

Mexican Republic. The urban spot of Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Mxico appeared

in gray in Figure 3 shows the linked urban units into the central region of Mexican Republic, as

we going dawn into the city we can see the administrative limits and if we go further more

inside appear the compact mass of the city, in particular the central city (Figure 4). But this isour research problem because the metropolitan status is no matter of planning and decisions.

While the debate about it is coming, its necessary to know how take decisions and to do that

its important to know how the city is working.


6/16

Figure 3. Bird eye of Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de Mxico

In Figure 5 its

possible to see

how the

depopulation

was coming

and affecting

to eight from

sixteen

Delegaciones.

It means that

soon all of the

city could be

loosing

inhabitants and

perhaps that would be

good to management

it. But it only will be

possible if all the

socials sector takes

in its hands the

course of facts.

Particularly its

observed whit

asterisk the four

Delegaciones whichare the Unikel (an

actually accepted)

Central City. The

depopulation has great

in it, little bit more than one million people or 59 per cent. In Federal Dstrict at all the growth

of populations is very low and closer the natural tendency. If we puts into the analysis the

deindustrialization and the falling dawn of participation on gross product, but today still is 22per cent, almost two times grater than the immediate state Nuevo Leon. I put attention on the

Ramrez Palomo with data of Google (2005) and Iracheta (2005)

Figure 4. Federal District an Delegacion Cuauhtemoc inside yellow line

Google, 2005


7/16

huge line of cars coming in the morning into the Federal District and going back at noon, and

asking me why is passing that if the industry is gone, the population too and the outside area of

the Federal District is highly populated and the spread out urban spot beyond tit into a

metropolitan zone is a fact. Then I reviewed some authors whose had working on the process

of expanding cities, and found that the pattern follows of the developed cities could be not

equal in the developing cities, particularly Mexico City.

Figure 5. Population and annual growth rates

POPULATION AND POPULATION ANNUAL GROWTH RATES 1970-2005

1970 1980 1990 2000 *2005LVARO

OBREGN 456,709 570,384 642,753 687,020 706,567 2.15 1.22 0.7AZCAPOTZALCO 534,554 557,427 474,688 441,008 425,298 0.41 -1.64 -0.7BENITO JUREZ* 576,475 480,741 407,811 360,478 355,017 -1.76 -1.68 -1.2COYOACN 339,446 541,328 640,066 680,423 628,063 4.53 1.710.01CUAJIMALPA 36,200 84,665 119,669 151,222 173,625 8.25 3.54 2.4CUAUHTMOC * 923,182 734,277 519,628 516,255 521,348 -2.21 -2.13 -1.4GUSTAVO

MADERO 1,234,376 1,384,431 1,268,068 1,235,542 1,193,161 1.11 -0.9 -0.3IZTACALCO 477,331 523,971 448,332 411,321 395,025 0.9 -1.59 -0.9

IZTAPALAPA 522,095 1,149,411 1,490,499 1,773,343 1,820,888 7.66 2.66 1.8

MAGDALENA C. 75,429 159,564 195,014 222,050 228,927 7.27 2.05 1.3MIGUEL H. * 605,560 501,334 406,868 352,640 353,534 -1.61 -2.13 -1.4MILPA ALTA 33,694 47,417 63,654 96,773 115,895 3.31 3.01 4.3TLHUAC 62,419 133,589 206,700 302,790 344,106 7.39 4.46 3.9TLALPAN 130,719 328,800 595,960 581,781 607,545 8.96 3.97 1.9VENUSTIANO C.* 749,483 634,340 484,886 462,806 447,459 -1.61 -2.04 -1.2XOCHIMILCO 116,493 197,819 271,151 369,787 404,458 5.14 3.22 3.2DISTRITO

FEDERAL 6,874,165 8,029,498 8,235,774 8,605,239 8,720,916 1.5 0.26 0.4Ramrez Palomo 2005

In that sense, and looking for the explanatory frame for the appearance or not of social

movements in which it could be the central city in the City of Mexico, the revision of some of

the characteristics of the urban centrality in the case of the Federal District was made. It is the

case of the economic activity of the commercial and/or mercantile establishments reflected in

the economic censuses of 1994, 1998, 2003, as well as the survey origin destiny of the trips

made in the Metropolitan Zone of the City of Mexico-19942. In this occasion the results of the

2 This one survey is used because of its the only reliable source of information that can be valid for its crossing

with the censuses of 1994 and 1998. One knows that that there is ongoing research to updated it in the presentyear on the part of the governments of Federal District and Mexico State.


8/16

investigation appear to find the economic value of the sixteen administrative units of Federal

District plus ten of most important of the State of Mexico (according to the reports of Inegi), in

order to give them quantitative dimension of centrality, and if its possible, compare them for

purposes of urban planning and economic investment. There are, possibly, also a distinction

between centrality and centralities in relation to the type, size and involved intensity of the

activities and geographic areas in it, every time the territorial dimensions of the urban area (or

the areas) involved can be boarded as a great spot, as a succession of spots or like a grouping of

them. In any case the space and temporary cut will have to be subject to constant revision in

order to update the knowledge of the reality to construct to proposals of interpretation and

intervention in her.

When the sight approaches the added results of the economic censuses and it is related to the

0 .0 0 %

5 .0 0 %

1 0 .0 0 %

1 5 .0 0 %

2 0 .0 0 %

2 5 .0 0 %

A Z C O C J G A M IZ T IZ P M C M A A G T L T P X O B J C U M H V C N A U T L A E C T O L N E Z C I A T I T U L P A Z M E T

U N ID A D E S 1 9 9 4U N ID A D E S 1 9 9 8U N ID A D E S

destinies of the inhabitants of the metropolitan zone, a very asymmetric relation is observed;

mainly when we speak of a metropolisation process that takes more than fifty years. In the

scope of the commercial establishments or seated economic units in the twenty-six

demarcations are observed in Figure 6, Delegation Cuauhtemoc (CU), the Municipios of

Figure 6. Economic Units


9/16

Ecatepec (EC) and Nezahualcoyotl (NEZ) loses the 2,37, 2,88, and 6,43 percents of

commercial units for the period, whereas the Iztapalapa (IZT) Delegation grew in 2.23 percents

and most of the other demarcations remains more or less stable. In terms of participation in the

set those same demarcations are between the 10 and 20 percent; Cuauhtemoc along with

Iztapalapa does it with 17,1 percents, Ecatepec with 13,46, Nezahualcoyotl with 11,25 and

Gustavo A Madero (GAM) with 12 percents respectively. This graph is consistent with one of

the explanations of the growth of the city towards its peripheral zone (towards the

municipalities of the state of Mexico in our case), the movement towards there of the sources

of employment. That same explanation consolidates when watching the graph of Figure 7,

where the distribution of the personnel occupied in the

0 .0 0 %

5 .0 0 %

1 0 .0 0 %

1 5 .0 0 %

2 0 .0 0 %

2 5 .0 0 %


P E R S . O C U 1 9 9 4P E R S . O C U 1 9 9 8P E R S . O C U

economic units in the same demarcations is observed. Delegation Cuauhtemoc concentrates

21,7, whereas appear Benito Jurez (BJ), Naucalpan (NAU), Miguel Hidalgo (MH),

Tlalnepantla (TLA) and Ecatepec with a greater participation of the 10 percent, that surpasses

its relation with the contained units, and resists with the diminution of Iztapalapa and Gustavo

A MAdero. These data are related to the industrial employment in th (less units, more job).

Figure 7. Employees


10/16

Also it emphasizes that the number of uses began to decline in most of the units, whereas in

Cuauhtemoc, Miguel Hidalgo and Benito Jurez it increased. From the graph contained in the

Figure 8, remunerations paid to the occupied personnel, begin to observe the asymmetries that

show the economic value, in more evident form. The Cuauhtemoc Delegation has a

participation of the 32 percent and comes growing within the period and Toluca (TOL) also

grows to arrive at a 14,7 percent; Miguel Hidalgo is in 20 percents and comes decreasing

smoothly, but Naucalpan and Tlalnepantla decrease more sharp and arrive at a little more from

the 16 percent that is half of the registered for Cuauhtemoc. The other administrative units do

not shows significant participation.

0 . 0 0 %

5 . 0 0 %

1 0 . 0 0 %

1 5 . 0 0 %

2 0 . 0 0 %

2 5 . 0 0 %

3 0 . 0 0 %

3 5 . 0 0 %

A Z C O C J G A M I Z T I Z P M C M A A G T L T P X O B J C U M H V C N A U T L A E C T O L N E Z C I A T I T U L P A Z M E T

R E M U N E R S . 1 9 9 4R E M U N E R S . 1 9 9 8R E M U N E R

With regard to the value of the investment represented by the fixed assets (Figure 9) an

excellent growth of 20 percentage points in Cuauhtemoc for the first part of the period is

observed, later to be in 30 percents at the end of the period; from the same form Miguel

Hidalgo has 30 percent of the participation at the end of the period, but with a differentdevelopment, since the first stage of the period it decreased sensibly to recover and to be on a

par with Cuauhtemoc. In the case of Toluca a consistent and excellent growth is observed to

happen of 12 to the 25 percent. Naucalpan, Tlalnepantla and Ecatepec decrease also,

nevertheless low Tlalnepantla to the 16 percent, whereas the other two are in less than 10

percents.

In the heading of the value of the production, the participation of each one of the administrative

units (Figure 10) shows an inconsistent growth. The Cuauhtemoc Delegation goes from the 22

the 28 percent, whereas Miguel Hidalgo had a strong take off in the first part of the period

Figure 8. Remunerations

Figure 10. Production value


11/16

when he happened of 22 to the 33 percent, nevertheless later descended to 21,5, means point

percent less than at the beginning of the period. It returns to still emphasize the growth of

Toluca that happens of 12,1 to the 16,6 percent, although far from Cuauhtemoc. Naucalpan,

Tlalnepantla and Ecatepec descend the period consisting of to close

0 . 0 0 %

5 . 0 0 %

1 0 . 0 0 %

1 5 . 0 0 %

2 0 . 0 0 %

2 5 . 0 0 %

3 0 . 0 0 %

3 5 . 0 0 %

4 0 . 0 0 %

4 5 . 0 0 %


A C T . F IJ O S 1 9 9 4A C T . F IJ O S 1 9 9 8A C T . F IJ O

with 13, 16 and 10 percents respectively. As far as the added value figure 6 shows the

consisting of growth the Cuauhtemoc Delegation that passes of 19a the 35 percent. Toluca also

grows


12/16

0 . 0 0 %

5 . 0 0 %

1 0 . 0 0 %

1 5 . 0 0 %

2 0 . 0 0 %

2 5 . 0 0 %

3 0 . 0 0 %

3 5 . 0 0 %

A Z C O C J G A M I Z T I Z P M C M A A G T L T P X O B J C U M H V C N A U T L A E C T O L N E Z C I A T I T U L P A Z M E T

P R O D U C C I N 1 9 9 4P R O D U C C I N 1 9 9 8P R O D U C C I

consistently to arrive at a 16,3 percent, very left behind in relation to the Cuauhtemoc. All the

other units show a reduction in the participation and Miguel Hidalgo Tlalnepantla and

Naucalpan close the period with percentage that go from the 14,5 to the 18.3.

If the results of the economic potential of the twenty-six administrative units are related to the

graph of the trips attracted in the metropolitan zone of the City of Mexico (Figure 11) we can

observe the economic vitality of the Cuauhtemoc Delegation and the importance that still has

for the inhabitants of the Federal District and the State of Mexico. In that sense it is possible to

venture a suggestion respect to the possibility of reconstructing the concept of central city in

form different from which we have known until now. Although it is certain that at the first

moment of the formation of the metropolis the premises happened that give rise outside to the

existence of new urban centers of the Federal District (exit of the manufacturing uses,

comparative appearance of the suburbs3, advantages as far as the trips made between the new

centers in relation to the old center, diminution of the rent of the land), the graphs show that the

employment returned to the center of the Federal District, although is certain with differentcharacteristics that the one that left, that is to say, its bound to the services in their different

aspects. Also it is certain that the attraction of trips towards the central zone of the Federal

District makes think that the design of the metropolis has been incorrect, of such form that

stays the pattern of displacement of people (commuters in the Anglo-Saxon planning slang) not

have changed. Then there is a Central City (Central Zone) vital but deteriorated; attractive but

reviled, object of multiple plans of revitalizatin but never finished at all; administered by

3 Although the concept is not applicable for Mexico in he himself sense that does it in the Anglo-Saxoncountries.

Figure 9. Fixed Assets

Figure 9. Production value


13/16

inertia but with many lacks as soon as urban maintenance; place of destiny for leisure,

commerce and complicated but sufficient culture but for all the social sectors. It is because a

controversial but excellent Central City for the next discussion that will be to occur around the

political reform of the Federal District and the possible approval of a statute of metropolitan

cut4.

VIAJES ATRADOS %

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

CUGAM

IZTP

ECA BJ CO

Y MHNAU AO NE

Z VCTL

AN AZTLALIZT

CATIZ CIZ XO MCTU

LTL

ACUAJ MA

LAPAZ

The same thing occurs when we see the trips produced into the administrative units of the

metropolitan zone in Figure 12. The main percentage occurs from Cuauhtemoc Delegation. The

results of the analysis show that there is an urban administrative area which has a great

economic dynamic and attracts much of the social sectors whose use the urban services. In the

same manner its possible to suggest an hypothesis about the monocentric urban form of

Mxico City, and that is in connection with the findings of Villarreal (2005) who research the

city through clusters analysis and conclude to the monocentric form. Any way, its important

continue the researches to try to get more light into the characteristics of the urban form, so that

help to get better en more urban plans and projects to make more liveable cities.

4 The revision of the experience of metropolitan governments is important, every time consensus in relation tothe success of its practice does not exist.

Figure 11. Trips attracted value


14/16

VIAJES PRODUCIDOS %

0.00

2.00

4.00

6.00

8.00

10.00

12.00

CUGAM

IZTP

ECA BJ CO

Y MHNAU AO NE

Z VCTL

AN AZTLALIZT

CATIZ CIZ XO MCTU

LTL

ACUAJ MA

LAPAZ

Figure 11. Trips produced


15/16

Bibliogrphy

1. Aguilar, Guillermo (2004): Las mega-ciudades y las periferias expandidas.

http://www.edomexico.gob.mx/cemapem.2. Arias Valds, Rafael (1990):La delimitacin de una megalpolis. El Colegio

Mexiquense3. Ascher, Francois (2000): citado en Terrazas, 20004. Bairoch, Paul (1990):De Jeric a Mxico: historia de la urbanizacin. Trillas. Mxico.5. Becerril Padua, Martn (2000):El policentrismo en las ciudades latinoamericanas, el

caso de Santiago de Chile. Tehomai, N 1. Universidad de Quilmas, Argentina.6. Borja, Jordi y Manuel Castells (2000):Local y Global. Taurus - UNCHS7. Burguess, Ernest (1925): The growth of the city. Penguin Books8. Coulomb, Ren y Emilio Duhau (1988):La ciudad y sus actores. UAM-A, IFAL.

Mxico9. Kennedy and Kennedy (1976); Inner City.Gustavo Gilli.10

.

Friedmann, John (1986): World City hypothesis. Development and Change, vol. 17.

Sage.11

.

Garza, Gustavo (2000) b: La megaciudad de Mxico urbe global?, en Fundacin

Arturo Rosenblueth, Numero 10, Junio, pp. 4-11. Mxico.12

.

Gilbert, Alan (1996): The latinamerican megacities. United Nations University. Tokyo

13

.

Gutirrez Puebla, Javier (1984): La ciudad y la organizacin regional, en vila

Snchez, Hctor (1993): Lecturas del anlisis regional en Mxico, pp. 39.97. UACH.Mxico

14

.

Harris, Chauncy (1998): Diffusion of urban model: a case of study, en Urban

Geography, 1998, 19, 1, pp. 49-67. Bellwether Publishing, Ltd.15

.

(1997): The nature of cities, and urban geography in the last half

century, en Urban Geography, 1997, 13, 1, pp. 15-35. Bellwether Publishing, Ltd.16

.

Hiernaux Nicols, Daniel (1998): Globalizacin e Internacionalizacin de las grandes

ciudades,El caso de la ciudad de Mxico. Quimera, Ao 1, Numero Cero, UAEM.

Toluca, Mxico17

.

Inegi, 2004: Delimitacin de las zonas metropolitanas en Mxico. Inegi.

18

.

Monnet, Jerome (1999): Globalizacin areolar y reticula, los casos de Ciudad de Mxico

y Los Angeles. Uaemex.19

.

Moreno Toscano,Alejandra, coord. (1974): La Ciudad de Mxico: ensayo de

reconstruccin de una historia. SEP-INAH, Mxico20

.

Richardson, Harry W. (1993): Modelos en torno a la estructura urbana, en Flores

Gonzlez, Sergio (1993):Desarrollo Metropolitano, Anlisis y perspectivas. BUAP.

Puebla. Mxico


16/16

21

.

Heineberg, (2004): Las metropolis en el proceso de la globalizacin. Geocrtica.Vol. X,

n 563, 5 de febrero de 200522

.

Taylor P.J. and R.E. Lang, The Shock of the New: 100 Concepts Describing Recent

Urban ChangeEnvironment and Planning A, 36 (6), (2004), 951-958)

23.

Terrazas Revilla, Oscar (2000): Las nociones de centro en la ciudad global, enBernrdez y Rodrguez (2000):Anuario de Estudios urbanos. UAM-A- CyAD. Mxico.

24

.

Surez Pareyn, (2002): Ciudades para un futuro ms sostenible. Ciudadano Latino.

Madrid (Espaa), noviembre de 200225

.

US Census Bureau, 2005

26

.

Unikel, Luis(1976):El desarrollo urbano de Mxico, El Colegio de Mxico, Mxico

27

.

Villarreal Gonzlez, Diana (2005): La forma urbana de la zona metropolitana de la

Ciudad de Mxico: es mono cntrica, polifuncional y multipolar o policntrico?

Mimeo( International Seminary Rethinking the Metropolis)
http://www.pion.co.uk/ep/index.htmlhttp://www.pion.co.uk/ep/index.htmlhttp://www.pion.co.uk/ep/index.html

Documents

Paper-Central City in Mexico City