PARAGRAPH PARAGRAPH DEVELOPMENTDEVELOPMENTBBI2412 WRITING FOR ACADEMIC PURPOSES

Three parts of paragraph:Three parts of paragraph:Topic sentence (it has a

controlling idea)Supporting sentencesConcluding sentence

Topic SentenceTopic Sentence The most important sentence in the paragraph. It states the topic and the controlling idea of the

paragraph. Three important points to be remember about a

topic sentence:1. A topic sentence is a complete sentence2. It controls or guides the whole paragraph. When

you read the topic sentence, you know what to expect in a paragraph.

3. Topic sentence contains topic and controlling idea.

4. The most general statement in the paragraph because it gives only the main idea.

5. A good topic sentence is not too general nor too specific.

Topic SentenceTopic SentenceA good topic sentence is not too general nor

too specific.E.g. Tea is delicious = TOO GENERALGreen tea has many health benefits = GOOD

topic sentence.By the third century AD many stories were

being told and some written about tea and the benefits of tea drinking, but it was not until the Tang Dynasty (618 AD - 906 AD) that tea became China's national drink and the word ch'a was used to describe tea. = TOO SPECIFIC

Controlling ideaControlling ideaA good topic sentence has controlling

ideas= words or phrases that help guide the flow of ideas in the paragraph.

Controlling idea limits the topic to a specific area to be discussed in the space of a single paragraph

Example:Deceptive advertising can cost consumers both their money and their time.

Controlling ideaControlling ideaConvenience foods are easy to

prepare.Malik is popular due to several

reasons. A university education helps in

career advancement.

Controlling ideaControlling ideaThe best season for kids is winter,

- the reader expects the paragraph to give reasons and examples why winter is the best season for children.

Football is popular for many reasons. -the readers expects the paragraph to give a variety of information about football and why it is popular around the world.

Supporting Sentence/PointSupporting Sentence/PointSupporting sentences are the facts

and ideas that explain or prove the topic sentence or the main idea.

It presents details, facts, examples, quotes, and arguments that support the main idea.

In each supporting sentence/point, there are details that support the sentence.

Topic Sentence: Animals living in modern zoos enjoyed Topic Sentence: Animals living in modern zoos enjoyed several advantages. several advantages.

S.S. 1 : The first advantage is that zoo animals are separated from their

predators.

Detail= They are protected, so they live without risk of being

attacked.

S.S. 2: Another advantage is that someone feeds them regularly, so they

do not have to hunt for food.

Detail= Also, they do not suffer times when food is hard to find.

S.S. 3: A third advantage is that veterinarians give animals regular

checkups.

Detail= Sick animals get prompt medical attention.

Concluding Sentence:

In conclusion, because all their needs are taken care of, most zoo animals are healthy and contented.

Supporting Sentence/PointSupporting Sentence/Point

Write 3 supporting sentences for each of the topic sentences below:

1.Owning a small car has several advantages.

2.A good friend has three important qualities.

3.A college education is important for some reasons.

Concluding SentenceConcluding SentenceIt signals the end of paragraphIt is the last sentence of the paragraph.It should summarize what has already

been said and leaves the reader with the most important ideas to remember.

Conclude the paragraph by summarizing the main points of the paragraph or repeating/paraphrase the topic sentence in different words.

Conclusion signalsConclusion signalsIn conclusion, ___________________In short, ____________________To summarize, _______________To conclude, ________________In brief, ____________________In summary, _________________To sum up, __________________It is clear that ________________

Topic Sentence:________________________________________________.   Supporting Sentence: A._______________________________________.                           Supporting Detail: 1._________________________.                           Supporting Detail: 2._________________________.     Supporting Sentence: B._______________________________________.                           Supporting Detail: 1._________________________.                           Supporting Detail: 2._________________________.      Supporting Sentence: C._______________________________________.                           Supporting Detail: 1. _________________________.                           Supporting Detail: 2. _________________________. Concluding Sentence :___________________________________________.

Cause and Effect Cause and Effect ParagraphParagraphCause/effect paragraphs generally follow

basic paragraph format. They begin with a topic sentence and

this sentence is followed by supporting sentences.

A cause and effect paragraph can be organized in three ways:

1.Identify the effect in the topic sentence and write about its causes; or

2.Write about the cause in the topic sentence and write about its effects.

3.Talk about causes followed by the effects of each cause.

Cause/Effect Paragraph Cause/Effect Paragraph WritingWritingBlock Organization - A short paragraph often separates one major

section from another major section.

Chain Organization- Causes and effects are linked to each other

in a chain. - One event causes the second event and so

on.- Chain organization works better when the

causes and effects are too closely linked to be separated.

Basic Paragraph OutlineBasic Paragraph Outline

SupportingSupporting Sentence 2Sentence 2

Supporting Sentence 1Supporting Sentence 1

SupportingSupporting Sentence 3Sentence 3

TopicTopic SentenceSentence

ConcludingConcluding SentenceSentence

Cause and Effect Paragraph Cause and Effect Paragraph OutlineOutline Writing about CAUSES

Cause 2Cause 2

Cause 1Cause 1

Cause 3Cause 3

Topic Sentence: Statement of the effect Topic Sentence: Statement of the effect and overview of the causes and overview of the causes

Concluding Sentence: Restatement of Concluding Sentence: Restatement of effect, summary of all causeseffect, summary of all causes

Sample Paragraph 1Sample Paragraph 1 There are several reasons why cities have

grown so large that now about 50% of the Earth's population lives in urban areas. a)First, the increasing industrialization of the nineteenth century resulted in the creation of many factory jobs, which tended to be located in cities. b) These jobs, with their promise of a better material life, attracted many people from rural areas. c)Second, there were many schools established to educate the children of the new factory laborers. d)The promise of a better education persuaded many families to leave farming communities and move to the cities. e)Finally, as the cities grew, people established places of leisure, entertainment, and culture, such as sports stadiums, theaters, and museums. f)For many people, these facilities made city life appear more interesting than life on the farm, and therefore drew them away from rural communities. In short, 50% of Earth population live in the city because of better jobs, better education and better entertainment.

Cause and Effect Paragraph Cause and Effect Paragraph OutlineOutline Writing about EFFECTS

Effect 2Effect 2

Effect 1Effect 1

Effect 3Effect 3

Topic Sentence: Statement of the cause Topic Sentence: Statement of the cause and overview of the effects and overview of the effects

Concluding Sentence: Restatement of Concluding Sentence: Restatement of cause, summary of all effectscause, summary of all effects

Sample paragraph 2Sample paragraph 2The are many things that cause a person to

drink alcohol; however, there are three negative effects that derive from dinking too many alcoholic beverages. (b) First of all, alcohol causes liver damage because your body cannot constantly expel all the toxins that alcohol contains. (c) For example, my uncle was an excessive drinker, and he died from liver failure.  The doctors said his liver gave out from all the alcohol. (d) Another effect of alcohol is brain damage. Alcohol kills brains cells, which decreases your memory.  (e) For instance, my friend’s father is an alcoholic of over 20 years.  Well, his father always forgets people’s names and conversations that he just had. (f) Finally, alcohol destroys relationships because it can emotionally and sometimes physically hurt the people who are around the drinker.  (g) To illustrate, I watched a movie about a man who drink so much that he would come home and beat his wife and kids. . (h) To sum up, liver damage, brain damage, and relationship damage are the three negative effects of drinking alcohol.

Cause and Effect Paragraph (Chain Cause and Effect Paragraph (Chain Organization)Organization)

Topic SentenceTopic Sentence

Cause 1Cause 1

Effect 1Effect 1

Cause 2Cause 2

EffectEffect 22

Cause 3Cause 3

Effect 3Effect 3

Concluding SentenceConcluding Sentence

Hot WeatherHot WeatherCAUSE: high body temperatureEFFECTS: the body sweats; the

body loses waterCAUSE: muscle pain EFFECTS: many people feel tired,

weak CAUSE: loss of body water;

feeling tired, weak EFFECTS: serious illness

Cause/Effect Signal words and Cause/Effect Signal words and Phrases (Refer to text book Phrases (Refer to text book page 101 & 102)page 101 & 102)for as a resultbecause as a consequencesince therefore

as thusto result from consequentlyto be the result of hencedue to sobecause of to result inthe effect of to causethe consequence of to have an effect

onas a result of to affectas a consequence of the cause of

the reason forthereby