PARALYMPIC SUCCESS? RESEARCH AND OBSERVATIONS · PDF fileparalympic success? research and observations on constraints, benefits and sport development pathways ... social model of disability

UTS Business School

PARALYMPIC SUCCESS? RESEARCH AND OBSERVATIONS ON CONSTRAINTS, BENEFITS AND SPORT DEVELOPMENT PATHWAYS

International Paralympic Committee Vista 2015

Girona - Catalonia - Spain

http://www.econ.usyd.edu.au/accreditation/

Outline

> Who am I? > Background > Literature > Constraints > Benefits > Observations of Parents > Sport Development Pathways

Faculty of Business Forward Thinking Work Ready


Who am I? http://www.uts.edu.au/staff/simon.darcy


http://www.uts.edu.au/staff/simon.darcy

Background

> Independent Sport Panel (2009) “The Crawford Report" – Indigenous – Women – Ethnicity – Disability

> Paralympic success – Gold Gold Gold! – Policy: the "Winning Edge" and the "Tally"

> Grassroots failure… > “Shut Out” report > Beyond the ABS…


Paralympic success?

> Paralympic success

> Disability and sport

> Leisure (Sport) constraints

> Disability studies



Existent Literature

> Paralympic success as a measure of national social and economic development (Brittain 2006)

> Relationship of Paralympic success to the national well-being of minority groups (Downie & Koestner 2008)

> Socioeconomic Determinants of Success at the Summer Paralympics (Buts, Du Bois, Heyndels & Jegers 2011)

> Mainstream participation rates and elite success in disability sport (Jong, Vanreusel & Driel 2011)


What this literature does not tell us? Game on! (Courtesy ASC)

“Teens with an intellectual disability have a particular difficulty accessing [sport and recreation] activities because [they sometimes] need a support person…. Councils often concern themselves with physical access rather than the other support needed.” Shut Out (2009).



Disability Leisure Constraint Categorisation Smith et al. 2005

> Intrapersonal – Lack of knowledge – Social ineffectiveness – Health-related issues – Physical and

psychological dependency

– Skill/challenge gaps > Interpersonal

– Others to participate with – Communication

> Structural – Attitudinal – Architectural – Rules and

regulations – Transport – Economic – Omission

Faculty of Business

Forward Thinking Work Ready


9

CONSTRAINTS: A hierarchical model of leisure constraints



Reconceptualising through a disability studies lens


Social Model of Disability

>Impairment + social barriers/attitudes = disability

>Lived experience >Focus on barriers >Develop inclusive practice & attitudes >(see Barnes et al. 2010)


Listening to other presenters and conversations in the corridor

> "We know what the barriers are so let's just do something about them"

> Grassroots

> Intermediary pathways

> Elite engagement

> Understanding is incomplete at each of these levels

> Government - not-for-profit - commercial providers - Mixed economy - (Veal, Darcy and Lynch, 2014)



Australian Sports Commission with UTS Research Method overview (Darcy, Taylor, Murphy and Lock, 2011)

Part of larger demand, supply, coordination & regulation study

Online Questionnaire of People with Disability Questionnaire development –

3 months 1100 people fully completed

questionnaires Inclusive research design

approach incorporating broader spectrum of disability type and support needs

Results and discussion presented to NSOs



Online Questionnaire

> Available in 9 Formats/Completion Methods – Standard online – Auslan online – Mental Health Online – Hardcopy – Hardcopy Large Print – Braille – Easy Text – Easy English Attendant Supported – Phone Completion…



Sample

> 68% congenital > 35% multiple > Female 43%

Male 57% > ATSI 4% > Avg Age 31 > Overseas born 12%

Faculty of Business


80% completed by ‘associates’

Power wheelchair

6% Manual wheelchair

15%

Other mobility

aids 6%

Mobility - No aid

required 7%

Physical - not

affecting mobility

7% Blind or vision 9%

Deaf or hearing

10%

Intellectual/ cognitive/ learning

35%

Mental health

3%

Other 2%

Main Disability



0.0%

5.0%

10.0%

15.0%

20.0%

25.0%

30.0%

35.0%

None Low Medium High Very high

Level of Support Needs


Disability by Support Needs


For


Findings

> Community/organisation (structural) > Time (structural) > Equipment (structural) > Economic (structural) > Intrapersonal (intrapersonal) > Interpersonal (intrapersonal) > Transport/geographic location (structural) > Family/gender (structural)

Faculty of Business



Constraint dimensions by level of support needs (see Darcy, Lock & Taylor 2016 forthcoming)

Level of support needs None Low Medium High Very high

Constraint dimension M

(SD) M

(SD) M

(SD) M

(SD) M

(SD) p

Community/organisation

2.25 (1.16)

2.64 (1.22)

3.04 (1.21)

3.49 (1.27)

3.91 (1.20)

<.001

Time 2.42 (1.18)

2.19 (1.13)

2.05 (0.98)

2.02 (0.95)

2.10 (1.20)

.025

Equipment 2.16 (1.44)

2.25 (1.36)

2.49 (1.44)

3.04 (1.66)

3.74 (1.56)

<.001

Economic 2.72 (1.54)

2.79 (1.42)

3.04 (1.52)

3.28 (1.60)

3.73 (1.68)

.001

Intrapersonal 1.64 (0.90)

1.76 (0.83)

1.96 (0.84)

2.27 (0.97)

2.45 (1.02)

.001

Interpersonal 2.29 (1.38)

2.50 (1.32)

2.80 (1.31)

3.11 (1.46)

3.30 (1.51)

.045

Transport 2.19 (1.28)

2.56 (1.26)

2.83 (1.37)

3.13 (1.30)

3.55 (1.36)

<.001

Family 1.33 (0.77)

1.30 (0.58)

1.49 (0.73)

1.57 (0.76)

1.65 (0.85)

.014

(n = 262) (n = 319) (n = 296) (n = 165) (n = 80)



Discussion

> Control for interaction effects between disability and support needs

> Level of support needs and disability type were not independent - both variables displayed significant relationships

> Level of support needs – more useful predictor of constraints to participation – Community/Organisation, Time, Equipment, Economic, Intrapersonal, Interpersonal, Transport & Family

> Disability type – Time, Equipment and Transport > Significant variation between constraints to participation

based on disability type & level of support needs



Implications and conclusion

1. First study to examine sport participation across disability types and level of support needs

2. Identifies constraint categories affecting both disability type and level of support needs

3. Examines the interrelationship between disability type and level of support needs

4. Improves our understanding of the complexity of inclusion required for sport for this group



Top 10 Benefits

> Achievement > Do something stimulating > Improve health or reduce the

risk of disease > Opportunities to socialise with

others > Enjoy company of friends > Increase energy level > Improve self esteem > Spend time with friends > Improve heart and lung fitness > Be with people enjoying

themselves

Bottom 10 Benefits

> Do my job better > Feel more attractive > Lose weight > Share activities with family > Forget my worries > Have a sense of the future > Get away from daily life > Gain muscle > Increase my knowledge > Feel better about my body



Outcome – Understanding Complexity


Support need level Theme Participation benefits None Health/fitness focus 1 Improve health or reduce the risk of

disease 2 Increase energy level 3 Improve heart and lung fitness 4 Improve muscle tone 5 Build up muscle strength

Low Self-development 1 Achievement 2 Improve health or reduce the risk of disease 3 Increase energy level 4 Improve heart and lung fitness 5 Improve self-esteem

Medium Socialising 1 Achievement 2 Opportunities to socialise with others 3 Improve self-esteem 4 Spend time with friends 5 Enjoy company of friends

High Socialising 1 Opportunities to socialise with others 2 Enjoy company of friends 3 Do something stimulating 4 Achievement 5 Improve self-esteem

Very high Adventure 1 Do something stimulating 2 Have an adventure 3 To feel like I belong 4 Experience freedom 5 Encounter exciting things


All Kids Can Play –Research

.


Perceptions of Parents with Children with Disability (and some children)

> School sport

> Community sport organisations

> Parents, children, coaches, teachers, volunteers and other interested individuals

> 800 responses

> Analysis of qualitative data



All Kids Can Play

> The approach > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldDuyCiCFus > Alex’s story > https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MliA_ZaOZg



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ldDuyCiCFus

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_MliA_ZaOZg

“Being a disabled kid playing a mainstream

sport makes me H A P P Y”



Contribution

> Many excellent examples of creative and innovative practice > Many more examples of direct and indirect discrimination

> FRUSTRATION…opportunity

> Knowledge and organisation capacity gaps

> Critical capacity

> The competitive ceiling…

> Local networks

> Benefits of involvement in the sporting family



Outcomes

> Play and Train approach…at beginning > Collaborative engagement across disability service

organisations, disability sport organisations, sport associations, schools, community sport organisations +++

> Sports and organisations with a fragmented engagement > Matching Players with sport opportunities at local level > Targeting a sport with little to no history of engagement

(netball) to tackle the "double whammy"



Bringing the models together Constraints Policy Matrix...

Personal Care Skill Development

Economic Circumstance

Transport Individualised

Funding Packages Flexible

PolicyAttendant Specialist

Equipment Cost

Communication Staff Training

Specialist coaching Program Inclusion

Marketing & Dissemination

Built Environment Location

Budget Inclusions Inclusive Equipment

Transport (Organisation)

Macro Social Policy

Sport Organisation Change

Intra

pers

onal

Stru

ctur

al

Interpersonal

No Interest in Sport

Behavioural Issues

Health Status



Sotiriadou, K., Quick, S., & Shilbury, D. (2006). Sport for "some": elite versus mass participation. International Journal of Sport Management, 7(1), 50-66.


Inclusion Spectrum – Sporting Family (ASC Disability Sport Unit Cited in Darcy, Taylor, Murphy and Locke, 2011)



What do we need to do? PIVEC

> Passion – before "classification" to nourish intrinsic motivation

> Involvement – close to home through schools and clubs

> Variety – children with disability need to try lots of activities

> Educate – parents, other parents, teachers, coaches and volunteers to

"normalise" sport as an activity for children with disability > Challenge

– barriers and constraints



Questions, responses or comments…



From the AFL Sports CONNECT Launch at the MCG 2009 – The “FIDA League” Football Integration Development Association for people with intellectual disability (Courtesy ASC)



Girl enjoying T-Ball through Attendant facilitation (Courtesy ASC)



References

> Barnes, C., Mercer, G., & Shakespeare, T. (2010). Exploring disability: a sociological introduction (2nd ed.). Malden, Mass: Polity Press.

> Brittain, I. (2006). Paralympic success as a measure of national social and economic development. International Journal of Eastern Sport and Physical Education, 4(1), 38-47.

> Buts, C., Du Bois, C., Heyndels, B., & Jegers, M. (2011). Socioeconomic Determinants of Success at the Summer Paralympics. Journal of Sports Economics.

> Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13, 309-320.

> Darcy, S., & Dowse, L. (2013). In search of a level playing field – the constraints and benefits of sport participation for people with intellectual disability. Disability & Society, 28(3), 393-407.

> Darcy, S., Taylor, T., Murphy, A., & Lock, D. (2011). Getting Involved in Sport: The Participation and non-participation of people with disability in sport and active recreation. Canberra: Australian Sport Commission.

> Darcy, S., Faulkner, S., BreakThru People Solutions, & MBWA Consultants. (2014). All Kids Can Play: Report on the Children with Disabilities Accessing Mainstream Sports. Sydney: BreakThru People Solutions.

> Darcy, S., Lock, D., & Taylor, T. (2016 forthcoming). Exploring the Effects of Disability Type and Level of Support Needs on Constraints to Sport Participation. Leisure Sciences, 38(?), 30pp.

> Downie, M., & Koestner, R. (2008). Why Faster, Higher, Stronger isn’t Necessarily Better—The Relations of Paralympian and Women’s Soccer Teams’ Performance to National Well-being. Social Indicators Research, 88(2), 273-280.



References

> Driver, B., & Bruns, D. (1999). Concepts and uses of the benefits approach to leisure Leisure studies: Prospects for the twenty-first century (pp. 349-369). State College, PA: Venture Publishing, Inc.

> Independent Sport Panel. (2009). The Future of Sport in Australia (The Crawford Report) Retrieved from http://www.sportpanel.org.au/internet/sportpanel/publishing.nsf/Content/crawford-report

> Jackson, E. L., Godbey, G., & Crawford, D. W. (1993). Negotiation of Leisure Constraints. Leisure Sciences, 15(1), 1-11.

> Jong, R. d., Vanreusel, B., & Driel, R. v. (2011). Relationships between mainstream participation rates and elite sport success in disability sports. European Journal of Adapted Physical Activity, 3(1).

> Misener, L., Darcy, S., Legg, D., & Gilbert, K. (2013). Beyond Olympic legacy: Understanding Paralympic legacy through a thematic synthesis. Journal of Sport Management, 27(4), 329-341.

> Misener, L., & Darcy, S. (2014). Managing disability sport: From athletes with disabilities to inclusive organisational perspectives. Sport Management Review, 17(1), 1-7.

> National People with Disabilities and Carer Council. (2009). Shut Out: The Experience of People with Disabilities and their Families in Australia – National Disability Strategy

> Smith, R., Austin, D. R., Kennedy, D. W., Lee, Y., & Hutchison, P. (2005). Inclusive and Special Recreation: Opportunities for persons with disabilities (5th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw Hill.

> Sotiriadou, K., Quick, S., & Shilbury, D. (2006). Sport for "some": elite versus mass participation. International Journal of Sport Management, 7(1), 50-66.

> Veal, A. J. & Darcy, S. (2014). Research Methods for Sport Studies and Sport Management: A Practical Guide. Routledge: Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4SB, UK.



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PARALYMPIC SUCCESS? RESEARCH AND OBSERVATIONS · PDF fileparalympic success? research and observations on constraints, benefits and sport development pathways ... social model of disability