Paraphrasing Referencing

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PARAPHRASING &REFERENCING


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PLAGIARISM


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Chamber Dictionary defines:Plagiarism as ---------- a TheftPlagiarist as ----------- a Thief

Plagiarism

Next: Degrees of Plagiarism


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1. 1.Paraphrasing [rather than copying actual words]2. Copying only the portion3. Copying the whole assignment

4. Copying from single source5. Copying from unpublished source6. Same Material /Assignment of two different Students7. Copying from the web or purchasing from it

Degrees of Plagiarism

Next: Penalties


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Course work marks at zero All courses are set at zero Student may be rusticated

Penalties


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PARAPHRASING


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is restatement of a text or passage, using mostly your ownwords

explains or clarifies the text more detailed than a summary it preserves the essential meaning of the material being

paraphrased One of the three ways, of integrating others ideas in

passage. 1. quoting (reproducing the same language used);2. summarizing (distilling main ideas or gist of the text)

WHAT IS PARAPHRASING?

Next: Why Paraphrase


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You are miles away from plagiarism It works your brain! It supports assertions and gives credibility/quality to your

work (Duplichecker, n.d.) It helps your audience to understand your write-up more

easily as you simplify the ideas and words (Duplichecker, n.d.) Makes your document more concise (Duplichecker, n.d.) The mental process required for successful paraphrasing

helps you to grasp the full meaning of the original (OWLMaterial, n.d.)

Improved self efficacy (a belief that one has the capabilitiesto execute the courses of actions required to manageprospective situations (Wikipedia,n.d.))

WHY PARAPHRASE?


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Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes,and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research]paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscriptshould appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you shouldstrive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of sourcematerials while taking notes.From: Lester, James D. Writing Research Papers. 2nd ed. (1976): 46-47.

Original Text


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Students often use too many direct quotations when they takenotes, resulting in too many of them in the final research paper.In fact, probably only about 10% of the final copy shouldconsist of directly quoted material. So it is important to limit theamount of source material copied while taking notes.

A plagiarized version:


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STEPS TO PARAPHRASINGEFFECTIVELY


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Read the sentence to be paraphrased a number of times andwrite it out in your own words.

Circle the specialized words i.e. the words that the text is actuallyabout. These will need to be included as without these words,the meaning will change completely.

Underline keywords that can be changed Find other words and phrases that have similar meanings that

can be used to replace the keywords in the text. Use a thesaurusor dictionary to help if need be.

Change the words


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Example


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Read the paragraph and write down the main ideas & concepts .Do not copy down entire sentences.

Put the original away. using the main points, and write frommemory.

Check your version against the original to verify that they are not

the same and to see if you have left anything out.

Change the structure of theparagraph


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CIRCLE SPECIALIZED WORDS AND UNDERLINE KEYWORDSTHAT CAN BE CHANGED

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as aresult they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper. Probably only

about 10% of your final manuscript should appear as directly quotedmatter. Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exacttranscribing of source materials while taking notes.

REPLACE WITH SYNONYMSo Frequently: ofteno

Overuse: excessively

o Only about 10%: down to a desirable levelo Limit the amount: minimizeo Exact transcribing: recorded verbatim

Application of Paraphrasing Steps


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NOTE MAIN IDEA & CONCEPTS/ PARAPHRASESENTENCE BY SENTENCE

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes, and as aresult they overuse quotations in the final [research] paper.

Problem starts during note taking Students often quote excessively inresearch papersProbably only about 10% of your final manuscript should appear asdirectly quoted matter. Quoted material should be at a desirable level

Therefore, you should strive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of

source materials while taking notes. Note taking verbatim should be minimized



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ARRANGE YOUR SENTENCES IN A FLOW Students often quote excessively inresearch papers Quoted material should be at a desirable level Problem starts during note taking Note taking verbatim should be minimized WRITE FROM MEMORY/ CONSTRUCT SENTENCES

INTO A PARAGRAPHIn research papersstudentsoften quoteexcessively, failing to keep quotedmaterial down to a desirable level. Since the problem usually originates duringnote taking, it is essential to minimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).



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COMPARE ORIGINAL WITH YOUR VERSION Original text

Students frequently overuse direct quotation in taking notes,

and as a result they overuse quotations in the final [research]paper. Probably only about 10% of your final manuscriptshould appear as directly quoted matter. Therefore, you shouldstrive to limit the amount of exact transcribing of sourcematerials while taking notes.

After ParaphrasingIn research papers students often quote excessively, failing tokeep quoted material down to a desirable level. Since theproblem usually originates during note taking, it is essential tominimize the material recorded verbatim (Lester 46-47).



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To become a pro you need to practice and rewrite on aregular basis

Paraphrasing is a part of Academic Writing. You cansearch more material on this to further enhance your skills.

KEY TO SUCCESS


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REFERENCING HarvardStyle of Referencing


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Referencing is the acknowledgment of all the sourcesthat you have used to produce your piece of work. Itconsists of two processes:

Citationsand References

REFERENCING


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Whenever you use someone else's ideas, either byputting them into your own words (also calledparaphrasing) or quoting directly, you must show thatyou have done so in the body of your work. This is

known as a citation. The format will vary depending onthe referencing style you are using, for example in theHarvard style the citation includes brief details of thepublication e.g. (John, 1994).

Citations


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Various researches highlight reasons due to whichchallenges are faced during recruitment, including:insufficient experience of employees (Chalmers, 2008),short supply of skilled employees (Cappelli, 2008;

Economy Offers, Anon., 2008; Gross & McDonald,1998; Kreisman, 2002; Trank, et al., 2002) andemployees having very high salary expectations whichthe companies are unable to meet (Chalmers, 2008).

Example:


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At the end of your assignment you will need to providea list containing the complete details of the sources youhave used to write your assignment, these are yourreferences. This means providing full details about the

source, for example, the author, date of publication, fulltitle, publishing details etc.

References


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Anon., 2008. Economy Offers Challenges for Both Employers andEmployees. SmartPros [Online]. Available at:

http://accounting.smartpros.com/x62994.xml [Accessed 8th September2008].

Cappelli, P., 2008. Talent Management for the Twenty-First Century.Harvard Business Review, March.

Chalmers, P. J., 2008. Spotlight on Recruitment and Retention [Online].Available at :http://www.hrmguide.co.uk/recruitment/recruitment-

retention.htm [Accessed 8th September 2008]. Gross, A., & McDonald, T., 1998. Compensating, Hiring and Retaining

Employees in Southeast Asia [Online]. Available from:http://www.pacificbridge.com/publication.asp?id=58 [Accessed 7September 2008].

Kreisman, B. J., 2002. Insights into Employee Motivation, Commitment

and Retention. Insights, 1-35 Trank, C. Q., Rynes, S. L., Bretz, R. D., 2002. Attracting Applicants in the

War for Talent: Differences in Work Preferences among High Achievers.Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 16 (3), pp. 331-345.

Example:

, .,


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1 Author:Redman, P., 2006. Good essay writing: a social sciences guide.3rd ed.London: Oxford University Press.Redman (2006, pp.32-33) states that 3 or 4 Authors

Barker, R. Kirk, J. & Munday, R.J., 1988. Narrative analysis. 3rd ed.

Bloomington: Indiana University PressBarker, et al., (1988) found that the majority..

ORRecent research has found that the majority of(Barker, et al., 1995)

, ,Year. Title of book. Edition.Place:Publisher.

JOURNAL: Author Initials Year Title


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AuthorPerry, C., 2001. What health care assistants know about clean hands.Nursing Times, 97(22), pp.63-64.Perry (2001, pp.63-64) suggestsIt is suggested that .. (Perry, 2001, pp.63-64)

JOURNAL: Author, Initials., Year. Titleof article. Full Title of Journal .Volumenumber (Issue/Part number),Pagenumbers.


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Slapper, G., 2005. Corporate manslaughter: new issues for lawyers. TheTimes, 3 Sep. p.4b.

Slapper (2005, p.4b)

NEWSPAPER ARTICLES: Author,

Initials., Year. Title of article. Full Title ofNewspaper, Day and month. page numberscolumn line.

ELECTRONIC SOURCES


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HRM Guide, 2003.Poor leadership.[Online] (Updated 16 Jan 2005)Available at: http://www.hrmguide.co.uk/performance/poor-leadership.htm[Accessed 10 April 2005].

A study at HRM Guide(2003) concludes..

ELECTRONIC SOURCES:Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web

document or web page. [Medium]Available at: web site and additionaldetails. [Accessed date].

REFERENCES WITH MISSING


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ca. 1995 no obvious publication dateA study (Roger, ca.1991) highlighted.OR

Smith (n.d.) has written and demonstratedOR

Earlier research (Smith, n.d.) demonstrated thatAnon - author anonymous or not identifiableMarketing strategy (Anon., 1999) reports thats.l. - no place of publication (Latin: sine loco)s.n. - no named publisher (Latin: sine nomine)

REFERENCES WITH MISSINGDETAILS


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o Paul McKarthyo Londono Leadership & the New Generationo Oxford University Presso 2nd Editiono 2006o Pages: 43-47

Author, Initials/first name., Year. Title of book.Edition. Place: Publisher.

In-text citation

Exercise 1


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2008 Title: Effective Communication Skills Accessed: November 10th 2009 Cambridge University http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/ Updated November 9th 2009 Authorship or Source, Year. Title of web document

or web page. [Medium] (Updated) Available at: web

site and additional details. [Accessed date].

In-text citation

Exercise 2


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McKarthy, P., 2006. Leadership & the NewGeneration. 2nd Ed. London: Oxford UniversityPress.

(McKarthy, 2006, pp.43)OR

McKarthy (2006, pp.43) states.

Answer Exercise 1


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Cambridge University, 2008. Effective Communication Skills. [Online](Updated November 9th 2009)Available at:http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/news/dp/[Accessed 10th November2009]

A study at Cambridge University (2008) states.OR

A study (Cambridge University, 2008) concluded.

Answer Exercise 2

REFERENCES


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Anglia Ruskin University, (n.d.). Harvard System of Referencing Guide. [Online](Updated 26 May 2009) Available athttp://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm?harvard_id=12#12 [Accessed 8thNovember 2009]

Duplichecker (n.d.). Quoting, Paraphrasing, And Summarizing [Online]. (Updated2008) Available at: http://www.duplichecker.com/quotingpara.asp [Accessed 8thNovember 2009].

OWL Materials, (n.d.). Paraphrase: Write it in Your Own Words [Online] (Updated 15October 2009). Available at: http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/619/01/[Accessed 8th November 2009].

Study & Learning Centre (n.d.). Paraphrasing [Online] (Updated 2005). Available at:http://www.dlsweb.rmit.edu.au/lsu/content/4_WritingSkills/writing_tuts/paraphrase_LL/activity.html [Accessed 8th November 2009]. Wikipedia, (n.d.). Paraphrase [Online] (Updated 25 October 2009). Available at:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paraphrase [Accessed 8th November 2009].

REFERENCES

Documents

Paraphrasing Referencing