Paraphrasing Summarizing Quoting

8/8/2019 Paraphrasing Summarizing Quoting

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PARAPHRASING

SUMMARIZING

QUOTING


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Part 1

PARAPHRASING


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Objectives

At theend of the lesson,studentscan:

Understand the process torephrase paragraphs.

Vary ways ofexpressions orsentencebuilding.

Usesynonymssmoothly.

Make abstract facts and ideasconcrete to a general ordifferent

audience.


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Lead-in

Pair work: Restate the

sayings:

Beauty is in the eye of

the beholder(Oscar Wilde)


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Lead-in

Restate thesayings

Every day you may make progress. Every step

may be fruitful. Yet there will stretch out before

you anever-lengthening,ever-ascending,

ever-improving path. You know you will never get

to theend of thejourney. But this,so far fromdiscouraging, only adds to thejoy and glory of

theclimb

(Winston Churchill)


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Lead-in

Restate thesayings

The important thing isnot to stop questioning.

Curiosity has its own reasons forexisting.One

cannot help but be in awe when hecontemplates

the mysteries ofeternity, of life, of the marvelous

structure of reality. It isenough if one tries merelyto comprehend a little of this mystery every day.

Never loose a holy curiosity(Albert Einstein)


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Lead-in

Restate thesayings

Oneswallow doesnot make a summer,

neitherdoes one fineday; similarly one

day orbrief time if happinessdoesnot

make a personentirely happy

(Aristotle)


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Model Analysis

Work in pairs, read the originaloriginal

passages and modelmodel paraphrases

answer the following questions:


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Focus

Definition of a Paraphrase Rephrase/rewrite previously published

information indifferent words withoutchanging its original meaning.

State the authors thoughts in your

own words.

Short selections:sentences orshortparagraph

Usually as long as the original text


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Focus

Characteristics of a good

Paraphrase

Not a summary

Do not plagiarize

Include all minordetails from the

original

Clearer meaning

Restate the thesis

As long as or longer than the original


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Focus

Process of Writing a Paraphrase

Read the original text carefully.Underline/Note any important words

Findsynonymssynonyms for any difficult words

Finddifferent ways ofexpressing phrasesindicating time or place

Rewriteeach sentence.SimplifySimplify sentencestructure and vocab without changing themeaning

Revise thedraft paraphrase (clarifyclarify theoriginal)

Include a ro riate referencereference information


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Focus

Ways to ParaphraseLiteralLiteral FreeFree

Usesynonyms (to

replace original words of

each sentence)

Paraphrasesentenceby

sentence

Usesynonyms

Rearrangesentencestructures

Awkward overall

structure

Risk of plagiarism

Used in first draft

Borrow ideas without

keeping thesameorganization

Morenatural and

recommended

Used in final drafts


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The original quotation

"Four score and seven years ago,

our fathers brought forth on this

continent a new nation, conceived

in liberty and dedicated to the

proposition that all men are

created equal . . . ."


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A literal paraphrase

Eighty-seven years before, our

ancestors founded in North

America a new country, thought of

in freedom and based on the

principle that all people are born

with the same rights.


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A free paraphrase

Our ancestors thought of freedom

when they founded a new country

in North America eighty-seven

years ago. They based their

thinking on the principle that all

people are born with the same

rights.


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Part 2

SUMMARIZING


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Objectives

At theend of the lesson,

studentscan:

Understand the process to write asummary

Draw general ideas from a long text

Use general terms to replace manyspecific ones

Use a variety ofsentencestructures

with equivalent meanings


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Lead-in

Report one of these topics

1. Thecontent of an interesting film

you have watched

2. The plot of an interesting book youyou have read


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Model Analysis

Work in pairs, read the originaloriginal

passages and modelmodel summaries

and answer the following

questions:


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Questions to Ponder

1. How much are the summaries shorter than theoriginal version?

2. Do the paragraphs cover all the main ideas ofthe original versions?

3. Do the paragraphs follow the same logicaldevelopment of the original version?

4. Which one is better? What are the differences?

5. Which parts of the summaries are summarized

parts in the original?6. Whatlinguistic means have been used?

7. What are the means of cohesion in thesummary?


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Focus

Definition of a summary:

Be a concise statement of themost important information

Describe most of the main ideas

Omit details and repeatedinformation


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Focus

Kinds ofsummaries

Restatement or Prcis (Model 2)

DescriptiveSummary (Model 1)

Analytical Summary

- Be a shortening of a text (6-8 sentences) in your

own words

- Describe accurately and briefly the main ideas

- Give the controlling idea

-Not need concrete examples ordetails

- Be more detailed than precis

- Give an effective and accurate map of the original

- Let readers know what kind ofevidence the original

presents and how it is organized- Describe the material used by the writer

- Not have concrete examples or paraphrases

- Require the thematic structure of a central idea,

controlling idea and support- Be an essay discussing the original with a indication

of audience and purpose

- Use quotations from the original

-

Add a judgment of the interest and originality


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Focus

2. Write thesummaryWrite the most important info into a topic

sentence

Relate 2-3 main ideas anddetails in logical

developmentCombineseveral main ideas into a sentence

Substitute a general term for lists of items or

events

Identify thesource

Not include unimportant details

Not repeat info

Not include your owncomment


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Focus

3. Revise thesummaryRead thesummary

Check for accuracy

Cut out lengthy words ordeletenon-

essential info

Write anotherdraft and ask for peercheck


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Focus

4. Edit thesummaryCorrect errors (grammar,spelling or

punctuation,etc.)Write a cleandraft and proofread for

copying errors


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Focus

Language to use

Use the most economical wording

possible

Use paraphrasing techniques:

using synonyms andchangingsentencestructures


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Part 3

QUOTING AVOIDING

PLAGIARISM


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Objectives

-understand how to use three kinds ofexternal sources

-understand about plagiarism in writing

-use quotations, paraphrases andsummaries in a paragraph without

committing plagiarism

-use suitable documentation styles forsummaries and paraphrases

-use introductory verbs and

punctuation rules for quotations


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Lead in: Read and identify who writes orspeaks the

following statements:

1. We make a living by what we get, we make a life

by what we give.2. But love isblind and loverscannot see

The pretty follies that themselvescommit;For if they could, Cupid himself wouldblushTo see me thus transformed to a boy.

3. By all means marry; if you get a good wife, you'llbe happy. If you get a bad one, you'll become aphilosopher.

4.Genius is one percent inspiration,ninety-ninepercent perspiration.

5.Although the world is full ofsuffering, it is full

also of the overcoming of it.6. Imagination is more important than knowledge...

7. Clothes make the man. Naked people have littleorno influence onsociety.

8. Those who want to live, let them fight, and those

who do not want to fight in this world ofeternal


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1.William Shakespeare,The Merchant of Venice,

Act II Scene 6-Greatest English dramatist &

poet (1564 - 1616)

2. ThomasA. Edison,Harper's Monthly, 1932

3.Sir Winston Churchill - British politician (1874 -

1965)

4.Adolf Hitler,His 3rd Public Speech After taking

Power.

German Nazi dictator, orator, & politician (1889

- 1945)

5.Albert Einstein - US (German-born) physicist(1879 - 1955)

6.Socrates - Greek philosopher in Athens (469 BC

- 399 BC)

7. HelenKeller- US blind & deaf educator (1880 -


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Understanding quotations

- Read two models and answer

these questions,

- What are the three quotations inthe two models?

- What are thedifferences among

the three quotations?- What leads to thedifference?


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Using quotations

Use of direct quotations is preferable in

these situations:

1. Important statements of information,

policy, or opinion

2. Interpretation of literary works

3. Distinctive phrasing


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Choosing introductory

verbsTo choose thesuitable introductory word, you

shouldbear these questions in mind:

*Is thestatement being asserted forcefully?

Use words:argues, declares, emphasizes, orstresses

*Is thestatement being offered only as a

possibility?Use words: suggests, proposes, implies, or

infers

*Does thestatement immediately follow a


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Specific rules

Type 1:

-Use a comma orcolonbefore thedirect

quotation.

-Capitalize the first letter of the quotation.Type 2:

-Do not use any punctuation (except for

quotation marks).

-Do not capitalize the first letter of thequotation.

Type3:

-Indent the quotation tenspaces from the left

margin.


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Definition of plagiarism

- Changing a few of the author's words

- Copying words or phrases without

using quotation marks

-Omitting reference

- If you use the author's words in a

direct quotation or in a paraphrase

without using quotation marks orparenthetical citations, you are

plagiarizing

deliberate accidental


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Avoiding plagiarism

Citeevery piece of information that isnot a) the

result of your own research, orb)common

knowledge

At thebeginning of the first sentence make it

clear that what comesnext issomeoneelse'sidea:

According to Smith...

Jones says...

In his 1987 study, Robinson proved...

At theend of the last sentence, insert a

parenthetical citation to show where the material

came from (name of author,name ofbook/article,

year of publication)


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TIME FOR PRACTICE

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Paraphrasing Summarizing Quoting