Paraphrasing, Summarizing, Synthesizing

Paraphrasing, Summarizing, SynthesizingMade Hery Santosa, PhDinfo@mhsantosa.com QuizHow much do you know about academic writing?1 The main difference between academic writing and normal writing is that academic writing:(a) uses longer words(b) tries to be precise and unbiased(c) is harder to understand

2 The difference between a project and an essay is:(a) essays are longer(b) projects are longer(c) students choose projects topics

10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program2Quiz3 Teachers complain most about students:(a) not answering the question given(b) not writing enough(c) not referencing properly

4 The best time to write an introduction is often:(a) first(b) last(c) after writing the main body

10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program3Quiz5 Plagiarism is:(a) a dangerous disease(b) an academic offence(c) an academic website

6 Making careful notes is essential for:(a) writing essays(b) revising for exams(c) all academic work10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program4Quiz7 An in-text citation looks like:(a) (Manton, 2008)(b) (Richard Manton, 2008)(c) (Manton, R. 2008)

8 Paraphrasing a text means:(a) making it shorter(b) changing a lot of the vocabulary(c) adding more detail10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program5Quiz9 Paragraphs always contain:(a) six or more sentences(b) an example(c) a topic sentence

10 The purpose of an introduction is:(a) to give your aims and methods(b) to excite the reader(c) to summarise your ideas10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program6Quiz11 Proof-reading means:(a) getting a friend to check your work(b) checking for minor errors(c) re-writing

12 Teachers expect students to adopt a critical approach to their sources:(a) sometimes(b) only for Masters work(c) always

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Academic Writing10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program9WRITING PROCESS10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program1010THE PURPOSE OF ACADEMIC WRITING10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program11Features of Academic WritingText 1To promote tourism and market destination, it is important to study the tourists attitude, behaviour and demand. The studies of Levitt (1986) and Kotler and Armstrong (1994) suggest that an understanding of consumer behaviour may help with the marketing planning process in tourism marketing. The research of consumer behaviour is the key to the underpinning of all marketing activity, which is carried out to develop, promote and sell tourism products (Swarbrooke and Horner, 1999; Asad, 2005). Therefore, the study of consumer behaviour has become necessary for the sake of tourism marketing.10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program12Features of Academic WritingText 2The romance of travel has always fascinated me, and our recent trip to Thailand lived up to expectations. We flew from Dubai and after a comfortable flight arrived in Bangkok just as the sun was rising. Our stay in the city lasted only a couple of days before we set off for the hill country around Chang Mai, where we were planning to visit some of the indigenous tribes who live in this mountainous region. When we arrived the weather was rather disappointing, but after a day the heavy rain gave way to sparkling clear sunshine.10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program13Features of Academic WritingText 3Equally, from a political perspective, the nature of state involvement in and policies for tourism is dependent on both the political-economic structures and the prevailing political ideology in the destination state, with comparisons typically made between market-led and centrally planned economies. For example, the ThatcherReagan inspired neo-liberalism of the 1980s, and the subsequent focus on privatisation and the markets in many Western nations contrasted starkly with the then centrally planned tourism sectors in the former Eastern Europe (Buckley and Witt, 1990; Hall, 1991). At the same time, of course, it has also long been recognised that the political-economic relationship of one nation with another or with the wider international community (that is, the extent of political-economic dependency) may represent a significant influence on tourism development (Telfer, 2002). Thus, in short, tourism planning and development in the destination tends to reflect both the structures and political ideologies of the state and its international politicaleconomic relations.10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program14

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Paraphrasing, Summarizing and Synthesizing

10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program1616Paraphrasing10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program17ParaphrasingIn 1610, Galileo Galilei published a small book describing astronomical observations that he had made of the skies above Padua. His homemade telescopes had less magnifying and resolving power than most beginners telescopes sold today, yet with them he made astonishing discoveries: that the moon has mountains and other topographical features; that Jupiter is orbited by satellites, which he called planets; and that the Milky Way is made up of individual stars. From David Owen, The Dark Side: Making War on Light Pollution, The New Yorker (20 August 2007).

This could be paraphrased:

Galileo was able to make some amazing discoveries with his telescope. He made discoveries about the moon, about Jupiter, and about the Milky Way. He was able to do this with a telescope that was less powerful than even today's most basic telescopes.10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program18Paraphrasing10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program19Paraphrasing10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program20Quiz1. 25% of adolescents who have one baby have a second baby within two years of the first baby's birth. a. 25% of babies are born to mothers who are adolescents. b. One out of four adolescent mothers has another baby before the first baby reaches his second birthday. c. A quarter of adolescent mothers gives birth when their first born is two. d. 25% of adolescent mothers become pregnant again when their first babies are two years old.

2. It has been reported that the richest one percent of Americans own 40% of the country's wealth. a. The richest 1% are 40 times as wealthy as the rest of Americans. b. If the gap between rich and poor continues to grow at the current rate, the richest one percent will soon own 40% of the country's wealth. c. 40% of the country's wealth is in the hands of only 1% of Americans. d. 99% of Americans own 40% as much as the richest 1%. 10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program21Quiz3. The judge was relieved when the jury was finally ready to announce its verdict. a. When the jury announced its verdict, the judge was relieved. b. The judge asked the jury to arrive at a verdict. c. The judge welcomed the prospect of an imminent verdict. d. The jury welcomed the judge's relief.

4. Research data suggest that girls who witnessed maternal abuse may tolerate abuse as adults more than girls who did not. a. Women who witnessed the abuse of their mother as teens are more likely to become abusive adults. b. Women who observed the abuse of their mothers when they were young are more likely to endure abuse themselves. c. Women who were abused as children are more likely to abuse their own children. d. Girls who testify about maternal abuse tolerate abuse as adults more readily.

5. Martha thinks that the issue of adolescent problems is important to write about. a. Martha thinks that adolescents like to write about their problems. b. Martha feels that writing about adolescent problems is worthwhile. c. Martha believes that the dream of most adolescents is to write something important. d. Martha thinks that adolescents can write about their problems. 10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program22Techniques for Paraphrasing10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program23Practice thisFind synonyms for the words underlined.The growth of the car industry parallels the development of modern capitalism.

Example: The rise of the automobile industry matches the progress of contemporary capitalism.

It began in France and Germany, but took off in the United States.

There Henry Ford adapted the moving production line from the Chicago meat industry to motor manufacturing, thus inventing mass production.10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program24Practice thisChange the word class of the underlined words, and then re-write the sentencesIn the 1920s Alfred Sloans management theories helped General Motors to become the worlds dominant car company.

Example: In the 1920s, with help from the managerial theories of Alfred Sloan, General Motors dominated the worlds car companies.

After the second world war the car makers focused on the styling of their products, to encourage more frequent model changes.

From the 1970s there was criticism of the industry due to the inefficiency of most vehicles, which used petrol wastefully.10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program25Practice thisChange the word order of the following sentences (other changes may be needed)

At the same time, trades unions became increasingly militant in defence of their members jobs.

Example: At the same time increasingly militant trades unions defended their members jobs.

Today the industry owns some of the most famous brands in the world.

However, many car makers are currently threatened by increased competition and saturated markets.10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program26SummarizingWrite a summary of one of the topics below in no more than 20 words.One of your parentsA town or city you know wellA film you have recently watched

Compare your summary with others in your class. What is needed for a good summary?_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program27Stages of Summarizing10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program28Summarizing and Paraphrasing10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program29SummarizingTeachers may play an essentially heroic or charismatic role in the classroom and so doing may end up serving in the capacity of ego ideal for the student. Some teachers will accomplish this by emphasizing their expertise, and some will accomplish it by emphasizing their high status within the students chosen field, but clearly it is possible for a teacher to play the role of expert or socializing agent without becoming in any meaningful sense a part of the students ideal. Perhaps the key attributes of the teacher as ego ideal are his commitment, or, as it is sometimes referred to, his enthusiasm. Some teachers who function primarily as facilitators convey, by their devotion to an underlying educational philosophy and by their capacity to be patient and helpful, certain qualities which cause some students to identify strongly with them. We cite this particular example because it is all too easy to associate the ego ideal with the flamboyant teacher whose performances amount to an intellectual and interpersonal demonstration of power.10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program3030Example of SummaryTeachers role as an ego ideal in the classroom may be represented by a demonstration of personal and interpersonal competences as well as his/her expertise in a particular subject area. 10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program3131Practice thisRead the following text (3.1) and the summaries (a)(c). Rate them 1 (best) 3.

MECHANICAL PICKERSAlthough harvesting cereal crops such as wheat and barley has long been done by large machines known as combine harvesters, mechanising the picking of fruit crops such as tomatoes or apples has proved more difficult. Farmers have generally relied on human labour to harvest these, but in wealthy countries it has become increasingly difficult to find pickers willing to work for the wages farmers are able to pay. This is partly because the demand for labour is seasonal, usually in the autumn, and also because the work is hard and demanding. As a result, in areas such as California part of the fruit harvest is often unpicked and left to rot. There are several obvious reasons why developing mechanical pickers is challenging. Fruit such as grapes or strawberries comes in a variety of shapes and does not always ripen at the same time. Outdoors, the ground conditions can vary from dry to muddy, and winds may move branches around. Clearly each crop requires its own solution: machines may be towed through orchards by tractors or move around by themselves using sensors to detect the ripest fruit. This new generation of fruit harvesters is possible due to advances in computing power and sensing ability. Such devices will inevitably be expensive, but will save farmers from the complexities of managing a labour force. In addition, the more intelligent pickers should be able to develop a database of information on the health of each individual plant, enabling the grower to provide it with fertiliser and water to maintain its maximum productivity.10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program32Practice thisFruit crops have usually been picked by hand, as it is difficult to mechanise the process. But in rich countries it has become hard to find affordable pickers at the right time so fruit is often wasted. Therefore intelligent machines have been developed that can overcome the technical problems involved, and also provide the farmer with useful data about the plants.Developing machines that can pick fruit such as tomatoes or apples is a challenging task, due to the complexity of locating ripe fruit in an unpredictable outdoor environment, where difficult conditions can be produced by wind or water. But recent developments in computing ability mean that growers can now automate this process, which should save them money and increase their profits. Strawberries and grapes are the kind of crops that have always been hand-picked. But many farmers, for example in California, now find it increasingly difficult to attract enough pickers when the fruit is ripe. However, computing advances have produced a solution to this problem, which will save farmers from worrying about the pickers, and also collect vital data.10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program33SynthesizingCitation 1Human beings are learning organism seeking, organizing, coding, storing, and retrieving information all their lives, building on cognitive structures to continue learning throughout life (certainly not losing capacity to learn); continually seeking meaning (McKeachie, 1988, p. 14).

Citation 2Intelligence is the capacity inherent in the human brain that is developed expressed in social and cultural contexts (Gardner, 1999, p. 38)

10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program3434SynthesizingCitation 3All children are active learners, but they choose which directions to move in. A child tends to move in directions that have personal meaning, and avoids situations she thinks will lead to failure (Paul, 2003, p. 7)

10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program3535SynthesizingCitation 4If learners expect to be evaluated, feel threatened, or feel they are being watched and checked up on, it is likely that they will study for the sake of the evaluation, to avoid the threatened punishment, or to satisfy the adult watching them and will lose some inner motivation to learn for their own sake. They may feel they are no longer learning from choice. (Moon, 2000, p. 23).

10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program3636Example of SynthesisEffective learning should take a number of factors into consideration. First, the psychological factor that learners are learning organism who need to learn new things continuously throughout their life (McKeachie, 1988). Second, the nature of human beings that all have the capacity to learn (Gardner, 1999). Third, individual difference, that is, every individual has a preference of how to learn; and finally, affective factors which refers to personal feeling. Every person needs a feeling of success, being appreciated and free from any form of threat (Moon, 2000).

10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program3737Reflect10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program38Questions, Comments, Suggestions?Thank you ^_^10/25/2013EAP - English Study Program39