F O R T E P H R I T I D F R U I T F L Y W O R K E R S

FFN no2 6

FOR TEPHRITID FRUIT FLY WORKERS

FFN#29

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PARASTOIDS TRIP TO HAWAII :

CHALLENGES AND HOPES

F. ceratitivorus

TAAO REVITALISED

SC MEMBERS & PHOTO

Fruit Fly News web site

OCTOBER 2014

FRUIT FLY

NEWS

In this issue…

WHO’S KISSING UNDER THE MISTLETOE?.....3

TEPHRITID FRUIT FLY PARASITOIDS: Fopius ceratitivorus IN HAWAII ….…..............5

REVITALISATION OF THE TAAO…………………...7

AUSTRALIAN ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY CELEBRATES THE GOLDEN JUBILEE….………….9

PEOPLE……….…………..…………………………..…..12

NEW BOOK……………………………………………...13

COMING EVENTS…...…………..………….…….….14

THEPHRITID FRUIT FLY REFERENCES.………..14

NEWSLETTER BACK ISSUES.…….………….…....14

Fruit Fly News editors

Abdeljelil Bakri

Brian Barnes

Olivia Reynolds

Pablo Liedo

Follow us on facebook

OCTOBER 2014

No. 29

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for the purposes of this contri-bution, mistletoe has been asso-ciated with fertility, vitality and romance since the times of pre-

Christian Europe . Mistletoes are photosynthetic hemiparasitic plants from sev-eral plant families and genera, and attach themselves to, and penetrate, the branches of a host tree or shrub from which they absorb water and nutri-ents. They bear flowers which, once pollinated, produce ber-ries, which are fed on and the sticky seeds further dispersed by animals and birds. So, what has all this to do with fruit flies?

w ho's kiss-ing under

the mistletoe? Brian Barnes

ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa

(retired)

For those not familiar with European customs, kissing under the mistletoe is a Christmas tradition dating back at least to the 16th centu-ry. It has a long history (see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mistletoe), but suffice it to say for the purposes of this con-

WHO’S KISSING UNDER THE MISTLETOE? Brian Barnes

ARC Infruitec-Nietvoorbij, Stellenbosch, South Africa (retired)

FFN #29

F or those not familiar with European customs, kissing un-der the mistletoe is a Christmas tradition dating back at least to the 16th century. It has a long history , but suffice it to say for the purposes of this contribu-tion, mistletoe has been associ-ated with fertility, vitality and romance since the times of pre-Christian Europe.

What are Mistletoes ?

Mistletoes are photosynthetic hemiparasitic plants from sever-al plant families and genera, and attach themselves to, and penetrate, the branches of a host tree or shrub from which they absorb water and nutri-ents. They bear flowers which, once pollinated, produce ber-ries, which are fed on and the sticky seeds further dispersed by animals and birds.

So, what has all this to do with fruit flies?

The largest table grape produc-tion area in South Africa is the Lower Orange River (LOR), a stretch of the Orange River which snakes for some 350 km through a desert region of the Northern Cape Province. Its lower reaches share a border with Namibia. Table grape vineyards along the LOR are ir-rigated for up to 5 km from the river (Photo 1 : back-

ground ), and the hot climate enables these grapes to be the earliest on the market from South Africa.

Mediterranean fruit fly (Medfly), Ceratitis capitata, thrives in this climate, and is widespread in the area. Crop losses from Medfly are ironi-cally not very high, as the crop ripens early enough in the sea-son to escape serious infesta-tion by later, larger Medfly populations. It is an area ideal for SIT, given the geographic isolation of the vineyards from the surrounding area, and is a region being considered for this technique by FruitFly Africa, the private company which drives Medfly SIT in South Africa. A major part of the area is monitored for Med-fly by Fruit Fly Africa.

During a search in 2008 by the author and Ian Sutherland of FruitFly Africa for potential Medfly host plants, we collect-

ed some berries from a parasitic plant found in the area on an Acacia sp. tree, and which had what appeared to be oviposition sites (Photo 2 & 3).

Who’s the culprit?

This plant was later identified as Tapinanthus oleifolius (J.C. Wendl.) Danser, a member of the mistletoe group belonging to the Family Loranthaceae.

T. oleifolius is known commonly as lighted matches, lighted can-dles, or bird-lime, and is a very common mistletoe species in the area.

Dissection of a two of these ber-ries revealed yellow-coloured larvae, apparently tephritids (Photo 4), feeding in the seed of the berry (one per seed). It was not possible to rear these larvae through to the adult stage, so more berries from the same par-asitic plant were later collected from the Augrabies area by the

Photo 2. The parasitic mistletoe Tapinanthus oleifolius on an acacia tree

Photo

Brian

Photo 3. A berry from Tapinan-thus oleifolius (tip of ballpoint pen for scale)

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late Dr H. van Niekerk of FruitFly Africa, and sent to the author at Stellenbosch. They were kept on vermiculite in a breeding room at room temperature to recover any emerging insects. Approxi-mately 4 to 6 weeks after ber-ry collection, tephritid adults started emerging, and over a period of a month six adults were collected (Photo 5).

Dr Marc De Meyer of the Royal Museum for Cen-tral Africa in Tervuren, Bel-gium, identified the fly as Perilampsis diademata Bezzi. It has been reported from several places in South Africa, as well as Namibia, Zimbabwe, Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

All host records for Per-ilampsis species so far are from Loranthaceae (M. De Meyer, personal communica-tion; De Meyer 2009).

Representatives of the genus Perilampsis are specialized in that all reliable host records to date (eight different spe-

cies) are restricted to the Loranthaceae (mistletoe fami-ly).

Perilampsis larvae are unusu-al in that they are seed feed-ers, whereas most other mem-bers of the Ceratitidina feed on the fruit pulp (De Meyer 2009).

Also unusual, the larvae of Perilampsis stay within the fruits, with the puparia cov-ered in a latex, rather than moving to the soil as observed in most other fruit-infesting fruit flies (Munro, 1939, cited by De Meyer 2009; De Meyer 2009).

P. diademata has earlier also been reared from fruits of the mistletoe Tapinanthus rubro-marginatus (then known as Loranthus rubromarginatus), the larvae also feeding on the seeds (Munro 1939, cited by De Meyer 2009).

Furthermore, P. diademata is a species that is often encoun-tered in methyl eugenol traps used in detection programmes for the African invader fly,

Bactrocera invadens * (M. De Meyer, personal communication). Two specimens of P. diademata were sent to Dr De Meyer for DNA barcoding.

With respect to the possibility of mistletoe berries being a host for Medfly, no record of C. capitata from the Loranthaceae has so far been encountered (M. De Meyer, personal communication).

The mystique surrounding mis-tletoe, and its association with fertility, vitality and romance, therefore seems to extend further than courting couples at Christ-mas.

Whatever the species, if romance is on your mind, it seems that hanging around under a mistletoe bush is probably not a bad thing to do!

* It is now generally accepted that Bactrocera invadens is synonymous with Bactrocera dorsalis.

References

De Meyer, M., 2009. Taxonomic revision of the fruit fly genus Perilampsis Bezzi (Diptera, Tephritidae). Journal of Nat-ural History 43 (39-40): 2425-2463.

Munro, H.K., 1939. Some new species of South African Try-petidae (Diptera), including one from Madagascar. Jour-nal of the Entomological So-ciety of Southern Africa 2: 139-153.

Photo 5. The 'mistletoe fly' Perilampsis diademata

Photo 4. A tephritid larva feeding in

the seed of a Tapinanthus oleifolius

berry

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la, and reared it in the Hawaii Dept. of Agriculture Quarantine Facility in Honolulu for 3 years. During that time we evaluated the biology and host range of this para-sitoid, and feel confident of its po-tential efficacy and environmental safety. In quarantine, we tested the potential impact of F. ceratitivorus against several representative non-target flies in Hawaii, including the gall-forming weed biocontrol agent Procecidochares alani and the en-demic flowerhead feeding fly Tru-panea dubautiae, as well as anoth-er gall-forming weed biocontrol fly, Eutreta xanthochaeta. These were chosen to represent both native and exotic non-

Not a single one of these spe-cies feed on or in fruits. There are 33 potential non-target tephritid fly species in Hawaii, including 26 endem-ic species, and five deliber-ately introduced and two in-advertently introduced weed biocontrol agents. Among the 26 endemic species, 21 belong to the genus Trupa-nea, which are predominant-ly flower-head feeders. The other 5 are stem miners. Quarantine tests

We obtained cohorts of F. ceratitivorus from Guatema-

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TEPHRITID FRUIT FLY PARASITOIDS:

Fopius ceratitivorus in Hawaii Russell Messing, Department of Entomology, Hawaii University, USA

In Hawaii, Fopius ceratitivorus has not yet been released in the field, but we are in the very last stages of obtaining the neces-sary permits from the State Dept. of Agriculture, and hope-fully will be releasing the wasp in coffee plantations in 2015 (with a cohort obtained from Yoav Gazit and colleagues in Israel). Coffee is the largest res-ervoir of medfly populations throughout the Islands, alt-hough the flies impact citrus, mango, peppers, persimmon, and many other plant hosts.

Hawaii has the most stringent biocontrol regulations of any place in the United States.

This is a natural result of our being the “endangered species capital of the world.” While Federal (USDA-APHIS) permits to field release F. ceratitivorus were obtained years ago, it has taken a great deal of additional experimentation and data to pass the several layers of review necessary to obtain State of Ha-waii permits. A Final Environ-mental Assessment and Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI) were finally published in September 2014.

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Kenyan parasitoids

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arisanus is largely absent from higher elevation medfly infesta-tions (such as Jerusalem cherry, Solanum pseudocapsicum, widely spread near Volcano National Park). Fopius ceratitivorus will occupy a different micro-climatic range than F. arisanus. Experi-ments in quarantine have also shown that multi-parasitism is quite low between F. ceratitivorus and F. arisanus (10-16%), even when kept closely together in a small cage. In those few cases where multi-parasitism did occur, F. ceratitivorus did not interfere with or reduce the level of parasit-ism caused by F. arisanus.

Low introduction risk

Based on these findings, we are confident that the risk of environ-mental effect from introducing this parasitoid to Hawaii is ex-tremely low. We expect it will complement the extant Asian par-asitoids and contribute to popula-tion reductions in cultivated fruits and wild hosts throughout the Is-lands.

References:

Bokonon-Ganta, A. H., M. Ramadan & R. H. Messing. 2007. Reproductive biology of Fopius ceratitivorus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an egg-larval parasitoid of the Med-iterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae). Biological Control 41: 361-367.

Messing, R. H. & M. G. Wright. 2006. Biological control of inva-sive species: solution or pollu-tion? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 4: 132-140.

Bokonon-Ganta, A. H. & R. H. Messing. 2006. Biological con-trol of tephritid fruit flies in Ha-waii with reference to the newly

discovered egg-larval parasitoid, Fopius ceratitivorus (Wharton). Proceedings of the Hawaiian Ento-mological Society 41: 361-367.

Bokonon-Ganta, A. H., Ramadan, M. M., Wang, X. G. & Messing, R. H. 2005. Biological performance and potential of Fopius ceratitivo-rus (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), an egg-pupal parasitoid of tephritid fruit flies, newly imported to Hawaii. Biological Control 33: 238-247.

Wang, X. G., A. H. Bokonon-Ganta, M. M. Ramadan & R. H. Messing. 2004. Egg-larval parasitoids (Hym., Braconidae) of tephritid fruit fly pests do not at-tack the flowerhead feeder Trupa-nea dubautiae (Dipt., Tephri-tidae). Journal Applied Entomolo-gy 128: 716-722.

Messing, R. H. and T. K. Watson. 2008. Biocontrol in Hawaii: more bureaucra-cy is not the answer. Proc. Haw. Entomol. Soc. 40: 85-87.

Kroder, S. and R. H. Messing. 2010. A new parasitoid from Kenya, Fopi-us ceratitivorus, complements the extant parasitoid guild attacking Mediterranean fruit fly in Hawaii. Biological Control 53: 223-229.

Wang, X. G., A. H. Bokonon-Ganta and R. H. Mess-ing. 2008. Intrinsic inter-specific competition in a guild of tephritid fruit fly parasitoids: effect of co-evolutionary history on competitive superiority. Bio-logical Control 44: 312–320.

Messing, R. H. 2014. Final Environ-mental Assessment: Field Release of Fopius ceratitivorus (Wharton) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), for the Biocontrol of medfly, Ceratitis capi-tata in Hawaii. published in The Environmental Notice; Hawaii Of-fice of Environmental Quality Con-trol (OEQC). Sept. 23, 2014. Pdf

target flies; and feeders in both types of plant tissue (flowers and stem galls). There are no non-target fruit feeders in Hawaii.

Not a single case of success-ful parasitism of a non-target fly was recorded.

Results of these studies have been published (see refer-ences below). Using recog-nized testing protocols. These egg-attacking parasi-toids simply do not recog-nize the non-target flies as suitable hosts – they do not even probe into non-fruit substrates.

F. ceratitivorus host-specific ity

The host range of F. cerati-tivorus is so narrow that, not only is it unable to para-sitize non-target flies, it can-not even parasitize the three more closely related pest tephritids in Hawaii (Bactrocera cucurbitae, B. dorsalis, and B. latifrons). Thus F. ceratitivorus is more host-specific than all previously introduced fruit fly parasitoids in Hawaii except Psyttalia fletcheri. None of these other parasi-toids with broader host ranges that have been estab-lished in the state for dec-ades have had any signifi-cant environmental impacts in Hawaii.

Low multi-parasitism

The other extant egg-attacking medfly parasitoid in Hawaii, F. arisanus, is an Asian species adapted to hot lowland areas. In Hawaii, F.

REVITALISATION OF THE TAAO!

Dr. Mark Schutze Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, Australia

Specifically, the TAAO aims

to:

1. Broaden interaction

and collaboration

among tephritid work-

ers from the region

2. Enhance capacity to

develop and deploy ef-

fective diagnostic and

management pro-

grammes

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workers from Asia, Australia,

and Oceania. Initiated by Olivia

Reynolds and Abdel Bakri un-

der the guidance of the Joint

UN/FAO IAEA, the TAAO en-

ters a new phase as it works to-

wards increasing regional in-

volvement and participation in

the study and management of

fruit flies throughout the region.

It is with great pleasure

that we announce the for-

mation of the ‘Tephritid

workers of Asia, Australia,

and Oceania’ (TAAO) Steer-

ing Committee (Photo).

The TAAO was established

as an independent profes-

sional and scientific organi-

zation with the purpose of

bringing together tephritid

Members of the TAAO SC. Top row L-R: Mark Schutze, TAAO chair (Australia), Al-vin Hee as Organizing Committee Chair for the First TAAO Symposium (Malaysia 2016) (Malaysia), Zhihong Li (China), Tati Suryati Syamsudin (Indonesia), Sujinda Thanaphum (Thailand), Suksom Chinvinijkul (Thailand). Bottom row L-R: Keng Hong Tan (Malaysia), Kenji Tsuruta (Japan), Bonifacio Cayabyab (Philippines), Sandeep Singh (India), Phil Taylor (Australia), An-nastasia Priscilla Kawi (Papua New Guinea).

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Photo

Mark

3. Provide a centralised fo-

rum for researchers,

agencies, and regulators

to access and obtain spe-

cific information or to

contact regional tephritid

workers

4. Foster collegiality among

tephritid workers in the

region

5. Educate the wider com-

munity about the biologi-

cal importance of teph-

ritids and their impact on

regional horticulture.

Conferences are expected to oc-

cur every four years, in between

the International Fruit Fly Sym-

posiums, with the first TAAO

symposium in Kuala Lumpur in

2016. More details will be dis-

tributed closer to the date,

particularly via the Mailing

List which is being updated.

Please contact Mark Schutze if

you wish to join.

We are also on the lookout

for keen members of our

community to be directly

involved with the TAAO,

particularly in joining the

TAAO Editorial Committee

(EC). The TAAO EC will be

responsible for collecting

news and information from

the region to be distributed

via regular updates to

members of the Mailing

List. The TAAO EC is also

encouraged to engage with

social media to disseminate

news as it comes to hand.

Please contact Mark

Schutze to register interest.

The new group of Tephritid Workers of Asia, Australia and Oceania (TAAO) presently has over 400

members from about 29 countries.

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FFN #29

reproductive rate and longer gener-

ation time than B. tryoni. In addi-

tion, they were able to demonstrate

that the adult reproductive stage

was the most sensitive to popula-

tion growth in both species irre-

spective of the host they used, and

that managing the pests at this de-

velopmental stage would prove the

most efficient.

A study by Jaye Newman re-

vealed that wing shape varies sig-

nificantly among B. tryoni flies

reared on different diets and at dif-

ferent temperatures. Yet inconclu-

sive evidence suggests that wing

shape may influence successful

mating, which has implications for

pest management approaches

including SIT which relies upon

the mating competitiveness of

sterile males.

Thilini Ekanayake brought

into question the belief by some

that B. tryoni has a lek-based

mating system. Thilini demon-

strated not only a strong prefer-

ence by B. tryoni for tall trees

over short trees, but showed in

field cages that there are more

females than males at mating

sites before dusk, with minimal

territorial behaviour preceding

courtship displayed by males.

Using a combination of historical

trapping records for B.

The 50th Australian Entomological Society Conference held in Austral-ia’s capital, Canberra, 28 September – 1 October 2014 celebrated the 50th anniversary of the Society. The con-ference was held in the iconic cruci-ble of Australian science, the Shine Dome, a heritage listed Canberra landmark that is about the same vin-tage as the Society. While there were a range of topics

covered, a session on Biosecurity was

comprised almost entirely of talks on

fruit fly. Solomon Balagawi com-

pared the demography and life histo-

ry stages of a specialist (Bactrocera

cucumis) and generalist (Bactrocera

tryoni) fruit fly. Solomon demon-

strated that B. cucumis had a lower

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Australian Entomological Society Celebrates the

Golden jubilee!

Olivia Reynolds

Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW, Australia

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FFN #29

identification.

Mark Schutze reported on an inter-

national collaboration to resolve cryp-

tic tephritid species complexes, which

has shown that Bactrocera papaya, B.

invadens and B. dorsalis are the same

biological species. Mark highlighted

the potential implications this might

have for Australia, including the possi-

ble displacement of B. tryoni and Cer-

atitis capitata and the potential incur-

sion cost of the highly invasive fly B.

dorsalis; the fly’s climatic range en-

compasses nearly all of horticulture in

Australia.

There were two poster presentations

on fruit fly by Jane Royer and Olivia

Reynolds. Jane’s poster illustrated

field trials testing several novel lures,

zingerone, cue-lure and methyl euge-

nol in north Queensland against a

range of pest and non-pest tephritid

species. Several determinations

were made about the response of

flies to these lures and included

the development of a female-

biased lure for B. cucumis, for

which a male lure does not exist,

increased attractiveness of three

species of some economic im-

portance in Australia (including

B. tryoni) to raspberry ketone

formate compared with cue-lure

and a new Dacus spp. trapped by

zingerone.

Olivia’s poster looked at pre-

release supplementation with

yeast hydrolysate (YH) of sterile

B. tryoni. Under low stress no

difference in mortality between

the sexes was evident for flies

provided or denied YH, however

under high stress conditions

mortality was lower for YH-fed

flies. When food was scarce, flies

initially provided YH for the first

two days post-eclosion had re-

duced longevity when subse-

quently deprived of food com-

pared with flies fed sucrose only.

A field trial revealed that for eve-

ry YH-deprived fly trapped, 1.2

YH-supplemented flies were

trapped, leading the authors to

advocate the release of YH-

supplemented B. tryoni for ster-

ile insect technique programs.

Congratulations must also go to

Tony Clarke, a well known fruit

fly biologist, who was awarded

the 2014 Mackerras Medal by

the Australian Entomological

Society, in recognition of his sig-

nificant career and contribution

to science. The Mackerras Medal

is the Australian Entomological

Society’s highest award and is

given every two years to a mem-

ber of the Society under 50 years

of age who has demonstrated

distinction in entomology.

tryoni, modelling and risk stand-

ards, Bernie Dominiak illustrated

that new methods for calculating

fruit fly quarantine distances could

significantly reduce the current sus-

pension zones when an outbreak

occurs in a pest free area. These lat-

est methods are presently under con-

sideration for domestic trade.

Olivia Reynolds presented a PCR-

RFLP based assay developed for

within-host detection of immature

parasitoids; four species known to

parasitise B. tryoni and successfully

used in control programs interna-

tionally (Diachasmimorpha tryoni,

D. kraussii, D. longicaudata and

Fopius arisanus). Such an assay will

be useful when rapid identification is

desired, thus avoiding the laborious

and prolonged rearing and dissec-

tion required with morphological

From left to right are Yuvarin Boontop (Rak) (QUT fruit fly PhD student and

Thai Depart of Agriculture), Tony Clarke, Linda Clarke, Ian Naumann (Comm

Dept Ag and well known for his SE Asia regional capacity enhancement work)

and Jaye Newman (QUT fruit fly tech and former hons student from the lab).

Photo credit to Li-Xin Eow

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Page 11

Why not send us a short

story about your lab?

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FFN#29

Contributions received before

10th January 2015 will be posted

on the next FFN issue (#30).

CONGRATULATIONS TO BERNIE DOMINIAK!

List of publications just in PhD

In April 2014, Dr Bernie Dominiak was awarded a PhD in an awards cere-mony at Macquarie University. Bernie's thesis titled “Managing Queensland fruit fly (Bactrocera tryoni) in and near a trade quarantine zone” included 16 peer-reviewed publications on the management of Queensland fruit fly. Dr Dominiak, Leader Regional Pest Management with Plant Biosecurity and Product Integrity in New South Wales, Australia, will continue this valu-able work in the scientific development of revised trade standards.

© B

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ie D

om

inia

k

This week Springer has published the book “Trapping and the Detection, Control, and Regulation of

Tephritid Fruit Flies”, a volume edited by T. Shelly, N. Epsky, E. Jang, J. Reyes-Flores, and R. Vargas.

The book includes 18 chapters organized into four main sections, namely Lures and Traps, Ecology and

Detection, Attract and Kill, and Phytosanitary Programs and Regulations. Over 35 authors from 15 dif-

ferent countries contributed to the volume and focus on a diverse array of basic and applied topics, in-

cluding the role of pheromones, food-baits, and plant odors as trap lures, dispersion and invasion biol-

ogy, modeling detection programs, evaluation of bait stations, mass trapping, and male annihilation as

control measures, and the role of trapping data in developing trade regulations. Springer is listing the

book at $189 USD (hard copy) and $149 USD (e-book).

Todd Shelly

APHIS United States Department of Agriculture Waimanalo, Hawaii, USA

FFN#29

Page 13

3rd MEETING OF THE TEPHRITID

WORKERS OF EUROPE, AFRICA & THE

MIDDLE EAST (TEAM ), 11-14 APRIL 2016

STELLENBOSCH, SOUTH AFRICA.

9th MEETING OF THE TEPHRITID

WORKERS OF THE WESTERN HEMI-

SPHERE (TWWH), OCTOBER 2016,

BUENOS AIRES, ARGENTINA

1st MEETING OF THE TEPHRITID

WORKERS OF ASIA, AUSTRALIA, AND

OCEANIA. (TAAO 2016) , MALAYSIA

10th INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON

FRUIT FLY OF ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE

(ISFFEI 2018), TAPACHULA, CHIAPAS,

MEXICO

PREVIOUS FRUIT FLY MEETINGS

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FFN #29

TEPHRITIDAE

FRUIT FLY

REFERENCES

June – October

2014

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