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Why people have children…
• Passing on the family name• Heredity: genetic characteristics passed
parent - child
• Giving one’s parents a grandchild
•Wanting to
be loved by so
meone• Wanting to make a family complete
• Wanting to love a child• Giving in to pressure from friends &
parents
• Bring stability to a shaky marriage
Parental Responsibilities• Parenting – providing care, support, and love in a way that
leads to a child’s total development.• PHYSICAL NEEDS
– Feeding/diapering/dressing/bathing ($$)– Providing medical care ($$)
• GUIDANCE– Instilling values– Setting limits
• Teaches child to be self-directed• Ability to make correct decisions when adults are not around to
enforce the rules
– Setting good examplesNURTURING ENVIRONMENT
- receive positive attention, encouragement, and love- UNCONDITIONAL love.
TEEN PARENTHOOD(possible) Reasons to purposely get pregnant
• To leave school
• To leave home
• Wanting love from the baby’s
father/mother • To prove they’re “a man!” (or “a woman!”)
• To avoid having to set goals (ie get a job/choose a career)
• To be the focus of attention
PHYSICAL & EMOTIONAL/MENTAL• Adolescent female body is not fully mature• Serious health risk to teen and baby• Less likely to receive early and regular prenatal care• May not have a well-balanced, healthy diet• More likely to drink/smoke/do drugs during pregnancy• Higher risk for complications
- Early or prolonged labor – anemia – high blood pressure
- Only about ½ of girls who give birth will finish high school- Less employment opportunities - more likely to live in
poverty
SOCIAL HEALTH
• Goals ended or put on hold• Miss much of the social aspects of being a
teen• The younger the parents, the greater the
chances of child abuse and neglect
Deciding when NOT to become pregnant…
• Talk about goals (and the steps necessary to achieve them) WAAAAAAY BEFORE SEX!!!
• What is expected of the relationship• What will each partner do to prevent
pregnancy?
DETERMINING A PREGNANCY
• HCG = “human chorionic gonadotropin”– Hormone secreted by placenta– Prevents ovaries from releasing more eggs
• PREGNANCY TESTS– Test urine for presence of HCG
PREGNANCY TESTS• HOME PREGNANCY TESTS– Perform like doctor’s office tests– Negative results are found to be less reliable than
positive pregnancy tests• RADIOIMMUNOASSAY (ra·dio·im·mu·no·as·say)– Can detect HCG in urine or blood as early as week
before period is to begin– Will also perform internal exam to confirm– Changes in cervix color and size of uterus are
noticeable if a female is pregnant
FERTILIZATION
• Erect penis ejaculates hundreds of millions of sperm– Immediately begin swimming through the female’s
internal reproductive organs– If an ovum is present in one of the fallopian tubes, the
sperm can fertilize it.FERTILIZATION = the union of a sperm cell with an
ovum(egg cell)• Pregnancy is considered to have begun once fertilization
happens• Usually takes place in the upper 1/3 of a fallopian tube
Fertilization cont…
• Zygote = fertilized ovum– Film immediately surrounds the zygote• Prevents any other sperm from penetrating it• Remaining sperm cells die
– Divides into 2 cells then 4 then 8 then 16 and so on
– Begins to move to the uterus• Takes about 3-4 days
Fertilization cont…
• Blastocyst = ball of cells with a cavity in the center– The zygote changes from the small condensed mass
into a blastocyst– Prepares to implant in the uterine lining
(endometrium)– Receives nourishment from the secretions of the
endometrium– Endometrium becomes thick and spongy to prepare
for implantation of fertilized ovum
ECTOPIC PREGNANCY
• Zygote implants outside the uterus• May implant in various places in the female
reproductive system– Usually in the fallopian tubes• Cells continue to divide• If not diagnosed & treated fatal to mother
Embryonic Development• 7-8 days after fertilization– Blastocyst attaches to inner wall of the uterus– Gradually gets buried in endometrium– Implantation = blastocyst embedding itself in uterine
lining• Embryo = implanted blastocyst
– Now in 1ST stages of development
First 5 Weeks• Embryo grows rapidly• At the beginning of wk. 6 is
about 1 mm. WEEK 6• Cells align into 3 layers to
form baby’s organs & systems– Endoderm respiratory &
digestive system– Mesoderm muscles, bones,
blood vessels & skin– Ectoderm nervous system,
sense organs & mouth
• Brain is one of 1ST organs to develop– Neurons appear @ day 18• 3 wks later rapidly developing CNS causes head to
take shape– Drugs & alcohol taken by mother will affect development of
embryo’s nervous system
PARTS OF THE EMBRYO
• Amnion– Fluid-filled sac around the embryo– “bag of waters”– Acts like a shock-absorber to protect developing
embryo
• Placenta– Structure that forms along lining of uterus as
embryo implants– Made of blood-rich tissue• Mother’s blood vessels also extend into placenta
– Transfers Oxygen & nutrients from mother’s blood to embryo’s
– Acts as lungs, kidneys, endocrine glands, and digestive system for developing embryo
• Umbilical Cord – Tube connects embryo & placenta– About 20”– Blood vessels from embryo connect to blood
vessels that go through umbilical cord & into placenta
• Blood of the mother & embryo don’t mix– Vessels allow Oxygen & nutrients to enter
embryo’s bloodstream & wastes to exit
FETAL DEVELOPMENT
• Fetus – developing baby from the 8TH week until birth
• CHARACTERISTICS– Transparent, hairless skin covered by waxy,
protective coating– All major organs & tissues
DEVELOPMENT IN THE WOMB
• 1ST MONTH– ¼” long– Hearts, brain, and lungs begin to form
• 2ND MONTH– About 1½”– Muscles, skin developing!– Arms, hands, eyes, and ears are forming– Legs begging to form, along with knees & ankles– All vital organs starting to develop
Weeks 3 & 4*: Poppyseed
Week 5: Appleseed
Week 6: Sweet Pea
Week 7: Blueberry
Week 8: Raspberry
Development in the womb cont…
• 3RD MONTH– About 3” long– Weighs about 1 oz.– Heart fully formed and beating!– Toes & fingers are formed– Can open and close mouth
Week 9: Green Olive
Week 10: Prune
Week 11: Lime
Week 12: Plum
Development cont…
• 4TH MONTH– 4”– Weighs about 6 oz.– Lanugo (fine hair) forms all over the body
(lə-nū'gō, -nyū'-)– Swallowing and sucking reflexes developing– Tooth buds appear– Sex is identifiable– Mother may feel fetus moving!
Week 13: Peach
Week 14: Lemon
Week 15: Naval Orange
Week 16: Avocado
Development cont…
• 5TH MONTH– 8-10”– Weighs 1 lbs. – Eyelashes appear– Nails and scalp hair begin to grow– Heartbeat can be heard w/stethoscope
Week 17: Onion
Week 18: Sweet Potato
Week 19: Mango
Week 20: Cantaloupe
Week 21: Banana
Weeks 21-24 (Month 5): Papaya
Development cont…
• 6TH MONTH– 12”– Weighs 1 ¾ lbs– Can kick!– Can hear sounds– Has fingernails, fingerprints
and footprints
Weeks 25-28 (Month 6): Eggplant
Development cont…
• 7 MONTHS– 3 lbs– Fat layer forming– Might hiccup (for no reason!),
cry, and/or suck thumb– Can move arms & legs freely– Eyes are open (although can’t
see since no light penetrates)
Weeks 29-32 (Month 7): Squash
Development cont…
• 8 MONTHS– 18”– 5 lbs– Extensive brain growth– Hair grows– Skin gets smoother as thicker fat layer develops– Kidneys are mature
Weeks 33-36 (Month 8): Honeydew
Development cont…
• 9 MONTHS– 18-20”– 7-9 lbs– Lungs are mature– All other organs have developed enough to
function on their own!
Weeks 37-Delivery (Month 9): Watermelon
GIRL OR BOY?
• Sperm & ova each contain only one set of 23 chromosomes• Join to form 23 pairs of chromosomes = 46• 2 kinds of sex chromosomes
– X and Y– Sperm cells = X or Y– Egg cell = X only
Genes and Heredity
• Genes = units of heredity that determine which traits (characteristics) we inherit from our parents
• Dominant genes will cover up the trait of the recessive gene
Genetic Counseling
• Process in which the genetic histories of the male and female are studied to predict the presence of certain inherited diseases
• Helps parents know possibility of passing inherited diseases on to the child
• EX. Tay Sachs– Results in severe brain dysfunction, paralysis,
blindness, and death usually before age 5– Rare in the general population more common in
Jewish people of Eastern European descent.
Sex-Chromosome Anomalies
• Normal male chromosome pattern = XY
Klinefelter’s Syndrome
• Found in approximately 1 of 700 men• More than one X-chromosome = XXY• Cause is unknown & not hereditary
Klinefelter’s cont…
• At Birth– Testicles are normal size– Un-descended testicles are common– Smaller penis size– Hypospadia = urethra is located on the underside
of the penis instead of the top
At Puberty• Testicles and penis stay small• Difficulty w/sexual fxning (as
a rule sterile)• Lack of facial, pubic, and
underarm hair• Taller than average height• Gynaecomastia = enlarged
breasts• Sometimes – impaired IQ,
delayed motor fxn, speech and hearing difficulties
• Slim physique• Disproportionate limbs
= long legs/arms compared to length of body
• Simian crease = single crease in palm
XYY Syndrome “Super Male”
• Found in about 1 of 1000 men• usually cannot see on a newborn any physical differences• Physically active
– aggressive• Tendency toward delayed mental maturation• Increased tendency for learning-problems in school• Normal sexual development• Low weight compared to body structure• Severe acne• Larger facial dimensions
Turner’s Syndrome
• Found in approximately 1 of 2500 females• Lack one (in all or some cells) of a sex
chromosomes = X_ (another way to write this is XO)
• Cause is unknown & not hereditary
X
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Decreased growth and final height
• Web neck• Arms that turn out slightly• Low hairline at the back of
the head
Trisomy X (Triple X or Super Female)
• Occurs in approximately 1 of every 3000 females– Often not diagnosed until later in life– Often no signs or symptoms
• Chromosome pattern has extra X = XXX• Random mutation; usually inherited from the
mother