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Paris 1

Paris

Paris

Motto:Fluctuat nec mergitur(Latin: "It is tossed by the waves, but does not sink")

Paris, with the Eiffel Tower in the foreground and the skyscrapers of La Dfense in the background

City flag City coat of arms

Paris

Administration

Country France

Region le-de-France

Department Paris

Mayor Bertrand Delano(PS)(20082014)

Statistics

Land area1[1] 105.4 km2 (40.7 sq mi)

Population2 2,234,105 (Jan. 2009[2])

- Ranking 1st in France

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Paris 2

- Density 21,196 /km2 (54,900 /sq mi)

Urban area 2,844.8 km2 (1,098.4 sq mi) (2010)

- Population 10,413,386[3](Jan. 2009)

Metro area 17,174.4 km2 (6,631.1 sq mi) (2010)

- Population 12,161,542[4](Jan. 2009)

Time zone CET(UTC +1)

INSEE/Postal code 75056[5]/ 75001-75020, 75116

Website www.paris.fr[6]

1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

2Population without double counting: residents of multiple communes (e.g., students and military personnel) only counted once.

Paris (

i

/prs/; French: [pai] ( listen)) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine,in northern France, at the heart of the le-de-France region. The city of Paris, within its administrative limits (the 20

arrondissements), has a population of about 2,200,000.[2] Its metropolitan area is one of the largest population

centres in Europe, with more than 12 million inhabitants.[4]

An important settlement for more than two millennia, Paris had become, by the 12th century, one of Europe's

foremost centres of learning and the arts and the largest city in the Western world until the 18th century. [7] Paris is

today one of the world's leading business[8] and cultural[9] centres and its influences in politics, education,

entertainment, media, science, and the arts all contribute to its status as one of the world's major global cities. [10]

Paris and the Paris Region, with 572.4 billion in 2010, produce more than a quarter of the gross domestic product

of France[11] and has one of the largest city GDPs in the world.[12] Considered as green[13] and highly liveable,[14]

the city and its region are the world's leading tourism destination.[15] They house four UNESCO World HeritageSites[16] and many international organizations.

EtymologyThe name Paris derives from that of its earliest inhabitants, the Gaulish tribe known as the Parisii. The city was

called Lutetia (more fully, Lutetia Parisiorum, "Lutetia of the Parisii"), during the Roman era of the 1st to the 6th

century, but during the reign of Julian the Apostate (360363), the city was renamed Paris.[17]

It is believed that the name of the Parisii tribe comes from the Celtic Gallic word parisio meaning "the working

people" or "the craftsmen."[18]

Paris has many nicknames, but its most famous is "La Ville-Lumire" ("The City of Light"), [19] a name it owes firstto its fame as a centre of education and ideas during the Age of Enlightenment, and later to its early adoption of

street lighting.[20] Since the mid-19th century, Paris has been known asPaname[21] ([panam]) in the Parisian slang

called argot ( Moi j'suis d'Paname, i.e. "I'm from Paname"). The singer Renaud repopularized the term amongst

the young generation[21] with his 1976 albumAmoureux de Paname ("In love with Paname").

Paris' inhabitants are known in English as "Parisians" and in French as Parisiens ([paizj] ( listen)) and

Parisiennes. Parisians are often pejoratively called Parigots ([paio] ( listen)) andParigotes, a term first used in

1900[22] by those living outside the Paris region.

See Wiktionary for the name of Paris in various languages other than English and French.

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Paris 3

History

The Gallo-Roman baths Thermes de Cluny at the

Muse national du Moyen ge, in Paris's Latin

Quarter.

Origins

The earliest archaeological signs of permanent settlements in the Paris

area date from around 4200 BC.[23] The Parisii, a sub-tribe of the

Celtic Senones, inhabited the area near the river Seine from around 250

BC.[24][25] The Romans conquered the Paris basin in 52 BC,[23] with a

permanent settlement by the end of the same century on the Left Bank

Sainte Genevive Hill and the le de la Cit. The Gallo-Roman town

was originally called Lutetia, or Lutetia Parisorum but later Gallicised

toLutce. It expanded greatly over the following centuries, becoming a

prosperous city with a forum, palaces, baths, temples, theatres, and an

amphitheatre.[26]

The collapse of the Roman empire and the 5th-century Germanic invasions sent the city into a period of decline. By

AD 400,Lutce, largely abandoned by its inhabitants, was little more than a garrison town entrenched into a hastilyfortified central island.[23] The city reclaimed its original appellation of "Paris" towards the end of the Roman

occupation.

Merovingian and Feudal Eras

The Paris region was under full control of the Germanic Franks by the late 5th century. The Frankish king Clovis the

Frank, the first king of the Merovingian dynasty, made the city his capital from 508. The late 8th century Carolingian

dynasty displaced the Frankish capital to Aachen; this period coincided with the beginning of Viking invasions that

had spread as far as Paris by the early 9th century.

Repeated invasions forced Parisians to build a fortress on the le de la Cit. One of the most remarkable Viking raidswas on 28 March 845, when Paris was sacked and held ransom, probably by Ragnar Lodbrok, who left only after

receiving a large bounty paid by the crown. The weakness of the late Carolingian kings of France led to the gradual

rise in power of the Counts of Paris; Odo, Count of Paris, was elected king of France by feudal lords, and the end of

the Carolingian empire came in 987 when Hugh Capet, count of Paris, was elected king of France. Paris, under the

Capetian kings, became a capital once more.

Middle Ages to 19th century

The Chteau de Vincennes, built between the

14th and 17th century.

Paris's population was around 200,000[27] when the Black Death

arrived in 1348, killing as many as 800 people a day; and 40,000 died

from the plague in 1466.[28] During the 16th and 17th centuries, plague

visited the city for almost one year out of three.[29] Paris lost its

position as seat of the French realm during the occupation by the

English-allied Burgundians during the Hundred Years' War, but

regained its title when Charles VII of France reclaimed the city from

English rule in 1436. Paris from then on became France's capital once

again in title, but France's real centre of power would remain in the

Loire Valley[30] until King Francis I returned France's crown

residences to Paris in 1528.

During the French Wars of Religion, Paris was a stronghold of the Catholic party. In August 1572, under the reign ofCharles IX, while many noble Protestants were in Paris on the occasion of the marriage of Henry of Navarre the

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future Henry IVto Margaret of Valois, sister of Charles IX, the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre occurred; begun

on 24 August, it lasted several days and spread throughout the country. [31][32]

In 1590 Henry IV unsuccessfully laid siege to the city in the Siege of Paris. During the Fronde, Parisians rose in

rebellion and the royal family fled the city (1648). King Louis XIV then moved the royal court permanently to

Versailles, a lavish estate on the outskirts of Paris, in 1682. A century later, Paris was the centre stage for the French

Revolution, with the Storming of the Bastille on 14 July 1789 and the overthrow of the monarchy in September1792.[33]

19th century

Storming of the Bastille, by Jean-Pierre Houl

(1789)

Paris was occupied by Russian and Allied armies upon Napoleon's

defeat on the 31 March 1814; this was the first time in 400 years that

the city had been conquered by a foreign power.[34] The ensuing

Restoration period, or the return of the monarchy under Louis XVIII

(18141824) and Charles X, ended with the July Revolution Parisian

uprising of 1830. The new 'constitutional monarchy' under

Louis-Philippe ended with the 1848 "February Revolution" that led to

the creation of the Second Republic.

Throughout these events, cholera epidemics in 1832 and 1849 ravaged

the population of Paris; the 1832 epidemic alone claimed 20,000 of the

population of 650,000.[35]

The greatest development in Paris's history began with the Industrial Revolution creation of a network of railways

that brought an unprecedented flow of migrants to the capital from the 1840s. The city's largest transformation came

with the 1852 Second Empire under Napoleon III; his prfet, Baron Haussmann, levelled entire districts of Paris'

narrow, winding medieval streets to create the network of wide avenues and neo-classical faades that still make up

much of modern Paris; the reason for this transformation was twofold, as not only did the creation of wideboulevards beautify and sanitize the capital, it also facilitated the effectiveness of troops and artillery against any

further uprisings and barricades for which Paris was so famous.[36]

Drilling of numerous streets under the Second

Empire and the Third Republic.

The Second Empire ended in the Franco-Prussian War (18701871),

and a besieged Paris under heavy bombardment surrendered on 28

January 1871. The discontent of Paris' populace with the new

armistice-signing government seated in Versailles resulted in the

creation of the Paris Commune government, supported by an army

created in large part of members of the city's former National Guard

who would both continue resistance against the Prussians and oppose

the army of the "Versaillais" government. The Paris Commune ended

with the Semaine Sanglante ("Bloody Week"), during which roughly

20,000 "Communards" were executed before the fighting ended on 28

May 1871.[37] The ease with which the Versaillais army overtook Paris owed much to Baron Haussmann's

renovations.

France's late 19th-century Universal Expositions made Paris an increasingly important centre of technology, trade,

and tourism.[38] Its most famous were the 1889Exposition universelle to which Paris owes its "temporary" display of

architectural engineering progress, the Eiffel Tower, which remained the world's tallest structure until 1930; the 1900

Universal Exposition saw the opening of the first Paris Mtro line.

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20th century

During World War I, Paris was at the forefront of the war effort, having been spared a German invasion by the

French and British victory at the First Battle of the Marne in 1914. In 19181919, it was the scene of Allied victory

parades and peace negotiations. In the inter-war period, Paris was famed for its cultural and artistic communities and

its nightlife. The city became a gathering place of artists from around the world, from exiled Russian composer

Stravinsky and Spanish painters Picasso and Dal to American writer Hemingway.[39]

The Liberation of Paris, August 1944.

On 14 June 1940, five weeks after the start of the Battle of France, an

undefended Paris fell to German occupation forces. The Germans

marched past the Arc de Triomphe on the 140th anniversary of

Napoleon's victory at the Battle of Marengo.[40] German forces

remained in Paris until the city was liberated in August 1944 after a

resistance uprising, two and a half months after the Normandy

invasion.[41] Central Paris endured World War II practically unscathed,

as there were no strategic targets for Allied bombers (train stations in

central Paris are terminal stations; major factories were located in the

suburbs). Also, German General von Choltitz did not destroy allParisian monuments before any German retreat, as ordered by Adolf

Hitler, who had visited the city in 1940.[42]

In the post-war era, Paris experienced its largest development since the end of theBelle poque in 1914. The suburbs

began to expand considerably, with the construction of large social estates known as cits and the beginning of the

business district La Dfense. A comprehensive express subway network, the RER, was built to complement the

Mtro and serve the distant suburbs, while a network of freeways was developed in the suburbs, centred on the

Priphrique expressway encircling the city.[43][44][45]

Since the 1970s, many inner suburbs of Paris (especially the northern and eastern ones) have experienced

deindustrialization, and the once-thriving cits have gradually become ghettos for immigrants and experiencedsignificant unemployment.[46][47] At the same time, the city of Paris (within its Priphrique expressway) and the

western and southern suburbs have successfully shifted their economic base from traditional manufacturing to

high-value-added services and high-tech manufacturing, generating great wealth for their residents whose per capita

income is among the highest in Europe.[48][49][50] The resulting widening social gap between these two areas has led

to periodic unrest since the mid-1980s, such as the 2005 riots which were concentrated for the most part in the

northeastern suburbs.[51]

21st century

Provisional map of the future Grand Paris metro.

A massive urban renewal project, the Grand Paris (Greater Paris), has

been launched in 2007 by former French President Nicolas Sarkozy.[52]

It consists of various economic, cultural, housing, transport and

environmental projects to reach a better integration of the territories

and revitalise the metropolitan economy. The most emblematic project

is the construction by 2025 of a new automatic metro which will

consist of 150 km rapid-transit lines connecting the Grand Paris

regions to one another and to the centre of Paris.

Nevertheless, the Paris metropolitan area is still divided into numerous

territorial collectivities and their fusion into a more integrated

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Paris 6

metropolis government, although sometimes discussed[53] is not on the agenda.[54] An ad-hoc structure, Paris

Mtropole, has however been established in June 2009 to coordinate the action of 184 "Parisian" territorial

collectivities.[55]

In an effort to boost the global economic image of metropolitan Paris, several skyscrapers (300 m (984 ft) and

higher) have been approved since 2006 in the business district of La Dfense, to the west of the city proper, and are

scheduled to be completed by the early 2010s. Paris authorities also stated publicly that they are planning toauthorise the construction of skyscrapers within the city proper by relaxing the cap on building height for the first

time since the construction of the Tour Montparnasse in the early 1970s. [56]

GeographyParis is located in the north-bending arc of the river Seine and includes two islands, the le Saint-Louis and the larger

le de la Cit, which form the oldest part of the city. Overall, the city is relatively flat, and the lowest point is 35 m

(115 ft) above sea level. Paris has several prominent hills, of which the highest is Montmartre at 130 m (427 ft). [57]

Paris as seen from the Spot Satellite.

Excluding the outlying parks of Bois de Boulogne and Bois de

Vincennes, Paris covers an oval measuring 86.928 km2 (34 sq mi) in

area. The city's last major annexation of outlying territories in 1860 not

only gave it its modern form but also created the twenty

clockwise-spiralling arrondissements (municipal boroughs). From the

1860 area of 78 km2 (30 sq mi), the city limits were expanded

marginally to 86.9 km2 (34 sq mi) in the 1920s. In 1929, the Bois de

Boulogne and Bois de Vincennes forest parks were officially annexed

to the city, bringing its area to the present 105.39 km2 (41 sq mi).[58]

Climate

Paris has the typical Western European oceanic climate which is

affected by the North Atlantic Current. Over a year, Paris' climate can

be described as mild and moderately wet.

Summer days are usually warm and pleasant with average temperatures hovering between 15 and 25 C, and a fair

amount of sunshine. Each year, however, there are a few days where the temperature rises above 32 C (90 F).

Some years have even witnessed some long periods of harsh summer weather, such as the heat wave of 2003 where

temperatures exceeded 30 C (86 F) for weeks, surged up to 40 C (104 F) on some days and seldom cooled down

at night. More recently, the average temperature for July 2011 was +17.6 C, with an average minimum temperature

of 12.9 C and an average maximum temperature of 23.7 C.[59]

Spring and autumn have, on average, mild days and fresh nights, but are changing and unstable. Surprisingly warmor cool weather occurs frequently in both seasons.

In winter, sunshine is scarce; days are cold but generally above freezing with temperatures around 7 C (45 F).

Light night frosts are however quite common, but the temperature will dip below 5 C (23 F) for only a few days a

year. Snowfall is rare, but the city sometimes sees light snow or flurries with or without accumulation. Recently,

notably in 2009, 2010 and 2011, intense cold waves brought repeated heavy snowfalls (15 cm (5.91 in) during one of

December 2010's fourteen snowstorms) and temperatures plummeting to 10 C (14 F) and 20 C (4 F) in the

Paris suburbs.

Rain falls throughout the year, and although Paris is not a very rainy city, it is known for intense sudden showers.

Average annual precipitation is 652 mm (25.7 in) with light rainfall fairly distributed throughout the year. The

highest recorded temperature is 40.4 C (105 F) on 28 July 1948, and the lowest is a 23.9 C (11 F) on 10

December 1879.[60]

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Paris 7

Climate data for Paris (19712000)

Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year

Record high C(F)

16.1

(61)

21.4

(70.5)

25.7

(78.3)

30.2

(86.4)

34.8

(94.6)

37.6

(99.7)

40.4

(104.7)

39.5

(103.1)

36.2

(97.2)

28.4

(83.1)

21

(70)

17.1

(62.8)

40.4

(104.7)

Average high C(F)

6.9

(44.4)

8.2

(46.8)

11.8

(53.2)

14.7

(58.5)

19.0

(66.2)

22.7

(72.9)

25.2

(77.4)

25.0

(77)

20.8

(69.4)

15.8

(60.4)

10.4

(50.7)

7.8

(46)

15.5

(59.9)

Average low C(F)

2.5

(36.5)

2.8

(37)

5.1

(41.2)

6.8

(44.2)

10.5

(50.9)

13.3

(55.9)

15.5

(59.9)

15.4

(59.7)

12.5

(54.5)

9.2

(48.6)

5.3

(41.5)

3.6

(38.5)

8.5

(47.3)

Record low C (F) 14.6(5.7)

14.7

(5.5)

9.1

(15.6)

3.5

(25.7)

0.1

(31.8)

3.1

(37.6)

6

(43)

6.3

(43.3)

1.8

(35.2)

3.1

(26.4)

14

(7)

23.9 23.9

Precipitation mm(inches)

53.7

(2.114)

43.7

(1.72)

48.5

(1.909)

53

(2.09)

65

(2.56)

54.6

(2.15)

63.1

(2.484)

43

(1.69)

54.7

(2.154)

59.7

(2.35)

51.9

(2.043)

58.7

(2.311)

649.6

(25.575)

Avg. precipitationdays

10.2 9.3 10.4 9.4 10.3 8.6 8 6.9 8.5 9.5 9.7 10.7 111.5

Mean monthlysunshine hours 55.8 86.8 130.2 174.0 201.5 219.0 238.7 220.1 171.0 127.1 75.0 49.6 1,748.8

Source: Meteo France[61]

Cityscape

Panorama of Paris as seen from the Eiffel Tower as full 360-degree view.

Panoramic view over the western side of Paris, at dusk, from the top of the Tour Montparnasse.

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Paris 8

Architecture

Boulevard Montmartre, by Camille Pissarro

(1897)

Much of contemporary Paris is the result of the vast mid-19th century

urban remodelling. For centuries, the city had been a labyrinth of

narrow streets and half-timber houses, but, beginning with Haussman's

advent, entire quarters were leveled to make way for wide avenues

lined with neo-classical stone buildings of bourgeoisie standing. Mostof this 'new' Paris is the Paris we see today.

The building code has seen few changes since, and the Second Empire

plans are in many cases still followed. The "alignement" law is still in

place, which regulates building faades of new constructions according

to a pre-defined street width. A building's height is limited according to

the width of the streets it borders, and under the regulation, it is

difficult to get an approval to build a taller building.

Many of Paris' important institutions are located outside the city limits. The financial (La Dfense) business district;

the main food wholesale market (Rungis); schools (cole Polytechnique; ESSEC; INSEAD; HEC); researchlaboratories (in Saclay or vry); the largest stadium (the Stade de France), and the government offices (Ministry of

Transportation) are located in the city's suburbs.

Basilique du Sacr-Cur in Montmartre

The Louvre

Districts and historical centres

City of Paris

Place de la Bastille (4th, 11th and 12th arrondissements, right bank)

is a district of great historical significance, for not just Paris, but

also all of France. Because of its symbolic value, the square has

often been a site of political demonstrations.

Place de la Concorde (8th arrondissement, right bank) is at the foot

of the Champs-lyses, built as the "Place Louis XV", site of the

infamous guillotine. The Egyptian obelisk is Paris' "oldest

monument". On this place, on either side of theRue Royale, there

are two identical stone buildings: The eastern one houses the French

Naval Ministry, the western the luxuriousHtel de Crillon. Nearby

Place Vendme is famous for its fashionable and deluxe hotels

(Htel Ritz and Htel de Vendme) and its jewellers. Many famous

fashion designers have had their salons located here.

Champs-lyses (8th arrondissement, right bank) is a 17th-century

garden-promenade-turned-avenue connecting Place de la Concorde andArc de Triomphe. It is one of the many

tourist attractions and a major shopping street of Paris.

Les Halles (1st arrondissement, right bank) were formerly Paris' central meat and produce market, and, since the

late 1970s, are a major shopping centre around an important metro connection station (ChteletLes Halles, the

biggest in the world). The old Halles

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Paris 9

Galeries Lafayette department store in boulevard

Haussmann during Christmas.

were destroyed in 1971 and replaced by the Forum des Halles. The

central market of Paris, the biggest wholesale food market in the

world, was transferred to Rungis, in the southern suburbs.

Le Marais (3rd and 4th arrondissements) is a trendy Right Bank

district. It is architecturally very well preserved, and some of the

oldest houses and buildings of Paris can be found there. It is a veryculturally open place. It is also known for its Chinese, Jewish and

gay communities.

Avenue Montaigne (8th arrondissement), next to the

Champs-lyses, is home to luxury brand labels such as Chanel,

Louis Vuitton (LVMH), Dior and Givenchy.

Montmartre (18th arrondissement, right bank) is a historic area on

the Butte, home to the Basilique du Sacr-Cur. Montmartre has

always had a history with artists and has many studios and cafs of

many great artists in that area. Montparnasse (14th arrondissement) is a historic Left Bank area

famous for artists' studios, music halls, and caf life. The large MontparnasseBienvene mtro station and the

lone Tour Montparnasse skyscraper are located there.

Avenue de l'Opra (9th arrondissement, right bank) is the area around the Opra Garnier and the location of the

capital's densest concentration of both department stores and offices. A few examples are the Printemps and

Galeries Lafayette grands magasins (department stores), and the Paris headquarters of financial giants such as

BNP Paribas and American Express.

Quartier Latin (5th and 6th arrondissements, left bank) is a 12th-century scholastic centre formerly stretching

between the Left Bank's Place Maubert and the Sorbonne campus. It is known for its lively atmosphere and many

bistros. Various higher-education establishments, such as Sciences Po Paris, the cole Normale Suprieure,

Mines ParisTech, and the Jussieu university campus, make it a major educational centre in Paris.

Faubourg Saint-Honor (8th arrondissement, right bank) is one of Paris' high-fashion districts, home to labels

such as Herms and Christian Lacroix.

In the Paris area

La Dfense (straddling the communes of Courbevoie, Puteaux, and Nanterre, 2.5 km (2 mi) west of the city

proper) is a key suburb of Paris and one of the largest business centres in the world. Built at the western end of a

westward extension of Paris' historical axis from the Champs-lyses, La Dfense consists mainly of business

high-rises. Initiated by the French government in 1958, the district hosts 3,500,000 m2

(37,673,686 sq ft) ofoffices, making it the largest district in Europe developed specifically for business. The Grande Arche (Great

Arch) of la Dfense, housing a part of the French Transports Minister's headquarters, ends at the central

Esplanade, around which the district is organised.

Plaine Saint-Denis (straddling the communes of Saint-Denis, Aubervilliers, and Saint-Ouen, immediately north of

the 18th arrondissement, across thePriphrique ring road) is a former derelict manufacturing area that has

undergone large-scale urban renewal in the last 10 years. It now hosts the Stade de France, around which is being

built the new business district of LandyFrance, with two RER stations (on RER lines B and D) and possibly some

skyscrapers. In the Plaine Saint-Denis are also located most of France's television studios as well as some major

movie studios.

Val de Seine (straddling the 15th arrondissement and the communes of Issy-les-Moulineaux and

Boulogne-Billancourt to the southwest of central Paris) is the new media hub of Paris and France, hosting the

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Paris 10

headquarters of most of France's TV networks (TF1 in Boulogne-Billancourt, France 2 in the 15th

arrondissement, Canal+ and the international channels France 24 and Eurosport in Issy-les-Moulineaux), as well

as several telecommunication and IT companies such as Neuf Cegetel in Boulogne-Billancourt or Microsoft's

Europe, Africa & Middle East regional headquarters in Issy-les-Moulineaux.

Avenue des Champs-lyses during Christmas.

Monuments and landmarksThree of the most famous Parisian landmarks are the 12th-century

cathedral Notre Dame de Paris on the le de la Cit, the Napoleonic

Arc de Triomphe and the 19th-century Eiffel Tower. The Eiffel Tower

was a "temporary" construction by Gustave Eiffel for the 1889

Universal Exposition, but the tower was never dismantled and is now

an enduring symbol of Paris. The Axe historique (Historical axis) is a

line of monuments, buildings, and thoroughfares that run in a roughly straight line from the city-centre westwards.

The Panthon

The line of monuments begins with the Louvre and continues through

the Tuileries Gardens, the Champs-lyses, and the Arc de Triomphe,

centred in the Place de l'toile circus. From the 1960s, the line was

prolonged even farther west to the La Dfense business district

dominated by a square-shaped triumphal Grande Arche of its own; this

district hosts most of the tallest skyscrapers in the Paris urban area. The

Invalides museum is the burial place for many great French soldiers,

including Napoleon; and the Panthon church is where many of

France's illustrious men and women are buried.

The former Conciergerie prison held some prominent Ancien Rgime

members before their deaths during the French Revolution. Another symbol of the Revolution are the two Statues of

Liberty located on the le aux Cygnes on the Seine and in the Luxembourg Garden. A larger version of the statueswas sent as a gift from France to America in 1886 and now stands in New York City's harbour.

The Palais Garnier, built in the later Second Empire period, houses the Paris Opra and the Paris Opera Ballet, while

the former palace of the Louvre now houses one of the most renowned museums in the world. The Sorbonne is the

most famous part of the University of Paris and is based in the centre of the Latin Quarter. Apart from Notre Dame

de Paris, there are several other ecclesiastical masterpieces, including the Gothic 13th-century Sainte-Chapelle

palace chapel and the glise de la Madeleine.

Panorama of Paris which shows some of its landmarks

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3APont_des_Arts%2C_Paris.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89glise_de_la_Madeleinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sainte-Chapellehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Latin_Quarter%2C_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sorbonne_%28building%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louvrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Opera_Ballethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_French_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palais_Garnierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_York_Cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jardin_du_Luxembourghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele_aux_Cygneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Replicas_of_the_Statue_of_Libertyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Revolutionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ancien_R%C3%A9gimehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Conciergeriehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panth%C3%A9on_%28Paris%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_I_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Les_Invalideshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_tallest_buildings_and_structures_in_the_Paris_regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grande_Archehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Place_de_l%27%C3%89toilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arc_de_Triomphehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9eshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuileries_Palacehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louvrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AParis_Pantheon_Outside.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Panth%C3%A9on%2C_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Axe_historiquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Expo_%28exhibition%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gustave_Eiffelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arc_de_Triomphehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_I_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Ele_de_la_Cit%C3%A9http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notre_Dame_de_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cathedralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AChamps_Elysees_Paris_Wikimedia_Commons.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9eshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Microsofthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuf_Cegetelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Information_technologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurosporthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France_24http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canal%2Bhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France_2http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TF1

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Paris 11

Parks and gardens

Jardin du Luxembourg.

Two of Paris' oldest and famous gardens are the Tuileries Garden,

created in the 16th century for a palace on the banks of the Seine near

the Louvre, and the Left bank Luxembourg Garden, another former

private garden belonging to a chteau built for Marie de' Medici in

1612. The Jardin des Plantes, created by Louis XIII's doctor Guy de LaBrosse for the cultivation of medicinal plants, was Paris' first public

garden.

A few of Paris' other large gardens are Second Empire creations: The

former suburban parks of Montsouris, Parc des Buttes Chaumont, and

Parc Monceau (formerly known as the "folie de Chartres") are

creations of Napoleon III's engineer Jean-Charles Alphand. Another project executed under the orders of Baron

Haussmann was the re-sculpting of Paris' western Bois de Boulogne forest-parklands; the Bois de Vincennes, on the

city's opposite eastern end, received a similar treatment in years following.

Newer additions to Paris' park landscape are the Parc de la Villette, built by the architect Bernard Tschumi on thelocation of Paris' former slaughterhouses; the Parc Andr Citron, and gardens being laid to the periphery along the

traces of its former circular "Petite Ceinture" railway line: Promenade Plante.

Water and sanitation

Canal Saint-Martin

Paris in its early history had only the Seine and Bivre rivers for water.

Later forms of irrigation were a 1st-century Roman aqueduct from

southerly Wissous (later left to ruin); sources from the Right bank hills

from the late 11th century; from the 15th century, an aqueduct built

roughly along the path of the abandoned Wissous aqueduct; also, from

1809, the canal de l'Ourcq, providing Paris with water from

less-polluted rivers to the northeast of the capital, and "God's Tears", a

bi-annual rainstorm, which stopped in the early 20th century as a

natural phenomenon. Paris would have its first constant and plentiful

source of drinkable water only from the late 19th century.

From 1857, the civil engineer Eugne Belgrand, under Napoleon III's

Prfet Haussmann, oversaw the construction of a series of new

aqueducts that brought water from locations all around the city to

several reservoirs built atop the Capital's highest points of elevation.

From then on, the new reservoir system became Paris' principal sourceof drinking water, and the remains of the old system, pumped into

lower levels of the same reservoirs, were from then on used for the

cleaning of Paris' streets. This system is still a major part of Paris' modern water-supply network.

Paris has over 2,400 km (1,491 mi) of underground passageways [62] dedicated to the evacuation of Paris' liquid

wastes. Most of these date from the late 19th century, a result of the combined plans of the Prfet Baron Haussmann

and the civil engineer Eugne Belgrand to improve the then-very unsanitary conditions in the Capital. Maintained by

a round-the-clock service since their construction, only a small percentage of Paris' sewer rseau has needed

complete renovation.

In 1982, then mayor Jacques Chirac introduced the motorcycle-mounted Motocrotte to remove dog faeces from Parisstreets.[63] The project was abandoned in 2002 for a new and better enforced local law which now fines dog owners

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Faeceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Motocrottehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jacques_Chirachttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=24/7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Belgrandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_Haussmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9fethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_Haussmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pr%C3%A9fethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_III_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eug%C3%A8ne_Belgrandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Capital_%28political%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canal_de_l%27Ourcqhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Aqueducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bi%C3%A8vre_%28river%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACanal_Saint-Martin.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Canal_Saint-Martinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Promenade_Plant%C3%A9ehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chemin_de_fer_de_Petite_Ceinturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parc_Andr%C3%A9_Citro%C3%ABnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Slaughterhousehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bernard_Tschumihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parc_de_la_Villettehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Vincenneshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Boulognehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_Haussmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baron_Haussmannhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jean-Charles_Alphandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_III_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parc_Monceauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parc_des_Buttes_Chaumonthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montsourishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_French_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_de_La_Brossehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Guy_de_La_Brossehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_XIIIhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jardin_des_Planteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marie_de%27_Medicihttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Luxembourg_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauchehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louvrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tuileries_Gardenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3APalais_Luxembourg_Sunset_Edit.JPGhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jardin_du_Luxembourg

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up to 500 euros for not removing their dog faeces. It was estimated at the time of their removal, that the fleet of 70

Motocrottes were cleaning up only 20% of dog faeces on Parisian streetat an annual cost of 3million.[64]

The air pollution in Paris, from the point of view of particulate matter (pm10), is the highest in France, with

38 g/m[65]

Cemeteries

The Paris Catacombs hold the remains of

approximately 6 million people.

Paris' main cemetery was located to its outskirts on its Left Bank from

the beginning of its history, but this changed with the rise of

Catholicism and the construction of churches towards the city-centre,

many of them having adjoining burial grounds for use by their

parishes. Generations of a growing city population soon filled these

cemeteries to overflowing, creating sometimes very unsanitary

conditions.

Condemned from 1786, the contents of all Paris' parish cemeteries

were transferred to a renovated section of Paris' then suburban stonemines outside the Left Bank "Porte d'Enfer" city gate (today 14th

arrondissement's place Denfert-Rochereau). Part of this network of tunnels and remains can be visited today on the

official tour of the Catacombs. After a tentative creation of several smaller suburban cemeteries, Napoleon

Bonaparte provided a more definitive solution in the creation of three massive Parisian cemeteries outside the city

tax wall called the Wall of the Farmers-General. Open from 1804, these were the cemeteries of Pre Lachaise,

Montmartre, Montparnasse, and later Passy.

When Paris annexed all communes to the inside of its much larger ring of suburban fortifications in 1860, its

cemeteries were once again within its city walls. New suburban cemeteries were created in the early 20th century:

The largest of these are the Cimetire Parisien de Saint-Ouen, the Cimetire Parisien de Bobigny-Pantin, the

Cimetire Parisien d'Ivry, and the Cimetire Parisien de Bagneux.

Culture

Entertainment and performing arts

The Opra Garnier.

The largest opera houses of Paris are the 19th century Opra Garnier

(historical Paris Opra) and modern Opra Bastille; the former tends

towards the more classic ballets and operas, and the latter provides a

mixed repertoire of classic and modern. In middle of 19th century,

there were two other active and competing opera houses:Opra-Comique (which still exists to this day) and Thtre Lyrique

(which in modern times changed its profile and name to Thtre de la

Ville).

Theatre traditionally has occupied a large place in Parisian culture.

This still holds true today, and many of its most popular actors today

are also stars of French television. Some of Paris' major theatres include Bobino, Thtre Mogador, and the Thtre

de la Gat-Montparnasse. Some Parisian theatres have also doubled as concert halls. Many of France's greatest

musical legends, such as dith Piaf, Maurice Chevalier, Georges Brassens, and Charles Aznavour, found their fame

in Parisian concert halls: Legendary yet still-showing examples of these are Le Lido, Bobino, l'Olympia and le

Splendid.

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Splendidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Splendidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Olympiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Lidohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Aznavourhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Georges_Brassenshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Maurice_Chevalierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%C3%89dith_Piafhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ga%C3%AEt%C3%A9-Montparnassehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Ga%C3%AEt%C3%A9-Montparnassehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Mogadorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobinohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Villehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_de_la_Villehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Th%C3%A9%C3%A2tre_Lyriquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ra-Comiquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ra_Bastillehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ra_National_de_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ra_Garnierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Opera_houseshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AParis_Opera_full_frontal_architecture%2C_May_2009.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Op%C3%A9ra_Garnierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bagneux%2C_Hauts-de-Seinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ivry-sur-Seinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pantinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bobignyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Ouen%2C_Seine-Saint-Denishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Passy_Cemeteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montparnasse_Cemeteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montmartre_Cemeteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemeteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wall_of_the_Farmers-Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_I_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Napoleon_I_of_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Place_Denfert-Rochereauhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th_arrondissement_of_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=14th_arrondissement_of_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catholicismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Left_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3ACatacombes_De_Paris.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Catacombs_of_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Euros

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Paris 13

The lyses-Montmartre, much reduced from its original size, is a concert hall today. The New Morning is one of

few Parisian clubs still holding jazz concerts, but the same also specialises in "indie" music. In more recent times, the

Le Znith hall in the La Villette district of Paris and a "parc-omnisports" stadium in Bercy serve as large-scale rock

concert halls.

Dance at the Moulin de la Galette, by

Pierre-Auguste Renoir (1876)

Several yearly festivals take place in Paris, such as Rock en Seine.

Parisians tend to share the same movie-going trends as many of theworld's global cities, that is to say with a dominance of

Hollywood-generated film entertainment. French cinema comes a close

second, with major directors (ralisateurs) such as Claude Lelouch,

Franois Truffaut, Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol, and Luc Besson,

and the more slapstick/popular genre with director Claude Zidi as an

example. European and Asian films are also widely shown and

appreciated. A specialty of Paris is its very large network of small

movie theaters. In a given week, the movie fan has the choice between

around 300 old or new movies from all over the world.

Many of Paris' concert/dance halls were transformed into movie theatres when the media became popular beginning

in the 1930s. Later, most of the largest cinemas were divided into multiple, smaller rooms: Paris' largest cinema

today is by far le Grand Rex theatre with 2,800 seats, whereas other cinemas all have fewer than 1,000 seats. There is

now a trend toward modern multiplexes that contain more than 10 or 20 screens.

Antoine Lumire realized, on 28 December 1895, the first projection, with the Cinematograph, in Paris. [66] Philippe

Binant realized, on 2 February 2000, the first digital cinema projection in Europe, with the DLP CINEMA

technology developed by Texas Instruments, in Paris.[67]

Cuisine

Caf Les Deux Magots in

Saint-Germain-des-Prs.

Paris' culinary reputation has its base in the diverse origins of itsinhabitants. In its beginnings, it owed much to the 19th-century

organisation of a railway system that had Paris as a centre, making the

capital a focal point for immigration from France's many different

regions and gastronomical cultures. This reputation continues through

today in a cultural diversity that has since spread to a worldwide level

thanks to Paris' continued reputation for culinary finesse and further

immigration from increasingly distant climes.

Hotels were another result of widespread travel and tourism, especially

Paris' late-19th-century Expositions Universelles (World's Fairs). Ofthe most luxurious of these, the Htel Ritz appeared in the Place Vendme in 1898, and the Htel de Crillon opened

its doors on the north side of the Place de la Concorde, starting in 1909.

Tourism

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Paris 14

UNESCO World Heritage Site

Paris, Banks of the Seine

Name as inscribed on the World Heritage List[68]

Notre Dame de Paris on the le de la Cit, on the River Seine

Country France

Type Cultural

Criteria i, ii, iv

Reference 600[69]

UNESCO region[70] Europe and North America

Inscription historyInscription 1991 (15th Session)

Since 1848, Paris has been a popular destination by rail network, with Paris at its centre. Among Paris' first mass

attractions drawing international interest were the above-mentioned Expositions Universelles that were the origin of

Paris' many monuments, namely the Eiffel Tower from 1889. These, in addition to the capital's Second Empire

embellishments, did much to make the city itself the attraction it is today.

Paris receives around 28 million tourists per year[71] (42 in the whole Paris Region),[72] of which 17 million are

foreign visitors.[73] Its museums and monuments are among its highest-esteemed attractions; tourism has motivated

both the city and national governments to create new ones. The city's most prized museum, the Louvre, welcomes

over 8 million visitors a year, being by far the world's most-visited art museum. The city's cathedrals are another

main attraction: Notre Dame de Paris and the Basilique du Sacr-Coeur receive 12 million and eight million visitors,

respectively. The Eiffel Tower, by far Paris' most famous monument, averages over six million visitors per year and

more than 200 million since its construction. Disneyland Paris is a major tourist attraction for visitors to not only

Paris but also the rest of Europe, with 14.5 million visitors in 2007.

The Louvre is one of the world's largest and most famous museums, housing many works of art, including the MonaLisa (La Joconde) and the Venus de Milo statue. Works by Pablo Picasso and Auguste Rodin are found in Muse

Picasso andMuse Rodin, respectively, while the artistic community of Montparnasse is chronicled at theMuse du

Montparnasse. Starkly apparent with its service-pipe exterior, the Centre Georges Pompidou, also known as

Beaubourg, houses theMuse National d'Art Moderne.

Art and artifacts from the Middle Ages and Impressionist eras are kept in Muse de Cluny and Muse d'Orsay,

respectively, the former with the prized tapestry cycle The Lady and the Unicorn. Paris' newest (and third-largest)

museum, theMuse du quai Branly, opened its doors in June 2006 and houses art from Africa, Asia, Oceania, and

the Americas.

Many of Paris' once-popular local establishments have come to cater to the tastes and expectations of tourists, rather

than local patrons.Le Lido, theMoulin Rouge cabaret-dancehall, for example, is a staged dinner theatre spectacle, adance display that was once but one aspect of the cabaret's former atmosphere. All of the establishment's former

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Lidohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moulin_Rougehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Moulin_Rougehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Le_Lidohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lady_and_the_Unicornhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_d%27Orsayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_de_Clunyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Impressionismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Middle_Ageshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_National_d%27Art_Modernehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centre_Georges_Pompidouhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_du_Montparnassehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_du_Montparnassehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Montparnassehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Rodinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Picassohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_Picassohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Auguste_Rodinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pablo_Picassohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venus_de_Milohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mona_Lisahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mona_Lisahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Disneyland_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basilique_du_Sacr%C3%A9-Coeurhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notre_Dame_de_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louvrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Second_Empirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eiffel_Towerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Heritage_Committeehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Europehttp://whc.unesco.org/en/list/?search=&search_by_country=&type=&media=&region=&order=regionhttp://whc.unesco.org/en/list/600http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=World_Heritage_Site%23Selection_criteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Table_of_World_Heritage_Sites_by_countryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Notre_Dame_de_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:DSC00733_Notre_Dame_Paris_from_east.jpghttp://whc.unesco.org/en/listhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UNESCO_World_Heritage_Site

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social or cultural elements, such as its ballrooms and gardens, are gone today. Much of Paris' hotel, restaurant and

night entertainment trades have become heavily dependent on tourism.

Stade de France.

Sports

Paris' most popular sport clubs are the association football club Paris

Saint-Germain FC, the basketball team Paris-Levallois Basket, and therugby union club Stade Franais. The 80,000-seat Stade de France,

built for the 1998 FIFA World Cup, is located in Saint-Denis. It is used

for football, rugby union and track and field athletics. It hosts annually

French national rugby team's home matches of the Six Nations

Championship, French national association football team for friendlies

and major tournaments qualifiers, and several important matches of the

Stade Franais rugby team.

In addition to Paris Saint-Germain FC, the city has a number of other amateur football clubs: Paris FC, Red Star,

RCF Paris and Stade Franais Paris. The last is the football section of the omnisport club of the same name, most

notable for its rugby team.

The Paris region currently boasts two teams in the top level of French rugby union, Top 14. Currently, the most

prominent side is Stade Franais, which is also the only one of the two to be based in the city proper. The other Top

14 team in the region is Racing Mtro 92, currently based in the western suburb of Colombes. Racing Mtro is the

successor to Racing Club de France, which contested the first-ever French championship final against Stade Franais

in 1892.

Paris also hosted the 1900 and 1924 Olympic Games and was venue for the 1938 and 1998 FIFA World Cups and

for the 2007 Rugby World Cup.

Although the starting point and the route of the famous Tour de France varies each year, the final stage always

finishes in Paris, and, since 1975, the race has finished on the Champs-Elyses. Tennis is another popular sport inParis and throughout France. The French Open, held every year on the red clay of the Roland Garros National

Tennis Centre near theBois de Boulogne, is one of the four Grand Slam events of the world professional tennis tour.

The 2006 UEFA Champions League Final between Arsenal and FC Barcelona was played in the Stade de France.

Paris hosted the 2007 Rugby World Cup final at Stade de France on 20 October 2007.

Economy

French Ministry of Finance

With a 2010 GDP of572.4 billion[11] (US$759.9 billion), the Paris

region has one of the highest GDPs in the world, making it an engine

of the global economy; were it a country, it would rank as theseventeenth-largest economy in the world, larger than the Turkish

economy and almost as large as the Dutch economy. [74] The Paris

Region is France's premier centre of economic activity: While its

population accounted for 18.8% of the total population of metropolitan

France in 2010,[75] its GDP accounted for 30.2% of metropolitan

France's GDP.[11] Activity in the Paris urban area, though diverse, does

not have a leading specialised industry (such as Los Angeles with

entertainment industries or London and New York with financial industries in addition to their other activities).

Recently, the Paris economy has been shifting towards high-value-added service industries (finance, IT services,

etc.) and high-tech manufacturing (electronics, optics, aerospace, etc.).

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Financial_serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_urban_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metropolitan_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_cities_by_GDPhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eurohttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gross_domestic_producthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3A2361-Paris.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_Rugby_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stade_de_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FC_Barcelonahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arsenal_F.C.http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2006_UEFA_Champions_League_Finalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grand_Slam_%28tennis%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bois_de_Boulognehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stade_Roland_Garroshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_Open_%28tennis%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tennishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Champs-%C3%89lys%C3%A9es_stage_in_the_Tour_de_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tour_de_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2007_Rugby_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FIFA_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_FIFA_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1938_FIFA_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Olympic_Gameshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1924_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1900_Summer_Olympicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colombeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Racing_M%C3%A9tro_92http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Top_14http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stade_Fran%C3%A7ais_Paris_%28football%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RCF_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Star_Saint-Ouenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_FChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Saint-Germain_FChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France_national_football_teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Six_Nations_Championshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Six_Nations_Championshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=France_national_rugby_union_teamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saint-Denishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1998_FIFA_World_Cuphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stade_de_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stade_Fran%C3%A7aishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rugby_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris-Levallois_Baskethttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basketballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Saint-Germain_FChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Saint-Germain_FChttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Association_footballhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File%3AStade_de_France_2005.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stade_de_France

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The Paris region's most intense economic activity through the central Hauts-de-Seine dpartement and suburban La

Dfense business district places Paris' economic centre to the west of the city, in a triangle between the Opra

Garnier, La Dfense and the Val de Seine. Paris' administrative borders have little consequences on the limits of its

economic activity: Although most workers commute from the suburbs to work in the city, many commute from the

city to work in the suburbs. While the Paris economy is largely dominated by services, it remains an important

manufacturing powerhouse of Europe, especially in industrial sectors such as automobiles, aeronautics, and

electronics. Over recent decades, the local economy has moved towards high-value-added activities, in particular

business services. Paris is the first in Europe in terms of research and development capability and expenditure[72] and

is considered one of the best cities in the world for innovation.[76] The Paris Region hosts the headquarters of 33 of

the Fortune Global 500 companies.[77]

The 1999 census indicated that, of the 5,089,170 persons employed in the Paris urban area, 16.5% worked in

business services; 13.0% in commerce (retail and wholesale trade); 12.3% in manufacturing; 10.0% in public

administrations and defence; 8.7% in health services; 8.2% in transportation and communications; 6.6% in

education, and the remaining 24.7% in many other economic sectors. In the manufacturing sector, the largest

employers were the electronic and electrical industry (17.9% of the total manufacturing workforce in 1999) and the

publishing and printing industry (14.0% of the total manufacturing workforce), with the remaining 68.1% of themanufacturing workforce distributed among many other industries. Tourism and tourist related services employ

6.2% of Paris' workforce, and 3.6% of all workers within the Paris Region.[78] Unemployment in the Paris

"immigrant ghettos" ranges from 20 to 40%, according to varying sources. [79]

La Dfense, the largest dedicated business district in Europe.[]

Health

Health care and emergency medical service in the city of Paris and its suburbs are provided by the Assistance

publique - Hpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), a public hospital system that employs more than 90,000 people (including

practitioners, support personnel, and administrators) in 44 hospitals. It is the largest hospital system in Europe.

Sociology

With a Gini coefficient of 0.49, Paris is the second most unequal city in France after Neuilly-sur-Seine.

[80]

TheWestern part ofthe city, notably the 7th is by far the richest. It has long been known as French high society's favorite

place of residence, comparable to New York's Upper East Side, LA's Beverly Hills[81] or London's Mayfair and

Belgravia, to such an extent it has been associated with great wealth, elitism and social hegemony in French popular

culture as well as in some masterpieces of French literature such as Balzac's La comdie humaine or Proust's In

Search of Lost Time. The cultural, social and economic influence[82] of the area has played a prominent role

throughout French history and is still highly vivid in nowadays' French elite. Western Paris standards of life were

also highly influential in educating foreign elites, especially in Europe, Russia and Northern America (see Frick

Collection). And so Paris Ouest (Western Paris) should be seen as not only a geographic area but also a social

attitude[83] symbolized by French high society's habits and way of life.

The "Rive Gauche" (Left Bankof the Seine) generally implies a sense of bohemianism and creativity as it was theParis of artists, writers, philosophers and students. The counterpart of the Rive Gauche of Paris is the Rive Droite

http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frick_Collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frick_Collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habit_%28psychology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habit_%28psychology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauche_%28Paris%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frick_Collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habit_%28psychology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habit_%28psychology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauche_%28Paris%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frick_Collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frick_Collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habit_%28psychology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habit_%28psychology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauche_%28Paris%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rive_Droite_%28Paris%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rive_Gauche_%28Paris%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Habit_%28psychology%29http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frick_Collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Frick_Collectionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=In_Search_of_Lost_Timehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Prousthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_Com%C3%A9die_humainehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Balzachttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elitismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wealthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belgraviahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mayfairhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beverly_Hillshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Upper_East_Sidehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th_arrondissement_of_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Neuilly-sur-Seinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gini_coefficienthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistance_publique_-_H%C3%B4pitaux_de_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Assistance_publique_-_H%C3%B4pitaux_de_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Magnify-clip.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Panorama_La_D%C3%A9fense.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banlieuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unemploymenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_Regionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tourism_in_Parishttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_healthhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Defense_industryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Public_administrationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Paris_urban_areahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fortune_Global_500http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Service_Sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Val_de_Seinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palais_Garnierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palais_Garnierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=La_D%C3%A9fensehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=D%C3%A9partement_in_Francehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hauts-de-Seine

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(Right Bank), a term used to refer to a level of elegance and s