Part 1 Causes of Disease MECHANISMS OF DISEASE. 1. Heredity Caused by abnormality in person’s genetic or chromosomal makeup May or may not be present

Part 1

Causes of Disease

MECHANISMS OF DISEASE

1. Heredity Caused by abnormality in person’s genetic or chromosomal makeup

May or may not be present at birth If present at birth, the disease is called CONGENITAL

Not all congenital diseases are inherited (EX: fetal alcohol syndrome)

CAUSES OF DISEASE(SIX CATEGORIES)

If inherited, the diseases are classified as

1. single gene abnormality (Ex: sickle cell anemia)

2. an abnormality of several genes (polygenic) (Ex: gout, hypertension)3. an abnormality of a chromosome (absence or presence) (Down

syndrome)


2. Trauma Caused by physical injury from an external force

Leading cause of death in children and young adults

MVA (Motor Vehicle accidents) most frequent


Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) lists the most frequent trauma as: MVAFire ArmsPoisonFallsSuffocationSuicideHomicide


Emergency management for trauma is often neededComplications of shockHemorrhageInfectionPrioritizing of care is called triage


3. Inflammation and InfectionInflammation is a protective immune response triggered by injury or irritant

Signs of inflammationRednessHeatSwellingPainLoss of motion


Infection refers to invasion of microorganisms into tissue that causes cell or tissue injury

Inflammation and infection often go hand in hand

Inflammation will often progress to an infection

“itis” means inflammation


4. Hyperplasias and NeoplasmsHyper (excessive) plasia (growth)Neo (new) plasm (growth)Hyperplasias are overgrowth in response to a stimulus (EX: overgrowth of thyroid due to hormone deficiency)

Neoplasms are tumors (Greek word for swelling is onkas) Oncology is study of cancer (tumors end in “oma”)


Neoplasms are classified as:Benign

Limited growth (usually)Encapsulated

MalignantGrow uncontrollablyFingerlike projections in surrounding tissues

Removal is difficult****Cancer defined as a malignant tumor


Cancer name comes from Greek work karkinos meaning “crab”

Neoplasms can metastasize (move from original site to secondary or even tertiary sites)

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mQVq_en-2vA&list=PLsXgU5RKIPO6dEg9vpBKDmZw46NI5aq9X






5. Nutritional ImbalanceMalnutrition

Inadequate nutrient intakeInadequate amount with poor nutritive value

Problems with absorptionCachexia- ill, thin wasted appearance


TreatmentLiquid drink with nutritional supplements

Parenteral Subcutaneous- under skin Intramuscular Intravenous*** (TPN-Total Parenteral Nutrition)

Enteral (small intestine)- tube feeding Nasogastric tube- nose to stomach Gastrostomy tube- hole in abdomen to stomach


ObesityOverconsumption of nutrients / lack of exercise

Increases chance for arteriosclerosis Stresses bones and joints

Vitamin or Mineral Excess or DeficiencyRelated to diet, metabolic disorders and some medications

Hypervitaminosis can occur when someone uses too many vitamins for too long period of time


6. Impaired ImmunityFirst Line of Defense

Intact skin Mucous membranes, tears, secretions

Other Defenses Inflammatory response Specific antigen-antibody reaction

**antigens-substances that cause the body some type of harm**antibodies- immune bodies, are proteins that the body produces to react to the antigen and render it harmless


Common Malfunctions of Immune SystemAllergy

immune response too intenseAllergens are things that cause the reaction

Autoimmunity Immune response attacks itself White blood cells produce antibodies against own self-antibodies


ImmunodeficiencyDue to a decrease or absence of leukocytes, primarily leukocytes

Often without symptoms, except for recurring infections which could lead to death

Examples: AIDS, chemotherapy, radiation, organ recipients


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Part 1 Causes of Disease MECHANISMS OF DISEASE. 1. Heredity Caused by abnormality in person’s genetic or chromosomal makeup May or may not be present