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Part 1:
Energy, Foreign Policy, and our
Future
Petroleum in the United States
Nuclear Power and Large-Scale Accidents
• The insurance industry refuses to fully insure it
• Nuclear industry would not exist without the 1959 Price-Anderson Act, limited liability in an accident
• 2001 renewal set limit of $9 billion per accident, only 2% from the insurance industry and 98% from us
• Chernobyl cost $350 billion
• NRC estimated $300 billion for worst-case accident
10050
Percentage of national biocapacity currently being consumed
• World as a whole:
120%
• World’s 10 richest nations:
185%
• World’s 10 poorest nations:
37%
National Security Strategyof the United States
We will disrupt and destroy terrorist organizations by
• defending the United States, the American people, and our interests at home and abroad by identifying and destroying the threat before it reaches our borders. While the United States will constantly strive to enlist the support of the international community, we will not hesitate to act alone, if necessary, to exercise our right of self defense by acting preemptively against such terrorists, to prevent them from doing harm against our people and our country; and
• denying further sponsorship, support, and sanctuary to terrorists by convincing or compelling states to accept their sovereign responsibilities.
National Security Strategyof the United States
We will disrupt and destroy terrorist organizations by
• supporting moderate and modern government, especially in the Muslim world, to ensure that the conditions and ideologies that promote terrorism do not find fertile ground in any nation;
“The American people continue to demand
plentiful and cheap energy without sacrifice
or inconvenience. But emerging
technologies are not yet commercially viable
to fill shortages and will not be for some
time.”
-- Baker Institute of Public Policy, report to VP Dick Cheney, 2001
“Strong economic growth across the globe and
new global demands for more energy have
meant the end of sustained surplus capacity in
hydrocarbon fuels and the beginning of
capacity limitations. In fact, the world is
currently precariously close to utilizing all of its
available global oil production capacity.”
-- Baker Institute of Public Policy, report to VP Dick Cheney, 2001
“Gulf allies are finding their domestic and foreign policy
interests increasingly at odds with U.S. strategic
considerations . . . evidence suggests that investment is
not being made in a timely enough manner to increase
production capacity in line with growing global needs. A
trend toward anti-Americanism could affect regional
leaders’ ability to cooperate with the United States in the
energy area.”
-- Baker Institute of Public Policy, report to VP Dick Cheney, 2001
“The resulting tight markets have increased
U.S. and global vulnerability to disruption
and provided adversaries undue potential
influence over the price of oil. Iraq has
become a key "swing" producer, posing a
difficult situation for the U.S. government.”
-- Baker Institute of Public Policy, report to VP Dick Cheney, 2001
“Iraq remains a destabilizing influence
to US allies in the Middle East, as
well as to regional and global order,
and to the flow of oil to international
markets.”
-- Baker Institute of Public Policy, report to VP Dick Cheney, 2001
Part 2:
Iraq and the West, 1918-2003
Gen. Wesley Clark: “There was a concerted effort during the fall of 2001, starting immediately after 9/11, to pin 9/11 and the terrorism problem on Saddam Hussein.”
Tim Russert: “By who? Who did that?”
Clark: “Well, it came from the White House… I was on CNN, I got a call saying, “You got to say this is connected…”
NBC’s Meet the Press, June 15, 2003
The 2003 Iraq War:
"For bureaucratic reasons we settled on one issue, weapons of mass destruction, because it was the one reason everyone could agree on."
- Vanity Fair, quoting
Paul Wolfowitz,
Deputy Secretary Of Defense
The best way to deal with the problem of “rogue states” is not to create or assist them:
• Greek dictators• Ferdinand Marcos, Philippines• Francois Duvalier, Haiti• Gulf kingdoms • Anastasio Somoza, Nicaragua• Guatemalan strongmen Non-oil exporter• Mobuto Sese Seko, Zaire• Brazilian junta Oil exporter,• Gen. Suharto, Indonesia but friendly to US
• Gen. Augusto Pinochet, Chile• South Africa’s apartheid regime• Shah of Iran• Afghan Mujahedeen
Iraq and the West
“Our armies do not come into your cities and landsas conquerors or enemies, but as liberators. Yourwealth has been stripped of you by unjust men…The people of Baghdad shall flourish under institutions that are in consonance with their sacred laws… The Arab race may rise once more to greatness.”
- General F.S. Maude, British commander in Iraq, 1917, after defeating the Ottoman Turks.
Iraq and the West: 1. After World War I
1917: British take Baghdad during WWI
1918: France gets League of Nations mandate for Syria &
Lebanon, Britain gets it for Iraq & Palestine
1925: Turkish Petroleum Co. (under British control) gets oil
concession for all of Iraq for 20 pence per ton
1928: Two US oil companies that today are joined as Exxon-
Mobil get 24% share in Turkish Petroleum – renamed
International Petroleum Co. - IPC
Iraq and the West: 2. “Independence”
1932: Iraq is granted “independence” under British-backed King
Faisal I
1941: Unrest; Britain invades Iraq, installs new king
1951: Mossadeq of Iran nationalizes British Petroleum
1953: Mossadeq overthrown by US in CIA-led coup; Shah is
installed as Iran’s dictator
1951
3. Foreign control of Iraq’s oil
• 1958: Nationalist Abdel Karim Qasim overthrows Iraqi king,
declares that “we have liberated the country from a corrupt group
which was installed by imperialism.”
• 1958: U.S. and Britain prepare to invade Iraq, but the new regime
promises not to disturb foreign oil interests
• 1963: IPC reaps profits of $323M in a single year, on total
investment of $50M
4. Ba’athist era begins
• 1963: Qasim overthrown by Ba’ath-army coalition; coup
reportedly “inspired by CIA.”
• 1963: New rulers give new oil concessions to IPC
• 1967: Iraq, U.S. break relations after Israeli-Arab war;
concessions are taken back
5. Saddam takes over
• 1968: Saddam Hussein becomes vice-president and,
increasingly, the real power in Iraq
• 1972: Iraq nationalizes the IPC and turns to France and
USSR for technical assistance and credit
• 1973: Iraq helps lead Arab oil embargo against the West
• 1973-1990: Increased oil revenues spark rapid increase in
Iraq’s standard of living, infrastructure investment, education,
agricultural production, etc.
1979
6. Iran erupts; US sides with Iraq in war
• 1979: Saddam Hussein becomes president of Iraq, spends 8.4%
of the nation’s GDP on military buildup
• 1979: Shah Reza Pahlavi is overthrown and the Islamic Republic
of Iran is established
• 1980: Iraq invades Iran; Iraq and US secretly agree to re-
establish diplomatic relations
7. US ignores Iraq’s gas warfare
• 1983 (Nov): BBC reports
on Iraq’s use of chemical
weapons
• 1983 (Dec): Presidential
envoy Donald Rumsfeld
meets with Saddam to
propose oil pipeline deal
7. Continued support for Iraq
• 1984: U.S. State Dept. condemns Iraq’s continued use of
gas warfare against Iranian troops; Rumsfeld goes back to
Iraq to push the pipeline deal
• 1984: US and Iraq officially re-establish relations
• 1986: US casts sole vote against UN statement
condemning Iraq’s use of mustard gas
8. The Iran-Iraq war ends
• 1984-88: US, Britain, and France supply massive amounts of
military aid to Iraq
• 1986-88: US helps Iraq with missile technology, satellite data
and battle planning – and attacks Iranian ships
• 1980s: US sends cultures of anthrax and other microbial
species that were later used in bioweapons program
• 1988: Iran-Iraq war ends in virtual stalemate; 1,000,000 dead
9. Buildup to another war
• 1990: Iraq, with $80B war debt and depressed oil prices,
protests Kuwait’s “slant drilling” under Iraqi territory
• 1990, July: US ambassador tells Saddam: “We have no
opinion on Arab-Arab conflicts like your border
disagreement with Kuwait. All we hope is that these
issues are resolved quickly.”
• 1990, Aug.: Iraq invades Kuwait
9. The Gulf War and sanctions
• 1991: Gulf War: US expels Iraq from Kuwait, leaves Saddam in
power, imposes sanctions through the UN
• 1991-98: More than 500,000 excess deaths of Iraqi children
from war, the resulting infrastructure collapse, and sanctions
(UN estimate)
• 1997: Chief UN inspector reports that 93% of Iraq’s weapons
capacity is destroyed. He is replaced at US’s urging
• 1998: UN Inspectors are withdrawn in preparation for heavy
US-British bombing. They don’t return for almost 5 years
2002
10. “Mission accomplished”
• 1991-99: France, Russia, China, and Italy sign deals to develop Iraq’s oilfields
if and when sanctions are lifted
• 1991-2003: US-led sanctions on equipment imports hold Iraq’s oil production
down to only a fraction of its potential
• Sept. 11, 2001: Donald Rumsfeld orders Pentagon to work on plans for an
attack on Iraq.
• Mar. 20, 2003: US armed forces invade and occupy Iraq
• May 26, 2003: Iraq governor Paul Bremer declares the country “open for
business.”
National Security Strategyof the United States
We will promote economic growth and economic freedom beyond America’s shores.
• pro-growth legal and regulatory policies;• tax policies—particularly lower marginal tax rates—that
improve incentives for work and investment;• strong financial systems that allow capital to be put to its
most efficient use;• sound fiscal policies to support business activity;• investments in health and education that improve the well-
being and skills of the labor force and population as a whole; and
• free trade that provides new avenues for growth
Postwar Iraq: Contracts
Halliburton
Bechtel
MCI (Worldcom)
Stevedoring Services of America
Creative Associates International
Dyncorp
Fluor Corporation
Parsons Corporation
Part 3:
The Defense Industry
National Security Strategyof the United States
The United States must and will maintain the capability to defeat any attempt by an enemy—whether a state or non-state actor—to impose its will on the United States, our allies, or our Our forces will be strong enough to dissuade potential adversaries from pursuing a military build-up in hopes of surpassing, or equaling, the power of the United States.
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Supplementalappropriationfor Iraq war
The working class of America bears the greatest burden in wartime
“The US military is overwhelmingly working-class,
from all racial and ethnic backgrounds, 90% of
whom enter the forces have a high school diploma,
and come from families with a median income of
$33,000 a year - about one-third below average
national income.”
R. Fantasia and K. Voss: ”Bush Administration’s Low-Intensity War Against Labor” , Le Monde Diplomatique, June 18, 2003
The working class of America bears the greatest burden in wartime
“The war on Iraq has already cost the U.S. $80 billion and it is expected to cost more than $200 billion when reconstruction in Iraq is finished.”
- Fantasia and Voss
The working class of America bears the greatest burden in wartime
“At the same time the U.S economy is suffering from a
serious economic crisis at home with massive
unemployment, state and local budget crises,
and cut-backs in health care, education, Medicare
and other vital services that affect working class
people disproportionately.”
- Fantasia and Voss
Top 10 US defense contractors, 2002and size of their federal contracts
1) Lockheed Martin Corp. $17B2) Boeing Co. $16.6B3) Northrop Grumman Corp. $8.7B4) Raytheon Co. $7B5) General Dynamics Corp. $7B6) United Technologies Corp. $3.6B7) Science Applications International $2.1B8) TRW Inc. $2B9) Health Net, Inc. $1.7B10) L-3 Communications Holdings, Inc. $1.7B
Foreign Aid vs. Military Spending$ Per Person
0 100 200 300 400
Greece
Italy
Portugal
USA
Australia
Spain
Canada
Germany
France
Japan
UK
Belgium
Sweden
Netherlands
Norway
Denmark
0 500 1000 1500
Greece
Italy
Portugal
USA
Australia
Spain
Canada
Germany
France
Japan
UK
Belgium
Sweden
Netherlands
Norway
Denmark
Ba
Israel - 2,100
Egypt - 1,300
Rest of Middle East andSouth Asia - 333
Europe - 168.7
Americas - 112.9
East Asia & Pacific - 25
Africa - 16.5
US Military Aid Appropriations 2003By Region
Amount in Million $
[Unwritten] National Security Strategy
of the United States
We will attack only those nations that are incapable of mounting even a minimally effective defense.
Targets of attack Non-Targets, past & present
• Grenada
• Panama
• Afghanistan
• Iraq, 1991, 2003
• Soviet Union
• China
• North Korea
• Syria
• Iran ?
“Support Our Troops”
On March 20th, Congress overwhelmingly
passed a resolution to “Support Our Troops” by
expressing “the gratitude of the Nation to all
members of the United States Armed Forces”.
The next morning, the House of Representatives
voted to cut nearly $25 billion from veterans
healthcare and benefit programs over the next
ten years.- Veterans for Common Sense
“Support Our Troops”
In addition, the Bush administration
ordered medical centers to stop
publicizing available benefits to
veterans seeking care.
- Veterans for Common Sense
Part 4:
Consequences for international
and domestic law
National Security Strategyof the United States
We will take the actions necessary to ensure that our efforts to meet our global security commitments and protect Americans are not impaired by the potential for investigations, inquiry, or prosecution by the International Criminal Court (ICC), whose jurisdiction does not extend to Americans and which we do not accept.
US Opposition to International Treaties1. The 1972 Antiballistic Missile Treaty
2. 1972 Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, 1994 Protocol
3. United Nations Agreement to Curb the International Flow of Illicit Small Arms, 2001
4. UN Human Rights Commission, not reelected in 2001 after withholding dues to the UN of $244 million
5. International Criminal Court Treaty, 1998
6. Land Mine Treaty, 1997
7. Kyoto Protocol on controlling global warming, 1997
8. Meeting with EU nations to discuss economic espionage and electronic surveillance of phone calls, e-mail, and faxes, 2001
9. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 2001
10. Pledge by 123 nations to ban the use and production of anti-personnel bombs and mines, 2001
11. International Plan for Cleaner Energy, 2001
12. 10 UN General Assembly resolutions calling for an end to the US embargo of Cuba, 1991-2001 consecutively
13. Comprehensive [Nuclear] Test Ban Treaty, 1996
14. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989
15. Optional Protocol to the UN’s International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1989
16. UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, 1979
17. International Court of Justice Ruling on Nicaragua, 1986
USA Patriot ActAllows the government to:
• Monitor religious and political institutions, even with no suspicion of criminal activity.
• Close once-public immigration hearings, secretly jail people without charges, and encourage bureaucrats to resist requests for public records.
• Prosecute librarians or keepers of any other records if they tell anyone that the government subpoenaed information related to a terror investigation.
• Monitor federal jailhouse conversations between attorneys and clients, and deny lawyers to Americans accused of crimes.
• Search and seize Americans' papers and effects without probable cause.
• Jail Americans indefinitely without a trial and deny them the right to confront witnesses against them.
“The Clinton Administration’s paranoid and
prurient interest in [monitoring]
international email is a wholly unhealthy
precedent . . . Every medium by which
people communicate can be subject to
exploitation by those with illegal or
immoral intentions . . .
. . . Nevertheless, this is no reason to hand
Big Brother the keys to unlock our email
diaries, open our ATM records, or
translate our international
communications.”
-- U.S. Senator John Ashcroft, op-ed
column, Washington Post, Aug. 12, 1997
Domestic Security and Enhancement Act (“Patriot II”)
• Remove court-ordered prohibitions against police agencies spying on domestic groups
• Grant the FBI powers to conduct searches and surveillance based on intelligence gathered in foreign countries, without first obtaining a court order
• Create a DNA database of suspected terrorists
• Prohibit any public disclosure of the names of alleged and/or arrested terrorists
• Exempt from civil liability people and businesses who voluntarily turn private information over to the government
• Criminalize the use of encryption to conceal incriminating communications
• Automatically deny bail to persons accused of terrorism-related crimes. All alleged terrorists would be required to demonstrate why they should be released on bail.
• Expand the list of crimes eligible for the death penalty
• Prevent the Environmental Protection Agency from releasing "worst case scenario" information to the public about chemical plants
• Revoke the US citizenship of people whom the government accuses of either providing material support to or members of terrorist groups be deported to foreign countries
34 7*
3*
2
1*
1 2*
13
21 6*
3
6
4
1
15**
2
7
1
1
4***
* Including state capital
** State legislature also
Numbers of cities & counties on record against the USA PATRIOT Act
3
6***
2
11
2
28 9*
6
1
1*
1**
1
62
2*
8**
7
13*
11*1*
13
15
3
11
5
42*
1*
1
3
2
4
11*
5*
1*
* Including capital city
** State legislature also
Numbers of cities & counties on record against the Iraq war
TheEnd