Part II Splanchnology

Chapter 5 The Alimentary System

Part II Splanchnology

Chapter 5 The Alimentary System

Ⅰ. General Description: * Constituents: 2 parts Alimentary canal: the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestines:

the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum

the large intestines: the cecum and appendix,

the colon, the rectum, the anal canal Digestive glands:

the salivary glands: the parotid gland

the submandibular gland the sublingual gland

the liver, the pancreas

Ⅰ. General Description: * Constituents: 2 parts Alimentary canal: the mouth, the pharynx, the esophagus, the stomach, the small intestines:

the duodenum, the jejunum, the ileum

the large intestines: the cecum and appendix,

the colon, the rectum, the anal canal Digestive glands:

the salivary glands: the parotid gland

the submandibular gland the sublingual gland

the liver, the pancreas

* Functions: ingest foods,

secrete enzymes,

absorb nutrients

eliminate unused residues

* Functions: ingest foods,

secrete enzymes,

absorb nutrients

eliminate unused residues

Ⅱ.The Mouth: * 2 parts: oral vestibular, oral cavity proper.

* walls: oral lips, cheeks, palate, tongue. isthmus of fauces * contents: teeth, tongue. * palate: hart palate soft palate palatine velum palatoglossal arch palatopharyngeal arch palatine tonsil * isthmus of fauces: uvula free margin of palatine velum palatoglossal arch root of tongue.

Ⅱ.The Mouth: * 2 parts: oral vestibular, oral cavity proper.

* walls: oral lips, cheeks, palate, tongue. isthmus of fauces * contents: teeth, tongue. * palate: hart palate soft palate palatine velum palatoglossal arch palatopharyngeal arch palatine tonsil * isthmus of fauces: uvula free margin of palatine velum palatoglossal arch root of tongue.

* The teeth deciduous teeth permanent teeth

The structure: crown root neck of teeth dentine enamel cement periodontal membrane dental cavity, root canal apical foramen dental pulp

* The teeth deciduous teeth permanent teeth

The structure: crown root neck of teeth dentine enamel cement periodontal membrane dental cavity, root canal apical foramen dental pulp

deciduous teeth: 20

2 pairs of incisors

1 pair of canine tooth

2 pairs of molars

permanent teeth: 28-32

2 pairs of incisors

1 pair of canine tooth

2 pairs of premolars

3 pairs of molars

(wisdom tooth)

deciduous teeth: 20

2 pairs of incisors

1 pair of canine tooth

2 pairs of molars

permanent teeth: 28-32

2 pairs of incisors

1 pair of canine tooth

2 pairs of premolars

3 pairs of molars

(wisdom tooth)

• The tongue

3 parts--- root, apex and body

2 surfaces---dorsum and inferior surface

Dorsum: V-shaped terminal sulcus

4 kinds of papillae----

Filiform papillae

Fungiform papillae

Foliate papillae

Vallate papillae

lingual tonsil

• The tongue

3 parts--- root, apex and body

2 surfaces---dorsum and inferior surface

Dorsum: V-shaped terminal sulcus

4 kinds of papillae----

Filiform papillae

Fungiform papillae

Foliate papillae

Vallate papillae

lingual tonsil

Inferior surface of tongue: the Frenulum of tongue the Sublingual caruncle the Sublingual folds

Structures: mucosa,

muscles of the tongue

Inferior surface of tongue: the Frenulum of tongue the Sublingual caruncle the Sublingual folds

Structures: mucosa,

muscles of the tongue

• Position: in front of the 1~6th cervical vertebrae• Parts: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx • Features and structures: nasal part---- pharyngeal opening of auditory tube tubal torus pharyngeal recess oral part--- palatine tonsil, tubal tonsil laryngeal part---piriform recess

• Position: in front of the 1~6th cervical vertebrae• Parts: Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx • Features and structures: nasal part---- pharyngeal opening of auditory tube tubal torus pharyngeal recess oral part--- palatine tonsil, tubal tonsil laryngeal part---piriform recess

Ⅲ. The pharynx:Ⅲ. The pharynx:

• Communication of pharynx: anteriorly: ---choanae---nasal cavity ---isthmus of fauces---oral cavity ---aperture of larynx---laryngeal cavity inferiorly: ---esophagus Laterally:---pharyngeal opening of auditory tube---tympanic cavity

• Communication of pharynx: anteriorly: ---choanae---nasal cavity ---isthmus of fauces---oral cavity ---aperture of larynx---laryngeal cavity inferiorly: ---esophagus Laterally:---pharyngeal opening of auditory tube---tympanic cavity

Ⅳ.The Esophagus:• 3 parts: cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts• 3 constrictions: 1st---at its commencement, 15cm from the incisor teeth 2nd---where is crossed by the left principal bronchus anteriorly, 25cm from the incisor teeth 3rd---where it passes through the diaphragm, 40cm from the incisor teeth • Structures: upper part: skeleton m. middle part: skeleton m.and smooth m. lower part: smooth m.• position

Ⅳ.The Esophagus:• 3 parts: cervical, thoracic and abdominal parts• 3 constrictions: 1st---at its commencement, 15cm from the incisor teeth 2nd---where is crossed by the left principal bronchus anteriorly, 25cm from the incisor teeth 3rd---where it passes through the diaphragm, 40cm from the incisor teeth • Structures: upper part: skeleton m. middle part: skeleton m.and smooth m. lower part: smooth m.• position

• The Salivary glands:

The Parotid gland

The Sublingual gland

The Submandibular gland

The Name,

Positions,

Opening of its ducts

• The Salivary glands:

The Parotid gland

The Sublingual gland

The Submandibular gland

The Name,

Positions,

Opening of its ducts

Ⅴ.The stomach : The shape and parts 2 openings: cardia, pylorus

2 surfaces: anterior and posterior

2 curvatures: greater curvature

lesser curvature

angular incisure

4 parts: the cardiac part

the fundus of stomach

the body of stomach

the pyloric part

pyloric antrum

pyloric canal

Ⅴ.The stomach : The shape and parts 2 openings: cardia, pylorus

2 surfaces: anterior and posterior

2 curvatures: greater curvature

lesser curvature

angular incisure

4 parts: the cardiac part

the fundus of stomach

the body of stomach

the pyloric part

pyloric antrum

pyloric canal

The position and relations

--- the position:

Its between the end of the

esophagus and the beginning

of the small intestine. It lies in

the epigastric, umbilical and

left hypochondriac regions of

abdomen. cardiac orifice– at left side of 11th thoracic vertebra pyloric orifice– at right side of 1st lumbar vertebra

The position and relations

--- the position:

Its between the end of the

esophagus and the beginning

of the small intestine. It lies in

the epigastric, umbilical and

left hypochondriac regions of

abdomen. cardiac orifice– at left side of 11th thoracic vertebra pyloric orifice– at right side of 1st lumbar vertebra

--- the relations: anteriorly---

left costal margin

diaphragm

left pleura

the base of the left lung

the left pleural cavity

the pericardium

left and quadrate lobes of the liver

the anterior abdominal wall

transverse colon

--- the relations: anteriorly---

left costal margin

diaphragm

left pleura

the base of the left lung

the left pleural cavity

the pericardium

left and quadrate lobes of the liver

the anterior abdominal wall

transverse colon

posteriorly---

the diaphragm

the spleen

the left suprarenal gland

the upper part of the

left kidney

the splenic artery

the left colic flexure

the anterior surface of the pancreas

the upper layer of the transverse mesocolon

“ stomach bed ”

omental bursa

posteriorly---

the diaphragm

the spleen

the left suprarenal gland

the upper part of the

left kidney

the splenic artery

the left colic flexure

the anterior surface of the pancreas

the upper layer of the transverse mesocolon

“ stomach bed ”

omental bursa

The structures of the wall of stomach: 4 layers --- mucosa:

mucous folds

longitudinal mucous folds

pyloric valve

--- submucosa

--- muscular layers:

inner oblique layer

intermediate circular layer

pyloric sphincter

outer longitudinal layer

--- serous membrane

The structures of the wall of stomach: 4 layers --- mucosa:

mucous folds

longitudinal mucous folds

pyloric valve

--- submucosa

--- muscular layers:

inner oblique layer

intermediate circular layer

pyloric sphincter

outer longitudinal layer

--- serous membrane

Ⅵ.The duodenumⅥ.The duodenum

C-shaped4 parts---superior part descending part horizontal part ascending partStructure---

Descending part has

longitudinal fold

major duodenal papilla Position and relationshap--- It encloses the head of the pancreas; A retroperitoneal organ;Most part of it attached the posterior abdominal wall.

C-shaped4 parts---superior part descending part horizontal part ascending partStructure---

Descending part has

longitudinal fold

major duodenal papilla Position and relationshap--- It encloses the head of the pancreas; A retroperitoneal organ;Most part of it attached the posterior abdominal wall.

Ⅶ. Jejunum and Ileum:

Ⅶ. Jejunum and Ileum:

Upper 2/5Upper 2/5 Lower 3/5Lower 3/5Wider in diameter and wall is thicker;Wider in diameter and wall is thicker; Thiner in diameter and wallis thinnerThiner in diameter and wallis thinner

Color is redder and has more Color is redder and has more vascularvascular

Color is not redder than Color is not redder than jejunum and has lesser jejunum and has lesser vascularvascular

The circular mucosal folds are larger and The circular mucosal folds are larger and moremore

The circular mucosal folds are shorter The circular mucosal folds are shorter and fewand few

Only solitary lymphatic folliclesOnly solitary lymphatic follicles Solitary and aggregated lymphatic Solitary and aggregated lymphatic folliclesfollicles

Ⅷ. Large intestine: Parts--- colon cecum rectum anal canal structures --- except rectum anal canal and appendix

3 colic bands haustra of colon epiploic appendices

Ⅷ. Large intestine: Parts--- colon cecum rectum anal canal structures --- except rectum anal canal and appendix

3 colic bands haustra of colon epiploic appendices

The cecum and vermiform appendix :

position: in the right iliac fossa, above the

lateral half of the inguinal ligament and

below the ileocecal valves.

structure: ileocecal valves

opening of the vermiform appendix

The cecum and vermiform appendix :

position: in the right iliac fossa, above the

lateral half of the inguinal ligament and

below the ileocecal valves.

structure: ileocecal valves

opening of the vermiform appendix

Vermiform:

shape: worm shaped tube, 2—20 cm in length, about 8.3cm in average

Position: right iliac or inguinal region , spings from the posteromedial wall of the cecum. common positions of the tip: retrocecally, inferior to the cecum, behind or front of ileum, into the lesser pelvis Surface projection of the root of vermiform appendix--- McBurney’s point

Vermiform:

shape: worm shaped tube, 2—20 cm in length, about 8.3cm in average

Position: right iliac or inguinal region , spings from the posteromedial wall of the cecum. common positions of the tip: retrocecally, inferior to the cecum, behind or front of ileum, into the lesser pelvis Surface projection of the root of vermiform appendix--- McBurney’s point

McBurney’s point

At the junction of the meddle and lateral thirds of a line that joints the right anterior superioriliac spine and the umbilicus.

McBurney’s point

At the junction of the meddle and lateral thirds of a line that joints the right anterior superioriliac spine and the umbilicus.

Colon:

4 parts----

ascending colon

transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

Colon:

4 parts----

ascending colon

transverse colon

descending colon

sigmoid colon

The rectum: position--- It lies in the posterior part of less pelvis, anterior to the sacrum and coccyx. shape--- 2 flexures: Sacral flexure

Perineal flexure

Ampulla of rectum

structures--- 3 transverse folds of rectum

The rectum: position--- It lies in the posterior part of less pelvis, anterior to the sacrum and coccyx. shape--- 2 flexures: Sacral flexure

Perineal flexure

Ampulla of rectum

structures--- 3 transverse folds of rectum

The Anal Canal: position:

structures: mucous membrane--- anal columns anal valves anal sinuses dentate line anal pecten (hemorrhoidal ring ) white line submucosa--- muscular layer--- sphincter ani internus sphincter ani externus

The Anal Canal: position:

structures: mucous membrane--- anal columns anal valves anal sinuses dentate line anal pecten (hemorrhoidal ring ) white line submucosa--- muscular layer--- sphincter ani internus sphincter ani externus