Part III Solid Waste EngineeringPart III Solid Waste Engineering

12 Evolution of Solid Waste Management12 Evolution of Solid Waste Management12.1 Solid Waste12.1 Solid Waste——a Consequence of Lifea Consequence of Life Problems with the disposal of wastes can Problems with the disposal of wastes can

be traced from the time when humans first be traced from the time when humans first began to congregate in tribes, villages, and began to congregate in tribes, villages, and communities and the accumulation of wascommunities and the accumulation of wastes became a consequence of life. tes became a consequence of life.

12.2 Waste Generation In a 12.2 Waste Generation In a Technological SocietyTechnological Society

Materials Flow and Waste GenerationMaterials Flow and Waste Generation

The Effects of Technological AdvancesThe Effects of Technological Advances Of particular significance are the increasing use Of particular significance are the increasing use

of plastics and the use of frozen foods, which of plastics and the use of frozen foods, which reduce the quantities of food wastes in the reduce the quantities of food wastes in the home but increase the quantities at agricultural home but increase the quantities at agricultural processing plants.processing plants.

Thus, the engineers responsible for the design of soThus, the engineers responsible for the design of solid waste facilities must be aware of trends, even tlid waste facilities must be aware of trends, even though they cannot, of course, predict all the changhough they cannot, of course, predict all the changes in technology that will affect the characteristics es in technology that will affect the characteristics of solid wastes. of solid wastes.

But important questions arise: Which elements of sBut important questions arise: Which elements of society generate the greatest quantities of solid wasociety generate the greatest quantities of solid waste and what is the nature of these wastes? How can te and what is the nature of these wastes? How can the quantities be minimized? What is the role of rethe quantities be minimized? What is the role of resource recovery? Can disposal and recovery technsource recovery? Can disposal and recovery technology keep up with consumer product technology? ology keep up with consumer product technology?

12.3 The Development of Solid Waste 12.3 The Development of Solid Waste ManagementManagement

Solid waste management may be defined as Solid waste management may be defined as the discipline associated with the control of the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes. that is also responsive to public attitudes.

In its scope, solid waste management includes all aIn its scope, solid waste management includes all administrative, financial, legal, planning, and engindministrative, financial, legal, planning, and engineering functions involved in solutions to all probleeering functions involved in solutions to all problems of solid wastes. The solutions may involve coms of solid wastes. The solutions may involve complex interdisciplinary relationships among such fmplex interdisciplinary relationships among such fields as political science, city and regional planninields as political science, city and regional planning, geography, economics, public health, sociology, g, geography, economics, public health, sociology, demography, communications, and conservation, ademography, communications, and conservation, as well as engineering and materials science.s well as engineering and materials science.

Functional Elements of a Waste Functional Elements of a Waste Management SystemManagement System

The activities associated with the management The activities associated with the management of solid wastes, from the point of generation to of solid wastes, from the point of generation to final disposal have been grouped into the six final disposal have been grouped into the six functional elements: (1) waste generation; (2) functional elements: (1) waste generation; (2) waste handling and separation, storage, and waste handling and separation, storage, and processing at the source; (3) collection; (4) processing at the source; (3) collection; (4) separation and processing and transformation separation and processing and transformation of solid wastes; (5) transfer and transport; and of solid wastes; (5) transfer and transport; and (6) disposal.(6) disposal.

Waste GenerationWaste Generation Waste Handling and Separation, Storage, Waste Handling and Separation, Storage,

and Processing at the Sourceand Processing at the Source CollectionCollection Separation, Processing, andSeparation, Processing, and Transformation of Solid Waste.Transformation of Solid Waste. Transfer and TransportTransfer and Transport DisposalDisposal

12.4 Integrated Solid Water Management12.4 Integrated Solid Water Management

Hierarchy of Integrated Solid Waste managementHierarchy of Integrated Solid Waste management

Source ReductionSource Reduction

RecyclingRecycling

Waste TransformationWaste Transformation

LandfillingLandfilling

Planning for Integrated Waste ManagementPlanning for Integrated Waste Management

Proper Mix of Alternatives and TechnologiesProper Mix of Alternatives and Technologies

Flexibility in Meeting Future ChangesFlexibility in Meeting Future Changes

Monitoring and EvaluationMonitoring and Evaluation

12.5 Operation of Solid Waste Management 12.5 Operation of Solid Waste Management SystemsSystems

Management IssuesManagement Issues Setting Workable but Protective Regulatory Setting Workable but Protective Regulatory

Standards.Standards. Improving Scientific Methods for Improving Scientific Methods for

Interpretation of DataInterpretation of Data Identification of Hazardous and Toxic Identification of Hazardous and Toxic

Consumer Products Requiring Special Waste Consumer Products Requiring Special Waste Management UnitsManagement Units

Paying for Improved Waste Management Units.Paying for Improved Waste Management Units. Designating Land Disposal Units at or near Designating Land Disposal Units at or near

Large Urban CentersLarge Urban Centers

Establishing and Maintaining More QualiEstablishing and Maintaining More Qualified Managers to Develop and Operate Wfied Managers to Develop and Operate Waste Management Unitsaste Management Units

Future Challenges and OpportunitiesFuture Challenges and Opportunities

Changing Consumption Habits in SocietyChanging Consumption Habits in Society

Reducing the Volume of Waste at the SouReducing the Volume of Waste at the Sourcerce

Making Landfills SaferMaking Landfills Safer

Development of New TechnologiesDevelopment of New Technologies

13 Sources, Types, and Composition of 13 Sources, Types, and Composition of Municipal Solid WastesMunicipal Solid Wastes

13-1 Sources of Solid Wastes13-1 Sources of Solid Wastes (1) residential,(1) residential, (2) commercial, (2) commercial, (3) institutional, (3) institutional, (4) construction and demolition,(4) construction and demolition, (5) municipal services, (5) municipal services, (6) treatment plant sites,(6) treatment plant sites, (7) industrial, (7) industrial, (8) agricultural. (8) agricultural.

13-2 Types of Solid Wastes13-2 Types of Solid Wastes

Residential and CommercialResidential and Commercial

Special WastesSpecial Wastes

Hazardous WastesHazardous Wastes

Construction and DemolitionConstruction and Demolition

Municipal Services Municipal Services

Treatment Plant Wastes and Other ResiduesTreatment Plant Wastes and Other Residues

Industrial Solid WasteIndustrial Solid Waste

Agricultural WastesAgricultural Wastes

13.3 Composition of Solid Wastes13.3 Composition of Solid Wastes

Composition of MSWComposition of MSW

Distribution of Individual Waste ComponDistribution of Individual Waste Componentsents

Effect of Waste Diversions on DistributioEffect of Waste Diversions on Distribution of Components in Residential MSWn of Components in Residential MSW

13-4 Determination of the Composition of 13-4 Determination of the Composition of MSW in the FieldMSW in the Field

Residential MSWResidential MSW

Commercial and Industrial MSWCommercial and Industrial MSW

The field procedure for component The field procedure for component identification for commercial and non-identification for commercial and non-process industrial solid wastes involves the process industrial solid wastes involves the analysis of representative waste samples analysis of representative waste samples taken directly from the source, not from a taken directly from the source, not from a mixed waste load in a collection vehicle. mixed waste load in a collection vehicle.

13-5 Types of Materials Recovered from M13-5 Types of Materials Recovered from MSWSW

Materials Commonly Separated from MSMaterials Commonly Separated from MSWW

Specifications for Recovered MaterialsSpecifications for Recovered Materials

13-6 Future Changes in Waste Composition13-6 Future Changes in Waste Composition

Impacts of Waste Diversion ProgramsImpacts of Waste Diversion Programs

Future Changes in Waste ComponentsFuture Changes in Waste Components

14 Physical, Chemical, and Biological 14 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Properties of Municipal Solid WasteProperties of Municipal Solid Waste

14- 1 Physical Properties of MSW14- 1 Physical Properties of MSW

Specific WeightSpecific Weight

Moisture ContentMoisture Content

Particle Size and Size DistributionParticle Size and Size Distribution

Field CapacityField Capacity

14- 2 Chemical properties of MSW14- 2 Chemical properties of MSW

Proximate AnalysisProximate Analysis

Fusing Point of AshFusing Point of Ash

Ultimate Analysis of Solid Waste CompoUltimate Analysis of Solid Waste Componentsnents

Typical proximate analysis and data for Typical proximate analysis and data for materials found in residendtial, materials found in residendtial, commercial, and industrial solidcommercial, and industrial solid

Essential Nutrients and Other ElementsEssential Nutrients and Other Elements

14- 3 Biological Properties of MSW14- 3 Biological Properties of MSW

Biodegradability of Organic Waste Biodegradability of Organic Waste ComponentsComponents

Production of OdorsProduction of Odors

Breeding of FliesBreeding of Flies

14- 4 Physical, Chemical, and Biological 14- 4 Physical, Chemical, and Biological Transformations of Solid WasteTransformations of Solid Waste

Physical TransformationsPhysical Transformations

Biological TransformationsBiological Transformations

15 Disposal of Solid Wastes and Residual 15 Disposal of Solid Wastes and Residual MatterMatter

15-1 The Landfill Method of Solid Waste D15-1 The Landfill Method of Solid Waste Disposalisposal

The Landfilling ProcessThe Landfilling Process

Preparation of the site for landfilling.Preparation of the site for landfilling.

Reactions Occurring in Landfills.Reactions Occurring in Landfills.

Concerns with the Landfilling of Solid WConcerns with the Landfilling of Solid Wastesastes

15-2 Composition and Characteristics, 15-2 Composition and Characteristics, Generation and Control of Landfill Generation and Control of Landfill GasesGases

Composition and Characteristics of Composition and Characteristics of Landfill GasLandfill Gas

Generation of Landfill GasesGeneration of Landfill Gases

Management of Landfill GasManagement of Landfill Gas

15-3 Composition, formation and control of 15-3 Composition, formation and control of leachate in landfillsleachate in landfills

Composition of LeachateComposition of Leachate Water Balance and Leachate Generation Water Balance and Leachate Generation

In LandfillsIn Landfills Fate of Constituents in Leachate in SubsuFate of Constituents in Leachate in Subsu

rface Migrationrface Migration Control of Leachate in LandfillsControl of Leachate in Landfills Leachate Collection SystemsLeachate Collection Systems Leachate Management OptionsLeachate Management Options

15-4 Environmental Quality Monitoring at 15-4 Environmental Quality Monitoring at LandfillsLandfills

Vadose Zone MonitoringVadose Zone Monitoring

Groundwater MonitoringGroundwater Monitoring

Landfill Air Quality MonitoringLandfill Air Quality Monitoring