PART - Ku-ring-gai Council...Volume C Part 1.1 (Landscaping) of this DCP, this Part prevails to the extent of any inconsistency. p 6-3 Ku-ring-gai Local Centres Development Control

p 6-1Draft Ku-ring-gai Local Centres Development Control Plan

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BIODIVERSITY CONTROLS Introduction

6.1 All Greenweb Categories

6.2 Category 1 - Core Biodiversity Lands

6.3 Category 2 - Support for Core Biodiversity Lands

6.4 Category 3 - Landscape Remnant

6.5 Category 4 - Biodiversity Corridors and Consolidation

6.6 Category 5 - Canopy Remnants

6.7 No Net Loss of Biodiversity

6R References6R.1 Greenweb Maps

6R.2 Summary of Methodology for Conversation Significance Assessment - Greenweb

p 6-2Ku-ring-gai Local Centres Development Control Plan

VOLUME BINTRODUCTION

This Part applies to development that will have an impact on areas identified as the Greenweb in this DCP. It guides development in these areas in meeting the aims and objectives of the KLEP (Local Centres) 2012.

The Greenweb identifies lands containing significant strategic biodiversity values, considered important in the support of native flora, fauna and ecological processes and has a particular focus on key vegetation communities, threatened populations, species and their habitats.

Lands identified as of biodiversity significance KLEP (Local Centres) 2012 (see Clause 6.3) are broken down into four biodiversity categories:

Category 1 Core Biodiversity Lands;

Category 2 Support for Core Biodiversity Lands;

Category 3 Landscape Remnant;

Category 4 Biodiversity Corridors and Consolidation;

that is, four(4) of the five (5) categories identified on the Greenweb maps in 6R.1 of this Part.

The majority of areas within the Greenweb include native vegetation canopy. However in some areas exotic and unvegetated areas have been included (eg Category 4). Such areas are included to facilitate the improvement of connectivity between core habitats and may provide additional functions such as protection of water quality. These measures will help to maintain and restore the health, diversity and connectivity of biodiversity within Ku-ring-gai and improve resilience under future climate change.

The Greenweb, for the purposes of the DCP, consists of the four categories identified above as well as additional lands, labelled as ‘Category 5 Canopy Remnant’ on the Greenweb maps at 6R.1 of this Part. Category 5 is also included for the role these canopy remnants play in supporting ecological processes and other values. Note however, that Clause 6.3 of the KLEP (Local Centres) 2012 does not relate to Category 5 - Canopy Remnants.

The purpose of the Greenweb is to foster a consistent and strategic approach to biodiversity management. The maps should not be used at a scale finer than 1:2,000. There are considerable benefits to natural resource planning at this scale, however investigations at a site scale for individual proposals may identify inaccuracies or on ground changes. Council will consider on merit, arguments relating to any proposed mapping variations based on the methodology outlined in the Ku-ring-gai Biodiversity and Riparian Lands Study. For a brief summary of the methodology see 6R2 of this Part. In all cases the onus of proof rests with the proponent.

Where there are inconsistencies between this Part and Volume C Part 1.1 (Landscaping) of this DCP, this Part prevails to the extent of any inconsistency.


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This Part is set out as follows:

i) Part 6.1 includes general controls that apply to all development on Greenweb lands;

ii) Parts 6.2 – 6.5 provide objectives and controls for each of the four categories of biodiversity significance for the lands identified in the KLEP (Local Centres) 2012 based on the main functions and objectives of each area.

iii) Part 6.6 provides the objectives and controls for the additional lands identified as Category 5 in the Greenweb;

iv) Part 6.7 provides for no net loss of biodiversity and outlines mechanisms to achieve this.

The Greenweb map is provided at 6R1 of this Part and identifies each Greenweb category.

Lands excluded from Greenweb may still contain or provide habitat for threatened ecological communities, species or populations as listed under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995, the NSW Fisheries Management Act 1994, or the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999. The NSW National Parks and Wildlife Act 1974 may also apply. Absence of these areas from the Greenweb does not prevent the need for consideration and protection under these Acts.

INTRODUCTION


VOLUME B

Controls

6.1 ALL GREENWEB CATEGORIES

Objectives

1 To preserve the natural environment of Ku-ring-gai in the social, economic and environmental interest of the community.

2 To retain, consolidate and improve existing bushland, significant vegetation and habitat for flora and fauna.

3 To support the protection and recovery of critical habitat, regionally significant and threatened ecological communities, species and populations.

4 To capture carbon, contributing to climate control.

5 To allow for adaptation of native flora, fauna and ecological communities to climate change.

1 The development must be designed and sited to conserve the areas of vegetation and/or habitat of the highest ecological value on and adjacent to the site, and to minimise fragmentation and edge effects.

Note: Council may require, as a condition of consent, that a restriction-on-use be placed over key areas of the site.

2 Subdivision must not be permitted unless each proposed site contains a building envelope that allows compliance with this Part.

3 Trees adjacent to threatened ecological communities are to be retained as a buffer. This does not apply to trees listed in Council’s “Weed Management Policy”.

Note: Council may require suitable replacements for any trees removed.

4 The development must retain existing site drainage patterns and minimise excavation and fill within 3m of Greenweb lands.

5 Where the slope over the building footprint area is greater than 12.5%, site responsive methods such as stepping the building down the site, split level construction or pier and beam construction must be used.

6 Any external lighting is to be placed or shielded to prevent lightspill to areas of natural vegetation. ‘Full cut off’ lighting is preferred.

7 Planting of urban and environmental weeds and nuisance plant species listed within Council’s “Weed Management Policy” will not be permitted.

8 A flora and fauna assessment is required for any development within Greenweb lands, except where a Biobanking Statement has been submitted.

Note: This may be waived for minor developments where Council is satisfied that there will be no impact on connectivity, existing indigenous vegetation, fauna of habitat.

Note: Flora and fauna assessments should be undertaken by an appropriately qualified and experienced person. Assessment guidelines are available from the NSW Office of Environment and Heritage.


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Controls

6.2 CATEGORY 1 - CORE BIODIVERSITY LANDS

Objectives

Lands identified as Category 1 – Core biodiversity lands are areas containing a range of natural landforms, plant and animal species, habitats and ecosystems; and include public lands managed for conservation (see Table 1). These lands include key areas of regional and local biodiversity importance, and form the foundation of the Greenweb.

It is recognised that works may be required within Category 1 lands for bushfire, land management and appropriate recreation. This may include trails, access roads, car parks and picnic areas.

Category DescriptionCategory 1 Office of Environment and Heritage protected areas

Ku-ring-gai Natural Areas1

Regional fauna habitat1. Natural Areas refers to lands categorised as Natural Area” under the Local Government Act 1993. Table 1 Areas identified as Greenweb Category 1

1 Avoid locating development on land identified as Category 1 on the Greenweb map. (Refer to maps in 6R.1 of this Part)

2 Where works impact on vegetation or habitat on Category 1 lands, which are already cleared or disturbed and do not form part of any existing or proposed development or use, these areas are to be stabilised and progressively rehabilitated with indigenous vegetation.

3 Vegetation retention and rehabilitation must be designed to enhance and link existing vegetation and habitat within the site and within adjacent sites, biodiversity corridors and riparian lands.

4 Where land within an allotment is identified as Category 1, works must be consistent with a Plan of Management (eg. a Plan of Management under the Local Government Act 1993 or a Vegetation Management Plan). Where no Plan of Management exists, a Plan of Management, or equivalent plan, may be required. The plan must be prepared by a suitably qualified person and must identify ongoing initiatives to preserve, protect and promote the environmental values of the land. Funding sources may also need to be identified.

5 Planting within land identified as Category 1 is to consist of locally native species. Species are to reflect the relevant vegetation communities within the area. A mix of groundcover shrubs and trees is desirable.

6 The design of any permanent fencing is to minimise obstruction to the movement of small fauna species.

1 To protect and regenerate core vegetation and fauna habitat.

2 To maintain and enhance ecological function and connectivity.

3 To support the protection and recovery of key vegetation communities, threatened species, populations and their habitats.

Figure 6.2-1: Examples of Category 1 -Core biodiversity lands


VOLUME B

Controls

6.3 CATEGORY 2 - SUPPORT FOR CORE BIODIVERSITY LANDS

Objectives

Land identified as Category 2 – Support for core biodiversity lands comprises areas that provide a range of support values, such as increasing remnant size, maintaining or improving connectivity between core biodiversity lands (see Table 2). They also include patches of local fauna habitat and/or of key vegetation communities and support the health of waterways. Category 2 lands are generally fragmented areas where protection, restoration, rehabilitation or regeneration works are required to enhance overall biodiversity values.

Category DescriptionCategory 2 Key vegetation communities, adjoining Category 1

Local fauna habitatVegetation within Core Riparian Zones:

• Riparian categories 1, 2 and 3 – all vegetation

• Riparian category 3a - limited to key vegetation communities

and key vegetation communities adjoining vegetation within core riparian zones All vegetation within biodiversity corridors

Table 2 Areas identified as Greenweb Category 2

1 Avoid locating development on land identified as Category 2 on the Greenweb map. (Refer to maps in 6R.1 of this Part).

2 Land within Greenweb Category 2, which is already cleared or disturbed and does not form part of any existing or proposed development, is to be stabilised and progressively rehabilitated with indigenous vegetation, to an extent commensurate with the scale of the proposal.

3 Vegetation retention and rehabilitation must be designed to enhance and link existing vegetation and habitat within the site and within adjacent sites, biodiversity corridors and riparian lands.

4 Where land within an allotment is identified as Category 2, works must be consistent with a plan of management (eg. vegetation management plan). Where no plan of management exists, a plan of management, or equivalent plan, may be required. The plan must be prepared by a suitably qualified person and must identify ongoing initiatives to preserve, protect and promote the environmental values of the land.

Note: Guidelines for Vegetation Management Plans are available on Council’s website: www.kmc.nsw.gov.au

5 Planting within land identified as Category 2 is to consist of not less than 70% locally native tree species and 30% locally native understorey species. Species are to reflect the relevant vegetation communities within the area. A mix of groundcover, shrubs and trees is desirable.

6 The design of any permanent fencing is to minimise obstruction to the movement of small fauna species.

1 To support core areas of vegetation and fauna habitat.

2 To contribute to the protection and recovery of key vegetation communities, threatened species, populations and their habitats.

3 To contribute to the protection, restoration and management of biodiversity corridors.

4 To contribute to the protection, restoration and management of vegetation and habitat in riparian lands.

5 To contribute to the net improvement of ecological function.

Figure 6.3-1: Examples of Category 2 -Support for core biodiversity lands


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Category 3 - Landscape remnant comprises areas that are more fragmented than Support for Core Biodiversity Lands (Category 2), which nevertheless contain key vegetation communities and support core areas (see Table 3). These areas act as stepping stones or habitat islands to facilitate the movement of flora, fauna and genetic resources through the urban landscape and across a range of topographical locations. They also provide important community and aesthetic values.

Category DescriptionCategory 3 Key vegetation community patches that are ≥ 0.1ha in

size

or

contain vegetation in key vegetation communities in good, moderate conditionSignificant trees1 within key vegetation communities and the mapped area in which they are located

1 Significant trees are local native trees identified as significant due to the presence of habitat (e.g. a hollow), provision of food for wildlife, and / or exceptional form or size. The inclusion of significant native trees was opportunistic and does not capture every significant tree within the urban landscape.


1 Avoid locating development on land identified as Category 3 on the Greenweb map. (Refer to maps in 6R.1 of this Part).

2 Vegetation retention and rehabilitation on sites that include land identified as Category 3 must be designed to improve connectivity with existing vegetation and habitat.

3 Planting within land identified as Category 3 on the Greenweb map is to consist of not less than 50% locally native species. Species are to reflect the relevant vegetation communities within the area. A mix of groundcover shrubs and trees is desirable.

4 Where the site contains high species diversity or is dominated by weeds within any stratum, a vegetation management plan may be required.

Note: Noxious and Urban Environmental Weeds are listed in Council’s Weed Management Policy.

Controls

6.4 CATEGORY 3 - LANDSCAPE REMNANT

Objectives

1 To maintain smaller key vegetation communities remnants as ‘stepping stones’, providing habitat, seedbank and pollination resources (facilitating gene flow) and supporting flora and fauna resilience.

2 To maintain and restore smaller remnants of key vegetation communities across a range of topographies.

3 To protect trees within key vegetation communities that provide food, shelter or nesting resources for native fauna, or that are of exceptional aesthetic value.

Figure 6.4-1: Examples of Category 3 -Landscape Remnants


VOLUME B

Objectives Controls

1 To manage areas providing a buffer to Core and Support for Core Biodiversity Lands.

2 To reduce edge effects and to improve the health, connectivity and function of local ecosystems.

3 To revegetate and restore biodiversity corridors, significant vegetation and habitat across the landscape.

6.5 CATEGORY 4 - BIODIVERSITY CORRIDORS AND CONSOLIDATION

Category 4 – Biodiversity corridors and consolidation identifies lands where revegetation, rehabilitation or regeneration works are required to re-connect remnants in Categories 1 to 3, increase remnant size and buffer edge effects (see Table 4). Larger more consolidated remnants are more resilient than fragmented or linear remnants.

Category DescriptionCategory 4 Areas of consolidation for

Category 1 & Category 2 Areas lacking vegetation within Biodiversity Corridors


1 The siting and design of development within Category 4 on the Greenweb map (Refer to maps in 6R.1 of this Part), must be designed to minimise edge effects on Category 1 and 2 areas.

2 Landscaping and revegetation on sites identified as Category 4, must be designed to consolidate fragmented and linear vegetation and habitat areas within the site and adjacent sites.

3 Where little or no indigenous vegetation currently exists on the site, the development must be designed to incorporate revegetation to restore and strengthen biodiversity corridors.

4 The width of biodiversity corridors should be maximised and gaps and barriers reduced or minimised.

5 Planting within land identified as Category 4 is to consist of :

i) a mix of groundcover, shrubs and trees;

ii) not less than 50% locally native species. Species are to reflect the relevant vegetation communities within the area.

6 Any permanent fencing should be designed to consider the movement of small fauna species where relevant.

Figure 6.5-1: Examples of Category 4-Biodiverity corridors and consolidation adjoining Category 2 lands


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6.6 CATEGORY 5 - CANOPY REMNANTS

Objectives Controls

1 To protect smaller canopy remnants for habitat, species diversity and ecosystem services across a range of topographies.

2 To maintain trees for the services they provide to human well-being.

Category 5 - Canopy remnants comprise areas that contain key vegetation communities but are smaller than Landscape Remnants (Category 3), and have little to no understorey (see Table 5). Canopy remnants provide habitat for urban and more mobile species, species diversity and ecosystem services including maintenance of air quality, carbon storage and a sense of place.

Category DescriptionCategory 5 KVC vegetation <0.1 hectares,

and not in good, moderate condition


1 Retain trees identified as Category 5 Canopy Remnant on the Greenweb map. (Refer to maps in 6R.1 of this Part).

2 Planting within land identified as Category 5 on the Greenweb map is to consist of not less than 30% locally native species. Species are to reflect the relevant vegetation communities within the area. A mix of groundcover shrubs and trees is desirable.

Figure 6.6-1: Examples of Category 5-Canopy Remnants


VOLUME B

1 Development proposals must seek to achieve no net loss of significant vegetation or habitat. Retention of vegetation and habitat in situ remains the preferred method of biodiversity conservation. In the event that loss of vegetation is unavoidable that loss must be mitigated and/or offset.

2 Any proposed loss of vegetation in the Greenweb must be accompanied by a proposal to protect, enhance or create habitat on or off site.

3 Any application for works within the Greenweb, that - (i) requires the removal of native vegetation, or, - (ii) will negatively effect actual or potential habitat of fauna or

flora, or - (iii) is likely to cause degradation to vegetation or habitat

must be accompanied by a proposal to protect, enhance or create habitat on or off site.

4 No net loss of significant vegetation or habitat may be achieved by:

i) Retention and protection of existing significant vegetation and habitat, or.

ii) Informal compensatory measures: - planting and habitat creation, especially where it improves

connectivity; - rehabilitation of degraded areas; - translocation of plants or soils; and

iii) formal offsetting measures: - offsetting on or off site in accordance with Part 7A of the NSW

Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995, (also known as Biobanking) or Council’s Biodiversity Offset Policy.

5 In determining the appropriate measures a number of factors must be considered:

i) size and condition of the vegetation or habitat;

ii) vegetation or habitat significance, including its legislative status, and its Greenweb category;

iii) scale and duration of the impact;

iv) current and future landscape context;

v) level of uncertainty; and

vi) any other mitigation measures proposed as part of the development.

Examples: - The removal of an unhealthy tree within a threatened

ecological community may be supported by Council, on condition that a number of trees (from species found within the same ecological community) are planted in appropriate

Objectives Controls

1 To allow for reasonable development while maintaining and enhancing biodiversity and ecological integrity.

2 To facilitate continuity of the ecological diversity currently alive in the locality.

3 To provide a range of mechanisms to achieve no net loss of significant vegetation or habitat.

4 To ensure that where biodiversity values need to be offset, policy requirements are applied consistently across developments and in such a way as to enhance the ecological integrity across the local government area.

5 To increase the level of security for significant vegetation and habitat.

6.7 NO NET LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY


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locations of the site. - Where the removal or thinning/underscrubbing of a large

patch of a threatened community is unavoidable, the more formal offsetting mechanisms should be considered.

Note: It is strongly recommended that for developments considering offsetting that pre-lodgement discussions are held with Council.

6 Any proposal involving a formal offsetting mechanism, on or off site, must be in accordance with the following principles:

i) Principle 1: Avoid, Minimise and Mitigate • Offsetting should only be considered once all efforts to avoid,

minimise or mitigate any negative impacts have been exhausted.

ii) Principle 2: The Precautionary Principle • In conducting an offsetting action the precautionary principle must

be applied. This principle requires that a conservative approach be taken, where there is uncertainty or lack of scientific confidence in an action and there are threats of serious or irreversible environmental damage.

iii) Principle 3: Net Gain • Offsetting must lead to a net gain in native flora and fauna and their

respective habitats and improve the condition of the environment over time.

• Offset sites should be identified and selected in accordance with regional and local conservation priorities. Offset actions must aim for long-term viability.

iv) Principle 4: Avoiding the Effects of Cumulative Impacts • Offsetting must not be used as a justification for granting approval

to developments, where the cumulative environmental impacts are greater than the benefit to be obtained from the offset action.

• Offsetting should also consider vegetation that is not lost, but retained on site and is reasonably expected to become degraded over the course of the life of the development.

v) Principle 5: Like-for -Like Protection and Management of Biodiversity Values

• The area protected and managed must be of the same vegetation community or habitat type as the community or habitat disturbed.

vi) Principle 6: Improvement in Value of Habitat • The area to be protected and managed must be of equal or

greater size and biological potential than the area lost. Where the area to be protected and managed is of equal potential, a larger area of habitat will be required to ensure a net gain is achieved. The composition, structure and function of a community should be considered. Offsets can be calculated using Biobanking or Council’s Biodiversity Offset Policy.

Controls

6.7 NO NET LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY (continued)


VOLUME B

vii) Principle 7: Enforceability • Formal offsets must be enforceable, secure and permanent.

Techniques include: - Purchase and dedication of land for conservation, or, - Conservation agreement or covenant over the area to be

protected and managed, or, - Financial contribution to a land manager such as Council or

National Parks and Wildlife Service for the restoration and ongoing management of land which is currently not actively managed.

viii) Principle 8: Supplement existing protection and management • Formal offsets must be supplementary to existing protection and

conservation management.

ix) Principle 9: Measurable Targets, Monitoring and Reporting • Monitoring and reporting of formal offsets is required to ensure

that the actions have been carried out, and are leading to positive biodiversity outcomes.

6.7 NO NET LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY (continued)

Controls


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6R References6R.1 Greenweb Maps

6R.2 Summary of Methodology for Conservation Significance Assessment - Greenweb


VOLUME B

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AVE

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St.Ives Greenweb Map

6R.1 GREENWEB MAPS


6R

REF

EREN

CES1215-1217

1203 1209-

1219-1223

4545A

29

3

19

19A

1618

3A

3030A

63

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12

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15

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44

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30

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26

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(1)

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6

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53

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65

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83

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2

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1420

1426

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1452

1450

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17

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28

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23

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27

20

18

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32

34

30

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46

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53

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57555351

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47

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38A

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37

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29

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26

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18

10

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19

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23

14

12

16

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6

14

8

10

12

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17

11

23

19

16

20

24

28

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1

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1293

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26

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39

43

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1269

1267

1263

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48

30

34

38

40

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52

54

31

33

39

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5-7

23

25

27

29

31

33

35

37

2

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10

8

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9

11

4

24

32

30

26

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19

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16

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2-6

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1361-1377

1440 - 1444

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KU-R

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BOO

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AVE

KU-RING-GAI

ST

AVE

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Turramurra Greenweb Map

6R.1 GREENWEB MAPS (continued)


VOLUME B6R.1 GREENWEB MAPS

(continued)

1

16B

16A

43

2226

28

1921

23

86

24

9A

15

34

32

36

30

23

25

27

29

21

19

17

16

18

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10

12

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55

57

59

61

63

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64

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62

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70

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54

56

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24

26

10

1

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25

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31

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17

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43454749

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4

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2

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27

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1

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2

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8

6

24

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11

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9

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18

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3840

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23

21

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44 4248 46

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20

26

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12

10

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37

(815

)

19

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898

924

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Lindfield Greenweb Map



6R

REF

EREN

CES

11A

11B

9A

9B

8

211-2

07

(210 -

214)

(103

)

(91)

(159

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6

11

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148

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9

7

5

6

8

14

16

23

69

73

4

26A

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55

64

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69-71

21

19

17

15

11

9

7

2

4

6

8

9

11

15

17

7

4

6

12

10

18

16

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2

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24

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198

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190

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1A

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16

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2

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5

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15 -

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23

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Roseville Greenweb Map



VOLUME B6R.2 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY FOR

CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT - GREENWEB

Category BackgroundCategory 1 Formal reserves consisting of Office of Environment and Heritage estate managed for the purpose of

biodiversity protection.

Formal reserves consisting of areas managed by Ku-ring-gai Council as Natural Areas under the Local Government Act 1993 for the purpose of biodiversity protection.

Regional Fauna Habitat includes regionally important connected areas of habitat providing resources for threatened and non threatened fauna species and populations (including national, state and regionally significant species).

Areas of Regional Fauna Habitat which cross major, regional and collector roadways have been included within this category, but have been identified in order to assist in the management of key barriers / breaks within the regional fauna habitat

Category 2 These areas provide support for Category 1, through the protection and improvement of vegetation quality and quantity, providing a buffer, reducing the contrast between core lands and the urban environment.

This concept is supported by the recommendations for a 60m retained buffer zone of native vegetation around significant vegetation; in response to identifying impacts from human disturbance up to 60m from road edges within the Blue Mountains (Smith and Smith (1997). Similarly, NSW DECC (2007c) recommends an absolute minimum buffer of 50m to Duffys Forest.

Whilst lands adjoining core areas within Ku-ring-gai consist primarily of developed lands, there is still capacity to retain / enhance some form of vegetation assemblage and structure as a buffer supporting adjoining core areas.

These buffer areas have the ability to provide resources that encourage urban-sensitive species to utilise forest edges and adjoining areas, as well as reducing edge effects to consolidated vegetation. Enabling for example a higher level of bird diversity to be maintained (Hodgson 2005, Hodgson et al 2006). This benefit is enhanced by native vegetation but is also aided by exotic plantings.

Research has identified significant bird diversity and abundance within the LGA. In addition, the proportion of housing and associated factors including habitat and predation have been recognised as influencing the movement of birds between native vegetation and the urban matrix (Hodgson et al 2006). Medium sized nectarivores have been observed to increase at the edges of high-density housing, encouraged by inappropriate planting (multitudes of large flowering cultivars) (Birds Australia et al 2005), and an increased predation ability (added by a reduction in the complexity of vegetation structure). In turn these birds have been observed to induce an inhibitory response among the small insectivores at the edges of high-density housing reducing bird diversity.

Local Fauna Habitat is provided by isolated remnants located more centrally in the LGA. Mapping included areas within both private and public land ownership, including Ku-ring-gai Natural Areas.


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Vegetation within CRZs provide support for riparian lands through the protection and improvement of vegetation quality and quantity.

All vegetation within these Core Riparian Zones (as identified in Section 2) has been targeted, including native and non-native species, with the exception of Riparian category 3a (consisting of piped creeks). For Riparian category 3a the areas identified in Greenweb category 2 is limited to mapped KVCs only, recognising the significance of these areas within any future restored landscape.

KVCs adjacent to CRZ areas described above have also been included within Greenweb category 2. These areas provide an increased buffer to CRZ within areas of ecological importance. Additionally connectivity provided by the CRZ helps to support the KVC area.

Vegetation within riparian areas provides a number of ecological services, including habitat, food resources, bank stability and sediment / nutrient filtration. They also act as microclimates, changing conditions in small remnant areas to support a variety of organisms as well as providing resources to nomadic, migratory and nearby resident species (Price et al 2007). Whilst occupying only a small proportion of the landscape, they support a greater variety and abundance of animal life than surrounding areas (Catterall et al 2007).

Riparian areas are known to be directly associated with many species. Apart from a wide array of invertebrates, in Ku-ring-gai, the Eastern Water Skink (Eulamprus quoyii), the Eastern Water Dragon (Physignathus lesueurii) and a number of frog species are entirely dependant on riparian areas for dispersal and survival. A number of microbat species, ground dwelling marsupials and the endangered Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua)1 depend on riparian zones regularly on a daily and seasonal basis.

The potential for moister environments to withstand temperature rises as associated with climate change may also play an important conservation role in the future. These areas provide for the protection of vegetation across the topographical range within the LGA. From 1st order streams, originating at shale bearing ridges though to 3rd order streams within sandstone gullies and estuarine environments.

Riparian areas are known to be directly associated with many species. Apart from a wide array of invertebrates, in Ku-ring-gai, the Eastern Water Skink (Eulamprus quoyii), the Eastern Water Dragon (Physignathus lesueurii) and a number of frog species are entirely dependant on riparian areas for dispersal and survival. A number of microbat species, ground dwelling marsupials and the endangered Powerful Owl (Ninox strenua) depend on riparian zones regularly on a daily and seasonal basis.

The potential for moister environments to withstand temperature rises as associated with climate change may also play an important conservation role in the future. These areas provide for the protection of vegetation across the topographical range within the LGA. From 1st order streams, originating at shale bearing ridges though to 3rd order streams within sandstone gullies and estuarine environments.

This includes all vegetation, including non local / non native species, within Biodiversity Corridors.

Note that areas of within biodiversity corridors lacking vegetation are mapped within Category 4.

1 Ku-ring-gai has the highest recorded distribution throughout the Greater Sydney Region (Kavanagh 2004).

6R.2 SUMMARY OF METHODOLOGY FOR CONSERVATION SIGNIFICANCE ASSESSMENT - GREENWEB (continued)


VOLUME B

Category 3 This includes all vegetation of patch size ≥ 0.1ha in size or vegetation areas of good or moderate condition within the urban matrix.

The patch size of ≥ 0.1ha, is estimated to include an area of approximately 6 large established trees. This patch size aligns to the 0.1ha layout of nested 20 × 50 m and 20 × 20 m plots used for the assessment of vegetation condition, as used within Biobanking (DECC 2008b) and the Biometrics methodology for assessing clearing and ecological thinning proposals on terrestrial biodiversity under the Native Vegetation Act 2003 (DECCW 2011).

This patch size is considerably larger than the ‘standard’ plot size (0.04ha) recommended by Native Vegetation Interim Type Standard for vegetation mapping and identification (Sivertsen 20092).

Note: A 5ha size threshold is adopted within the Biobanking methodology (DECC 2008a) and the BGHF listing advice under the EPBC Act (DEWHA 2005). A patch size analysis of Key Vegetation Communities

≥ 0.1ha as included within Category 3, identified that all patches ≥ 5ha are already mapped within Category 1 or 2.

These areas assist in the maintenance of TECs across a range of topographies. They also play an important role as biodiversity reservoirs, providing stepping stone links for fauna and seedbank / pollination resources to support the survival of remnant vegetation patches.

Small patches can be valuable for native inverterbrates and for some birds (Fischer and Lindenmayer, 2002).Urban street trees for example, provide bird habitat for resting, nesting, feeding and hollow use (Young et al 2007, Tzilkowski et al 1986, Weleh 1994, Cannon 1999, Chamberlain et al 2004). They also provide habitat for pollinators, such as bats, that may be less constrained by landscape features (Aldrich & Hamrick 1998, cited in Sork and Smoise 2006).

Areas included within this category (as well as those identified within biodiversity and riparian corridors) provide genetic resources from remnant vegetation to support the ecological functions of both KVCs and non KVCs, and facilitate gene flow (reducing genetic erosion / isolation and the effects of fragmentation).

In urban areas where fragmentation has occurred, the main strategy to fight genetic erosion is the maintenance of a good quality and quantity of gene flow among fragments. “Fragmentation does not necessarily equate to genetic isolation”, Krauss et al states (2007 p396). As long as there is sufficient gene flow between fragments, species should be able to survive and grow at a distant site. In other words, even though habitat may be separated, if the quality and frequency of gene flow can be maintained, genetic erosion should not occur. Sork and Smoise (2006) summarized that two elements measuring the degree of isolation of a fragmented landscape are the quantity of incoming pollen and the diversity of incoming gene sources.

As such the more connectivity and protection of sufficient / relevant remnant areas within the urban area, the higher level resilience or core areas will have.This category includes trees within KVCs identified as significant during Ku-ring-gai Key Vegetation Community mapping (KC 2011a and 2011b).

This included the identification of local native trees; identified as significant due to the presence of habitat (e.g. a hollow), provision of food for wildlife, and / or exceptional form or size. This mapping provides an opportunistic selection of significant native trees and is not considered to capture every significant tree within the urban landscape.

1 The Native Vegetation Interim Type Standard (Sivertsen 2009) addresses the quality and nature of the scientific processes for native vegetation type activities; and applies to all relevant vegetation activities to which the NSW Government is a signatory or to which the NSW Government makes a financial or in-kind contribution.



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Category 4 This consists of an 8m buffer applied to areas of Category 1 and 2, in order to highlight areas where improved connectivity/consolidation is sought. This may include both vegetated and non vegetated areas not already included within categories above.

These buffers will help to reduce edge effects on the ecological community (Smith and Smith, 1997; NSWDECC, 2007c). Edge effects include, for instance, the impacts of stormwater runoff, disturbance, dumping, weed encroachment, microclimate variations and nutrient changes. The buffer width is limited to 8m due to the practical constraints of the urban environment of Ku-ring-gai. This category addresses areas lacking vegetation within identified Biodiversity Corridors. These areas are identified for enhancement to reconnect patches of remnant vegetation, facilitating the improvement of connectivity between core habitats. These areas may provide additional functions such as protection of water quality.

Considered within the context of surrounding vegetation and habitat, these areas will help to maintain and restore the health, diversity and connectivity of native species population and communities and improve their resilience under future climate change.

Note that vegetation within Biodiversity corridors is addressed within in Category 2.

Category 5 KVC vegetation in good, moderate condition:

Whilst smaller than patches identified within Category 3, these areas also provide habitat septting stones, assist in the maintenance of TECs across a range of topographies, facilitate genetic flow and provide fauna habitat for more mobile/urbanised species.

See Section 3.3 of Ku-ring-gai Council (Dec 2011) Ku-ring-gai Biodiversity and Riparian Lands Study for further background.



VOLUME B

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Documents

PART - Ku-ring-gai Council...Volume C Part 1.1 (Landscaping) of this DCP, this Part prevails to the extent of any inconsistency. p 6-3 Ku-ring-gai Local Centres Development Control