PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT USING GGBS & NATURAL … · PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT USING GGBS & NATURAL SAND USING MANUFACTURED SAND (M-SAND) IN HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE Arthika

PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT USING GGBS & NATURAL

SAND USING MANUFACTURED SAND (M-SAND) IN HIGH

PERFORMANCE CONCRETE

Arthika B1, Maheshwari K2, Azhagumuthu M3

1Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering,

Vels Institute of Science, Technology & Advanced Studies, Chennai, Tamilnadu 2Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, St.Joseph’s institute of technology, Chennai, Tamilnadu

3Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Sri Ramanujar Engineering College, Chennai, Tamilnadu

[email protected], [email protected], [email protected]

Abstract

Behavior of concrete when the GGBS and M-sand is partially replaced in place of cement and fine aggregate respectively and compare the

results with conventional concrete. In recent days the demand for river sand is increasing due to its lesser availability. Hence the practice of

replacing river sand with M-Sand is taking a tremendous growth. It is also inferred from the literature that replacement of normal sand with M-

Sand produces no appreciable increase in compressive strength due to the variation in the pore size of concrete at micro level. This paper

presents the optimization of fully replacement of manufactured sand by natural sand with nano silica in high performance concrete. The ordinary

Portland cement is partially replaced with nanosilica by 0.75% and natural sand is fully replaced with manufactured sand. The studies reveal that

the increase in percentage of partial replacement of nano silica increased the compressive, tensile and flexural strength of concrete.

Keywords: Compressive Strength, Tensile Strength, Flexural Strength, Manufacturing Sand, Ground Granuateled Blast Furnace Slag, etc.

I. INTRODUCTION

Communities around the world rely on concrete as a safe, strong and simple building material. It is used in all types of

buildings (from residential to multi-story office blocks) and in infrastructure projects (roads, bridges, etc). Despite its widespread

use, many people are unaware of the considerations involved in providing high quality, strong, durable concrete. Concrete Basics

provides a clear, concise explanation of all aspects of making quality concrete from the Materials and Properties involved through

Planning, Preparation, Finishing and Curing. Concrete Basics addresses the needs of unskilled and semi-skilled persons

undertaking general concreting projects including home and handyman projects. Concrete Basics also assists owner builders in the

supervision of construction a general understanding of these terms will help to facilitate communication within the building

industry. Concrete Basics will help to generate a higher standard of workmanship on site and facilitate better communication

among construction workers, builders, engineers, building surveyors, architects and anyone interested in understanding the

processes involved in making quality concrete.

II. NEED FOR AN ALTERNATIVE MATERIAL

A concrete using cement alone as a binder requires high paste volume, which often leads to excessive shrinkage and large

evolution of heat of hydration, besides increased cost. An attempt is made to replace cement by a mineral admixture like ground

granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) and silica fume in concrete mixes to overcome these problems. Increasing the performance

of concrete with the partial replacement of mineral admixture using GGBS along with chemical admixture eliminates the

drawbacks besides enhancing durability characteristics. High cost is the dominating factor of convectional construction material

which is affecting the housing system. As an alternative method to overcome this drawback which is decreasing the strength of

building, it is necessary to make research on any alternating materials which will decrease the cost and increase the strength of

concrete. Fine aggregate and coarse aggregate are the important ingredients in concrete. Due to demand of aggregates there is a

need of alternative materials. Lot of materials are available that can be used as an alternative material in concrete. Some of the

materials are copper slag, natural fibres, carbon fibre, steel fibre, ceramic tiles, and plastics. Waste materials from industries also

used as an alternative material in concrete. Materials such as GGBS, flyash, silica fumes, quartz RHA (rice husk), coconut fibre

ash also used.

JASC: Journal of Applied Science and Computations

Volume V, Issue XII, December/2018

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III. SCOPE

• To provide an economical concrete.

• Characteristics of M-sand ,grain size distributions

• To be easily adopted in construction field.

• To use the wastes in useful manner.

• To reduce the demand of cement.

• To improve the durability of the concrete.

• To reduce the cost of the construction

IV. OBJECTIVE

• Replace the conventional concrete with the partial replacement of cement by GGBS(ground granulated blast furnace slag)

• 50% replacement of river sand is replaced with M-sand, with reference to (Adams Joe M et al. (2013))

• Finding the optimum level of percentage of usage of GGBS in place of sand

• To effectively use the construction waste.

• To study the effective utilization of pozzolanic material in concrete by conducting the following tests.

Compressive strength

Flexural strength

Split tensile strength

V. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

5.1 Material Characterization

5.1.1 Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBS)

Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS or GGBFS) is obtained by quenching molten iron slag (a by-product of iron and

steel-making) from a blast furnace in water or steam, to produce a glassy, granular product that is then dried and ground into a fine

powder. Iron ore, coke and limestone are fed into the furnace, and the resulting molten slag floats above the molten iron at a

temperature of about 1500ºC to 1600ºC.

The molten slag has a composition of 30% to 40% silicon dioxide (SiO2) and approximately 40% CaO, which is close to the

chemical composition of Portland cement. After the molten iron is tapped off, the remaining molten slag, which mainly consists of

siliceous and aluminous residues, is then rapidly water- quenched, resulting in the formation of a glassy granulate. This glassy

granulate is dried and ground to the required size which is known as ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS). The production

of GGBS requires little additional energy compared with the energy required for the production of Portland cement. The

replacement of Portland cement with GGBS will lead to a significant reduction of carbon dioxide gas emission. GGBS is therefore

an environmentally friendly construction material. It can be used to replace as much as 80% of the Portland cement when used in

concrete. GGBS concrete has better water impermeability characteristics as well as improved resistance to corrosion and sulphate

attack.

Fig 5. 1. Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Fig 5. 2 Manufactured Sand



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As a result, the service life of a structure is enhanced and the maintenance cost reduced. High volume eco-friendly

replacement slag leads to the development of concrete which not only utilizes the industrial wastes but also saves significant

natural resources and energy. This in turn reduces the consumption of cement. When it used in concrete, it make concrete has

good workability, high strength, and good durability. the tables are presented below for various mixes

Table5. 1. Mix Details of various mixes

Type of mix Binder (%) Fine aggregate (%) Coarse aggregate (%)

Cement GGBS River sand M sand 20 mm 12 mm

Control Mix(M) 100 0 100 0 50 50

M1 90 10 50 50 50 50

M2 80 20 50 50 50 50

M3 70 30 50 50 50 50

M4 50 50 50 50 50 50

M1- GGBS 10%& M-sand 50% ,M2- GGBS 20% & M-sand 50%, M3- GGBS30% & M-sand 50% , M4- GGBS 50% & M-sand

50%

Fig 5.3 Compression test on cube Fig 5.4 Ultimate stage in cube

Table 5.2 Compressive strength for different mixes at 14 days

Type of Mix

Load(KN) Compressive

strength (Mpa) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Average

M(Control Mix) 951.175 837 855

881.05 39

M1 945.9 970.4 990.7

969 43

M2 925 910.7 915

916.9 40.75

M3 832 808 825

815 36.2

M4 698.4 690.3 710.4

699.7 31.09



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Fig 5.5 Compressive Strength for different Mixes at 14 Days

Table 5.3 Compressive strength for different mixes at 28 days

Type of Mix

Load(KN) Compressive

strength (Mpa) Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Average

M(Control Mix) 963 1158 932.4 1017.8 45.23

M1 1138 1115.4 1089 1114.1 49.5

M2 1005.7 1112.9 1098

1072.2 47.65

M3 981 1025 990 998.6 44.3

M4 885 925 915 908.3 40.3

Fig 5.6 Compressive Strength for Different Mixes at 28 Days

From the figures, It is understood that the compressive strength of concrete of M1 (GGBS 10% & Msand 50%) has significantly

increased when compared with conventional concrete. The maximum compressive strength at all ages of testing was obtained at

10%GGBS &50% Msand optimum replacement, corresponding to an increase of 10.25%, 8.84% and11.33% compared to the 14-

days, 28-days and 56-days compressive strength of conventional concrete.

Flexural Test

Specimens of size 100x100x500 are casted and are tested for flexural strength. The flexure test is carried out by subjecting

the beam to two point loading. Maximum fibre stress will be under the point of loading where the bending moment is maximum.

The bed of the testing machine should be provided with two steel rollers on which the specimen is supported.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Control Mix M1 M2 M3 M4

Str

ess

N/m

m2

compressive strength

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Control Mix M1 M2 M3 M4

Str

ess

N/m

m2

compressive strength



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Fig 5.7 Flexural Test on Beam

Fig 5.8 Flexural Strength for different Mixes at 28 Days

From figure it is understood that Mix 3(30% GGBS & 50% M-sand) shows higher flexural strength when compared to any other

mixes. It is observed that by adding 30% GGBS & 50% M-sand there is an increase in flexural strength by 75.36 %.

Flexural Behaviour of R.C.C Beam:

The beam of size 1000x100x100mm was kept on the UTM and dial gauges were kept at mid span point. The beams were

tested at an interval of 5 KN each (load stage).The beams were loaded till the failure load is reached. The yielding and breaking

load is also noted. Deflection is measured for a load increment of 5 KN up to failure. Static tests were conducts for determining

the load deflection variations with loading in addition to the evaluation of ultimate load carrying capacity of the test beams. The

figure is shown in

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

Control mix M1 M2 M3 M4

Str

ess

N/m

m2

Flexural strength



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Fig 5.9.Beam setup in Universal Testing Machine

Table 5.4 Load Vs deflection results

S.NO

LOAD(KN)

DEFLECTION(MM)

CONTROL MIX BEAM MIX1(10% GGBS

50% M-sand)

1 5 0.11 0.126

2 10 0.258 0.298

3 15 0.408 0.49

4 20 0.574 0.708

5 25 0.784 0.94

6 30 1.008 1.224

7 35 1.226 1.47

8 40 1.48 1.708

9 45 1.674 1.944

10 50 1.91 2.21

11 55 2.16 2.45

12 60 2.02 2.23

13 65 1.87 2.08



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Fig 5.10 Load Vs deflection curve of R.C.C beam


0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Control Mix

10% Ggbs &50% Msand

S.NO

LOAD(KN)

DEFLECTION

MIX2(20% GGBS

50% Msand)

1 5 0.142

2 10 0.307

3 15 0.397

4 20 0.678

5 25 0.894

6 30 1.034

7 35 1.427

8 40 1.783

9 45 2.11

10 50 2.58

11 55 2.32

12 60 2.10



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The maximum breaking load is noted and yielding point starts at 32.7 for control beam whereas 35 KN for Mix 1 beam. A graph

is plotted between load and deflection values. From the results it is observed that there is a slight increase in deflection for the

beam M1 (10% GGBS & 50% M-sand) than the conventional beam.

CONCLUSIONS

Based on the results obtained from experiments, following conclusion is drawn

• Based on the compressive strength results, the maximum compressive strength at all ages of testing was obtained at (M1)10%

GGBS & 50% M-sand optimum replacement, corresponding to an increase of 10.25%, 8.84% and11.33% compared to the 14-

days and 28-days compressive strength of conventional concrete.

• While comparing the split tensile strength results, HPC mix containing 10% GGBS & 50% M-sand (M1) achieved greater split

tensile strength when compared with conventional concrete. High performance concrete mix (M1) has achieved 0.85% higher

value than conventional concrete.

• The flexural strength results have shown that high performance concrete with 30 % GGBS & 50% M-sand (M3) has got highest

flexural strength compared with conventional concrete. The percentage increase in flexural strength is 75.36% higher when

compared with conventional concrete.

• Based on the results, it is observed that there is a slight increase in deflection of the beam M1of 13.42 % than the conventional

beam. From the results it is observed that there is a slight increase in deflection for the beam M1 (10% GGBS & 50% M-sand)

than the conventional beam.

S.NO

LOAD(KN)

DEFLECTION

MIX3(30% GGBS

50% M-sand)

1 5 0.328

2 10 0.562

3 15 0.796

4 20 1.180

5 25 1.489

6 30 1.967

7 35 2.348

8 40 2.72

9 45 3.28

10 50 2.87

11 55 2.41

S.NO

LOAD(KN)

DEFLECTION

MIX4(50% GGBS

50% M-sand)

1 5 0.418

2 10 0.662

3 15 0.985

4 20 1.530

5 25 1.879

6 30 2.340

7 35 2.83

8 40 3.09

9 45 3.42

10 50 3.02

11 55 2.72



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FUTURE STUDY

• A much more extensive study on the properties and behavior of concrete with GGBS and M-sand can be made.

• Investigation may be done for higher grades of concrete and with different water cement ratios with same materials.

• Study on concrete with full replacement of M sand as fine aggregate can be done.

• Further investigation on resistance of concrete with GGBS to attack by sulphates, chlorides, alkali silica reactions, carbonation,

harmful chemicals and resistance to high temperatures can be carried out.

• A broad study can be done on durability characteristics of concrete with GGBS and Manufacturing sand as cement and fine

aggregate replacements.

REFERENCES

1. Adams Joe.M, A.Mariya Rajesh “An Experimental Investigation on the Effect of GGBS & Steel Fibre in High Performance

Concrete”-International Journal of Computational Engineering Research||Vol, 04||Issue, 4||.

2. Adams joe.M, A.Mariya Rajesh, P.Brightson, M.PremAnand “Experimental investigation on the effect of M-sand in high

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Issue-12, pp-46-51.

3. Dordi.C.M, VyasaRao.A.N, Manu Santhanam Microfine “Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag for High Performance

Concrete”-Third International Journal Conference on Sustainable Materials and Technologies.

4. Elavenil.S, Vijaya.B “Manufactured Sand, A Solution and An Alternative To River Sand And In Concrete Manufacturing” –

Journal Of Engineering, Computers & Applied Sciences (JEC&AS) ISSN No: 2319‐5606 Volume 2, No.2, February 2013.

5. IS 12089 – 1987, Specification for Granulated Slag for the Manufacture of Portland Slag Cement.

6. IS 12269: 2013, Ordinary Portland cement 53 Grade — Specification.

7. IS 2386 (Part I) – 1963, Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, Part I Particle Size and Shape.

8. IS 2386 (Part II)-1963, Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, Part II Estimation of Deleterious Materials and Organic

Impurities.

9. IS 2386 (Part III) – 1963, Methods of Test for Aggregates for Concrete, Part III Specific Gravity, Density, Voids, Absorption and

Bulking.

10. IS 2386 (Part IV)-1963, Methods Of Test For Aggregates For Concrete, Part IV Mechanical Properties

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Using GBFS”-international journal on software and hardware in engineering ISSN No: 2347-4890 vol (2) 2014.

14. Shetty.M.S, Concrete Technology Theory and practice, S.Chand& Company Ltd., Ram Nagar, New Delhi-110 055.

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16. Sonali K.Gadpalliwar, R.S.Deotale “To Study the Partial Replacement of Cement by GGBS & RHA and Natural Sand by Quarry

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17. Sowmya.S.M, PremanandKumbar, R.Amar “An Experimental Investigation on Strength Properties of Concrete by Replacing

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PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT USING GGBS & NATURAL … · PARTIAL REPLACEMENT OF CEMENT USING GGBS & NATURAL SAND USING MANUFACTURED SAND (M-SAND) IN HIGH PERFORMANCE CONCRETE Arthika