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Participatory Resource
Monitoring for NTFPs: The
Philippine Experience
Kate Mana Galido
Resource Management Officer
NTFP-TF
A collaborative network of Philippine grassroots
non-government organizations and people’s
organizations working with forest-based
communities (especially indigenous
communities)
on NTFP-based livelihoods within the context of
sustainable forest management and
community empowerment
NTFP-TF Partners
1. CustomMade Crafts Center (CMCC)
2. Enterprise Works Worldwide (EWW)
3. Kalahan Educational Foundation (KEF)
Mangyan Mission
4. Samahan ng Nagkakaisang Mangyan
Alangan (SANAMA)
5. Kapulungan ng mga Mangyan para sa Lupaing
Ninuno (KPLN)
6. Broad Initiatives for Negros Development (BIND)
7. Father Vincent Cullen Tulugan Learning and
Development Center (FVCTLDC)
8. Agtulawon Mintapod Higaonon Cumadon (AGMIHICU)
9. Nagkakaisang Mga Tribu ng Palawan
MINDORO
BUKIDNON
MAGUINDANAO
NEGROS
PALAWAN
MANILA
SOUTH COTABATO
CORDILLERA
NUEVA VIZCAYA
QUEZON
AKLAN
ZAMBOANGA
110 Major indigenous groups
12 Million population of Indigenous Peoples in the Philippines (De Vera, 2007)
NTFPs in the Philippines
Philippines - one of the 17 megadiversity countries
o Rattan-62 species
o Erect palms- buri (Corypha elata), nipa (Nipa fruticans) anahaw (Livistonia roundifolia) and kaong or sugar palm (Arenga pinnata)
o Bamboo- 32 species
o Pandans- more than 40 species
o Resins- almaciga (Agathis philippinensis) Benguet pine (Pinus kesiya), piling liitan (Canarium luzonicum) and apitong (Dipterocarpus grandiflorus)
o Oil
o Vines
o Fibers
o Medicinal plants
o Natural dyes
pe
rce
nt
fo
rest
co
ve
r
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33
Philippines
Change in Forest Cover, 1876-2002
year Data Source: 1876-1987 from Garrity et al. (1993); 1990 from FAO (2001); 1999 from ESSC (1999); 1991, 1996, 2001, 2000 and 2002 from DENR-FMB (2005)
Source: Fernando, 2005
Unfortunately, this natural wealth is being depleted and studies show that the country’s remaining
forest stand is only between 18-19.3% (DENR-FMB, 2003, FAO, 2005)
Policies relating to NTFPs FAO 11, 1970- Definition of NTFPs as ordinary and
minor forest products, requirements for permitting, types of licenses (never been amended since 1970)
PD 705 of 1975 Revised Forestry Code – Basic policy on forestry. States that for any utilization, permit is needed
EO 192 – Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) has jurisdiction and authority over forest lands and regulation of permits in the same
DAO 4, 1989 – rules and regulations governing rattan Forest charges – RA 7161 RA 8371 of 1997 Indigenous People’s Rights Act
(IPRA)- gave priority to indigenous communities Joint DENR-NCIP AO 01-2008- Sustainable and
Traditional Indigenous Forest Resource Management Systems and Practices (STIFRMSP )
CENRO Applicant PENRO RED OSEC
Return to Sender
FMB
Source: Razal 2007
NTFP Policy in the Philippines From Ramon Razal’s presentation: Fulfilling the Promise of
NTFPs: A Case for Bridging the Science Gap in NTFP Policy
No policy document exists that could apply to the whole range of
NTFPs
Inadequate, inconsistent, and inefficient
Unnecessary, costly and unfair
SOPs/Checpoints
Inventory system- cost of permit processing
Problems, Issues, Gaps and Conflicts
(NTFP forum, 2007) Lengthy requirements, varying interpretations, high transaction
costs (Arquiza and Aquino)
Sustaining NTFP resources- Lack of monitoring, unequal
utilization of resources. Rigorous inventory systems
Do not prioritize indigenous and local community groups in
awarding NTFP licenses
Need to develop more cost effective and appropriate
monitoring mechanisms for NTFPs
Advocacy
Submitted proposed Joint Admin order for NTFPs to the DENR
Fieldtesting Project: Comparison of methodologies and proposed PRM as an option Memorandum of Agreement-
NTFP and DENR in signed in 2009
Quest for a methodology that will ensure
sustainability of NTFPs
DENR’s Resource
Inventory
Simplified NTFP Inventory
System
Participatory Resource
Monitoring
-5% of forested area (for
rattan)- MC 29, 1989
-No specified sampling
intensity for other NTFPs
-Inventory to arrive at
average density per hectare
-Computations for Annual
Allowable Cut (AAC) or
Sustainable Yield Cut (Section
26, Chapter 4, Dao 4 1989)
-Strip transect method is used where forest areas are subdivided into homogeneous blocks (with high concentration of NTFPs being studied) -longest section of this homogeneous block is divided into 100 x10 meter sections -total volume of NTFPs being studied in that block shall be obtained by a blow up factor corresponding to the total estimated areas where these NTFPs occur.
-a system of monitoring to
determine whether
management of the NTFPs is
sustainable (trending)
-Shift towards involving local
communities in the
management of areas of high
biodiversity
-adaptive management as
being a more suitable approach
- PRM calendar based on
criteria and indicators
BMS a model for monitoring in the Philippines
PRM has already been implemented in the Protected Areas of the Philippines, where it has been incorporated into the Biodiversity Monitoring System (BMS).
Why not PRM (similar to BMS) for NTFP sustainability monitoring?
Palawan field trials, 2006: honey, almaciga and rattan
Rattan
Criteria Indicators Methods
Rattan species diversity Number of rattan species observed Transect walk*, harvest
records, field diary,
photograph, focus groups
Rattan abundance Number of plants Transect walk
Yield of harvest/unit time Harvest records
Rattan regeneration Number of wildlings Transect walks
Resource condition
Any shoots/stems with signs of
disease, water marks, fungal attack,
insect attack
Transect walks, harvest
records
(clustering rattan species only) Number of shoots/immature
stems/mature stems per cluster
Transect walks, harvest
records
Environmental conditions Number and condition of monkeys
and birds and other wildlife that
help in regeneration
Transect walks, field diaries,
focus groups
Practices are/are not followed Stems cut before flowering/fruiting Focus groups
(clustering rattan species only) Shoots/immature stems damage/cut
by harvesting activities
Transect walks, field diaries,
focus groups
(clustering rattan species only) Length of stump of harvested stem Transect walks, field diaries,
focus groups
How PRM is done:
1. Develop the Resource Management Plan
2. Develop the criteria
3. Develop the indicators
4. Develop the methods
5. Develop the PRM calendar
6. Implement the PRM calendar
7. Evaluation and improvement of PRM
Criteria, indicators
Criteria Rattan Almaciga Honey 1. Enforcement of
Harvesting Protocols
Harvest stems with length of 25 meters
and above.
Do not damage the seedling, shoots,
and juvenile stems.
Do not cut or harvest immature stems
Do not cut trees where the immature
rattan stems attached.
Avoid overcutting around the tree
girth/circumference.
Avoid deep tapping.
The tapping should not exceed 8
inches in length and should be
slanting
Do not burn the hive
Do not hurt or damage the
branch of support tree
Do not harvest the beehives
intended for the spirits.
2. Protection of
sanctuary and reserves
The wildlife such as monkeys, birds
and the rattan are protected and should
not be harvested unless with
permission from the elders/datu.
The harvesting of almaciga inside
the sanctuary and reserve areas is
not allowed without the permission
from datu.
The hives are protected and
harvesting is not allowed.
3. Monitoring of
outsiders or non-
AGMIHICU
The outsiders are not allowed to
harvest rattan and will be punished if
violated this protocol. (if without
permission from the datu)
The outsiders are not allowed to
harvest and will be punished if
violated this rule.
Will not be allowed to harvest if
not inside his gaup. Need to ask
permission from the gaup owner.
4. Environmental
Conditions
Do not cut the support trees Do not open up kaingin in areas with
almaciga.
Do not disturb the hives
Do not cut the flowering trees
Do not cut the trees with leaves
used for flaming
5. Resource condition Yield of harvest/unit time
Regeneration of rattan; number of
wildlings
Yield/ amount of harvested resin
Health of almaciga
Color of leaves (green and not
yellow)
Straight trunk
Absence of termites
Number of wildlings of almaciga
Volume of honey harvested
Number of bee colonies per tree
PRM WORKSHOP OUTPUT showing the indicators developed in
monitoring Honey, Almaciga and Rattan resources for AGMIHICU,
Bukidnon
PRM methods
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
40 m
5m
5m
FGDs/
Meetings
Harvest record
Must be collected at regular intervals
Cost efficient Not overly burdensome- local
culture, fit in the routine activities
Appropriate for supporting management objectives
Analyzed and evaluated results can be used for decision-making
Monitoring calendar developed for Bukidnon METHOD INDICATORS HOW WHO WHERE WHEN and
how much
1)HARVEST RECORD
Rattan
(Balagon)
Harvesting practices:
Harvest stems with length of 25
meters and above.
Do not damage the seedling,
shoots, and juvenile stems.
Do not harvest immature stems
Do not cut trees where the
immature rattan stems attached.
Abundance:
Yield of harvest per unit of time
Regeneration:
Number of wildlings
During harvesting
and submit at the
consolidation
area
Possibly, every
gaup will have
recorder; and
with on the job
training
Knowledgeable
in estimating
and can write
Mintapod
harvesters
(5pax)
Harvesters in
each gaup and
recorder (Victor
Jr. -Honey)
possible 3
harvester
Amusig,
Mintapod,
Mahagwa,
Lagbangan,
Kilubaon,
Naabat
.
(as need
arises)
Aug.-Sept.
Salumayag Avoid cutting around the girth
Avoid deep tapping
Tapping should not exceed 8 inches
in length and should be slanting
Harvest yield
Health of the tree (color of leaves
are green, straight trunk,absence
of termites)
Regeneration
Harvest record
Literate and can
write
Knowledgeabe
in making
estimates
Areas
outside the
Patagonan
Areas
where
Almaciga is
abundant
Once a year
Continuation of monitoring calendar
Methods Indicators How Who Where When
Palayag/
Malabusog
Do no burn the hives
Do not damage the support tree
Harvest yield
Number of hives per tree
Do not harves the hives that are
intended for the spirits
Actual harvesting Knowledgeable
of harvesting
practices and
can be trusted
by the
elders/datu
Anywhere
as long as
outside the
patagonan
August-
September
during
flowering of
the trees
2) PANLAUY/Permanent plot
Balagon
Banay-
mature
Hubalon-
immatura
Do not cut immature stems
Do not harm the juvenile,
shoots and seedlings
Harvest stems with length more
than 25 meters only
Do not cut the support tree
Regeneration of rattan
Harvest yield of rattan
Establishment of
4 x 10 permanent
plot for
regeneration
studies (8
subplots of 5x 5
m)
PRM core
group team
Core group:
Martin, Jun,
Victor,Ronnie,k
enneth
September
MAHAGWA-
2 plots
3)Hunting
trip
Do not harm or damage the
shoots, juvenile and seedlings
Number of seedlings of almaciga
Do not cut the flowering trees
and the trees with leaves being
used in harvesting honey
During visit in the
forest for hunting
wild boar,
monkeys,
rodents, birds;
fishing; and
frogging
Hunters that
are
allowed/truste
d by the elders
At the
middle of
the forest
of
AGMIHICU
Planting
season-
every
March of
the year
Bukidnon PRM
Traditional forest
patrol (Panlauy)
in Mintapod
during rattan
harvesting
-Able to monitor
unsustainable practices
-Datu Amay stopped the
harvesting and fines were
imposed including to
himself (if only one
commits violation,
everyone will be affected)
Results:
Evaluation of the 3 Methods
It became a competition between the 3 methods
Difficulty in comparing precision, simplicity and accuracy for
the 3 methods
Cannot conduct PRM properly without the permits to
harvest
Initial cost comparison: highest cost for DENR’s RI and
lowest cost for PRM
Challenges
PRM is a new concept
Communities need to accept the challenge; commitment
For most IPOs, they have their own traditional ‘PRM’, should use
local terms and be adapted to local customs and practices
PRM is a long process
Needs more time (1-2 years) to complete setting it up in each
community
Strengthen the PRM before comparing with other methods
Sustainability- benefits need to be obvious for the community,
integration with enterprise and Ancestral Domain Sustainable
Development and Protection Plan; and with the permitting systems
Challenges
Capacity of the People’s Organization
Skills and resources (funds, time)
Organizational issues
Commitment
Sustain Indigenous Knowledge Systems and Practices/
Traditional Ecological Knowledge
Easier to do in Bukidnon than Palawan
Maraming Salamat!