PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) in€¦ · PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) in Pilot villages, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province Prepared by: January 1997 The Vietnam-Finland

The Viet Nam - Finland Forestry Sector Co-operation Programme

The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Bac Kan Province

TECHNICAL REPORT NO 3

PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA)

in

Pilot villages, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province

Prepared by:

January 1997

The Vietnam-Finland Forestry Sector Co-operation Programme in b rief

The Programme started in March 1996 and the first phase will last three years. The Programme is financed jointly by the Governments of Finland and Vietnam. The geographic coverage of the Programme is concentrated in the mountainous regions of Bac Kan Province where forestry is taken as a key potential activity which could contribute to social and economic development. Local population, mainly people from different ethnic minorities, suffer from social and economic problems due to lack of income generating opportunities. At the same time the mountainous regions are facing severe deforestation and forest degradation due to mismanagement and non-optimal use of the resources. The development objective of the Programme is to contribute to sustainable rural development in the mountainous regions of Vietnam, through the integration of forestry activities in the rural land-use and economy. The target groups of the Programme are rural households, ethnic groups, professional personnel at province, district and commune level and in national forestry administration. The Programme strategy is to introduce and disseminate sustainable forest management and other farm-forestry practices as viable alternatives to shifting cultivation and other forms of unsustainable land use. The Programme implementation will be a continuous process of participatory learning and application. The following Programme components form the implementation strategy (i) community development, (ii) capacity building, (iii) dissemination and (iv) monitoring and evaluation. The immediate objectives respective to the above components are (i) established and tested mechanism to assist farmers/forest owners at the village level, (ii) improved capacity of the existing institutions in providing services for forestry extension, (iii) transferred practical experience from the pilot villages/communes to neighbouring areas, province level and finally national level and (iv) established monitoring and evaluation system at different levels. The implementing agencies of the Programme are Department of Agriculture and Rural Development in Bac Kan Province and Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, while the People’s Committee of Bac Kan Province and the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development are the competent authorities of the Programme. The supporting consultant is Indufor Ltd. in partnership with Enso Forest Development Ltd. and FTP International Ltd.

The team members

Department of Agriculture and Rural Development, Bac Kan province

Mr. Nguyen Van Viet, Programme Director, Director of the Department Mr. Vu Luan, Programme Secretary, Forest Officer

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Mr. Ngo Tan, Accountant Ms. Bui Thi Khoa, Cashier

Forest Enterprise in Cho Don District

Mr. Hoang Van Hoi, Director of the Forest Enterprice Mr. Truong Quoc Tu, Chief of the planning section in the Forest Enterprice Mr. Dong Khanh Hung, Forest Engineer Mr. Hoang Van Tuyen, Forest Technician Mr. Hoan Van Chiem, Forest Technician Mr. Vi Huu Kia, Forest Technician Mr. Ta Huu Huynh, Forest Technician

Agriculture Extension Station in Cho Don District

Mr. Luan Sy Thi, Forest Engineer

Programme advisors and their assistants

Mr. Petri Lehtonen, Chief Technical Advisor (CTA), Indufor Oy Mr. Anders Wikberg, Field Advisor, Enso Forest Development Ltd Ms. Dinh Thi Van, CTA’s assistant, interpreter Mr. Le Tien Phong, Field Advisor’s assistance, interpreter.

Contact information

Vietnam-Finland Forestry Sector Co-operation Programme

FOREWORD

The Vietnam-Finland Forestry Sector Co-operation Programme started participatory planning in the Programme’s pilot area in July 1996. The pilot area comprises four villages within two communes in Cho Don district. The villages are Coc Thu and Na Tum in Ngoc Phai commune and Na Ang and Ban Chang in Dong Lac commune. The participatory planning has been going on until the end of 1996. The process will still continue.

Farmers who depend on forest land are the Programme’s principal target group at the village level. A precondition to support the farmers’ forest development activities is that the authorities have allocated forest land to households. The Programme felt that it was important to identify the farmers’ needs and priorities and opportunities for sustainable development of forest land. The principal tool for the identification has been a method commonly known as Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA). In addition to the PRA the Programme has carried out and will carry out base-line studies on different topics such as markets, appropriate technology, ecology and economic viability. The PRA and base-line studies produce information which forms basis to facilitate farmers to carry out sustainable production activities within their forest land.

This technical report reviews process and results of the PRA carried out in the Programme’s pilot area. The results form also a foundation to a village level database that will be developed in the course of the Programme.

The information gathered in this report has been produced by the farmers themselves with help of the Programme’s field staff during the PRA process. The final edition of the information was prepared by Mr. Hoang Van Chiem, Mr. Dong Khanh Hung, Mr. Ta Huu Huynh, Mr. Vi Huu Kia, Ms. Ha Thi Mui, Mr. Le Thien Phong, Mr. Luan Sy Thi, Mr. Hoang Van Tuyen, and Mr. Anders Wikberg. Also other Programme staff has supported the PRA

Programme office in Bac Kan Province: Hanoi:

Department of Agriculture and Rural Development Bac Kan Tel +(84-281)-870.524, Fax +(84-281)-870.525

Programme office in Cho Don district: Cho Don Forest Enterprise Tel + (84-281)-882241, Fax + (84-281)-882241.

c/o Secretariat of the International Support Group, Ministry of Agriculture & Rural Development. 1A Nguyen Cong Tru Tel +(84-4)-8211 876, Fax +(84-4)-8214 779

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process.

This is the third technical report of the Programme. We wish to thank all the villagers in the four pilot villages, village and commune leaders and the Programme staff for their effort to have this report finalised.

A special thanks goes to Mr. Nguyen Duc Thinh, Director of the Agricultural Extension Center in Bac Kan for conducting the training course in PRA-techniques for the field staff.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Mr. Nguyen Van Viet Mr. Petri Lehtonen

Director of the Programme Chief Technical Advisor

1. EXCEUTIVE SUMMARY 1

2. BACKGROUND 3

2.1 Introduction 3

2.2 Selection of the Programme’s Pilot villages 3

2.3 Objectives and Methodology 4

3. NGOC PHAI COMMUNE 6

3.1 Coc Thu 6

3.1.1 General 6

3.1.2 Land area 6

3.1.3 Population 7

3.1.4 Education 7

3.1.5 Health 8

3.1.6 Economic situation 8

3.1.7 Organisations 8

3.1.8 Existing assistance 10

3.1.9 Forestry 10

3.1.10 Problems identified 10

3.1.11 Solutions and proposals 11

3.1.12 Analysis of advantages and difficulties 11

3.2 Na Tum 12

3.2.1 General 12

3.2.2 Land area 12

3.2.3 Population 13

3.2.4 Education 13

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3.2.5 Health 14




3.2.9 Forestry 15


4. DONG LAC COMMUNE 18

4.1 Na Ang 18

4.1.1 General 18

4.1.2 Land area 18

4.1.3 Population 19

4.1.4 Education: 19

4.1.5 Health 21


4.1.7 Analysis of advantages and problems 21



4.1.10 Forestry 25

4.2 Ban Chang 26

4.2.1 General 26

4.2.2 Land area 26

4.2.3 Population 27

4.2.4 Education 27

4.2.5 Health 27




4.2.9 Animal husbandry 29

4.2.10 Forestry 29

4.2.11 Problems identified 30


4.2.13 Analysis of the advantages and difficulties: 31

5. VILLAGE AND FARM LEVEL PLANS 34

5.1 General 34

5.2 Village Development Plans 35

5.3

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List of Annexes

List of Tables

Farm Development Plans 35

6. CONCLUSIONS 36

7. SUGGESTED READING 39

ANNEX 1 Map of Northern part of Cho Don district

ANNEX 2 Communes of Cho Don district

ANNEX 3 General information on Bac Kan province and Cho Don district

ANNEX 4 General information of Cho Don District, Pilot communes and villages

ANNEX 5 Transect of Na Tum village

ANNEX 6 Transect of Ban Chang village

ANNEX 7 Venn diagram of Coc Thu village

ANNEX 8 Venn diagram of Na Tum village

ANNEX 9 Venn diagram of Na Ang village

ANNEX 10 Venn diagram of Ban Chang village

ANNEX 11 Problem tree of Na Tum village

ANNEX 12 Problem tree of Ban Chang village

ANNEX 13 List of tree species and their uses

Table 1. Land area of Coc Thu village 5

Table 2. Land use situation in Coc Thu during 1963-1979 6

Table 3. Population structure of Coc Thu village 6

Table 4. Educational situation in Coc Thu 6

Table 5. Household classification in Coc Thu village 7

Table 6. Problems identified in Na Tum village 9

Table 7. Land area of Na Tum village 11

Table 8. Land use situation in Na Tum during 1960-1996 12

Table 9. Population structure of Na Tum village 12

Table 10. Educational situation in Na Tum 12

Table 11. Household classification in Na Tum village 13

Table 12. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats table for Na Tum village 16

Table 13. Land area of Na Ang village 17

Table 14. Land use in Na Ang during 1960-1996 17

Table 15. Population structure of Na Ang village 18

Table 16. The educational situation in Na Ang 18

Table 17. Land area of Ban Chang village 24

Table 18. Land use situation in Ban Chang during 1960-1996 24

Table 19. Population structure of Ban Chang village 25

Table 20. Educational situation in Ban Chang 25

Table 21. Household classification in Ban Chang village 26

Table 22. Livestock in Ban Chang 27

Table 23. Tree planting activities in Ban Chang village 27

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List of Figures

Abbreviations

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The principal objective of this report is to describe and analyse the process and results of the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise that took place in the Programme’s four pilot villages from July to December 1996.

The following contents were achieved in the PRA exercise in Coc Thu, Na Tum, Na Ang and Ban Chang villages: village history development maps, present situation, village transects, institutional situation (Venn diagram), classification and list of households, seasonal calendar, lists of known tree species, actual use of different species, preferences of tree species, consumption of forest products from own and other forests, market information, value of different forest products (wood & non-wood), analysis of advantages, problem identification and analysis and solutions and proposal for assistance.

The Programme intends to facilitate preparation of village plans and farm plans in the pilot area. The plans are based on PRA results and base-line studies (markets, appropriate technology, ecology and economy). The village plans will be general strategic plans and farm plans detailed plans for farmers’ action. The PRA based plans should give answers to the following questions: (i) what will be done?, (ii) where?, (iii) how?, (iv) when?, (v) by whom?, and with what resources?

The PRA exercise has an important role in familiarising the extension field staff with the farmers and vice versa. Here the process has been perhaps even more important than the results. The PRA process has also been an excellent opportunity for the Programme team to learn about the farmers’ expectations and to inform the farmers about the Programme’s objectives and policies. The PRA has shown that the farmers have extensive knowledge about the land use and related problems in the villages. They also recognise the problems and have proposals for their possible solutions.

During the last 30 years the area of natural forest (high secondary forest) in pilot villages has decreased drastically from 80% to only 20% of the total land area. The principal reason for this development has been intensified shifting cultivation. Since 1980’s regeneration forests (young secondary forests) have taken over part of the bare areas. The consequence of this development is that there is a severe lack of good quality timber. However, at the same time the forest land has maintained a good part of its regeneration potential.

The advantages for forestry development in Cho Don district are large forest area, relatively low population, good literacy level among the population, abundant labour in winter, few other supplementary works available, good regeneration potential of the forests, many valuable local tree species, land allocation in progress and potential markets for wood & non-wood forest products.

The constraints for sustainable forest land use are population growth, limited area suitable for agriculture, unsustainable harvesting of forests, shifting cultivation, uncontrolled grazing, forest resources decreasing rapidly, poor logging methods, lack of knowledge on forest management, farmers not used to investment in forestry, lack of capital for investment in forestry, limited local markets for forest products, land allocation not yet completed, lack

Table 24. Interest in tree growing, Ban Chang village 28

Table 25. Problems identified in Ban Chang village 28

Table 26. Request for assistance, Ban Chang village 29

Figure 1. Seasonal Calendar and labour needs for Coc Thu village

Figure 2. Seasonal Calendar for Na Ang village. 19

CTA Chief Technical Advisor

VN Vietnam

WFP World Food Programme

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of protection of unallocated areas, boundaries not clearly marked and lack of land use and management plans.

The solutions towards a sustainable land use in the pilot villages are completed land allocation, preparation and implementation of village and farm level development plans, development of the extension service, establishment of demonstration plots for sustainable forest land use, development of agroforestry techniques, management of natural forests, local processing of forest products and their marketing, provision of funds through a credit scheme, and participation and support of all interest groups in forestry development.

2. BACKGROUND

2.1 Introduction

This report contains information produced by the Vietnam-Finland Forestry Sector Co-operation Programme’s field team during the PRA-process in four pilot villages. In addition it contains some general information of the district and the province. During 1996 land allocation has been going on in the villages. It has been difficult to obtain exact data about land areas and village boundaries. Some statistical information on the Bac Kan province is still missing due to the division of the Bac Thai province into Bac Kan and Thai Nguyen provinces from the beginning of 1997 (Annex 3).

The information presented here is subject to changes. Every effort has been made to make the information up to date at the time of printing. The intention of the Programme is to continue the process of collecting and updating relevant information for use in planning the Programme activities. The aim is to create a database on general information related to the pilot area as well as to further analyse and develop the collected forestry information.

2.2 Selection of the Programme’s Pilot villages

The district authorities in Cho Don indicated 11 communes in order of priority which could be the Programme’s pilot area before the implementation started. The final selection of the pilot villages was done together with the district authorities and the Programme team.

The main criteria for selection of the pilot villages were:

� relatively large proportion of forest land (forest land is crucial for the development of the village),

� good access by road from the district centre Bang Lung and

� the farmers in the villages were willing to join the Programme.

A total of four pilot villages were selected for the start in June 1996. The Programme will expand to other villages in mid 1997.

The villages are located in two communes, two in Ngoc Phai commune and two in Dong Lac commune respectively. Ngoc Phai commune is located north of the administrative centre of the Cho Don district, Bang Lung town. Dong Lac is situated further north, along the main road towards Ba Be lake. The distance from Dong Lac to Bang Lung is about 25 km (see Annex 1 and 2).

In Ngoc Phai commune the pilot villages are Na Tum and Coc Thu and in Dong Lac commune Na Ang and Ban Chang.

The land allocation process has not yet been completed in all selected villages. All the households that already have received land, have not yet received a land tenure certificate (‘red book’).

2.3 Objectives and Methodology

The principal objective of this report is to describe and analyse the process and results of the Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA) exercise that took place in the Programme’s four pilot villages from July to December 1996.

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There are different names for participatory planning methodologies or approaches. It appears that in Vietnam PRA is the most commonly used ‘methodology’ for participatory planning. However PRA is in practice applied in many different ways. This report does not analyse the methodology in detail as it is described in many guidelines and handbooks (e.g. IIED Participatory Methodology Series).

In an ideal situation PRA helps the villages to mobilise their human and natural resources to define problems, consider previous successes, evaluate local institutional capacities, prioritise opportunities, and prepare site-specific village/farm level plans of action.

The Programme’s scope is forest land use which also directs the PRA exercise to focus on forest land use. The PRA results should indicate the importance of forest land use for village’s and specifically individual farmers’economy.

Before the Programme started (early 1996), basic PRA:s had already been carried out in two of the villages (Na Tum and Ban Chang). The PRA team then comprised members of the Programme team and staff from the district’s Agricultural Extension Station. The previous PRA was supported by CIDSE and it concentrated on agricultural activities. The village plans produced covered only a short time period (one to two years).

At that time the following information was collected:

� general information,

� population,

� education and health information,

� information on the economic situation,

� information on land area and development of forest land,

� problem identification and analysis,

� main advantages,

� solutions and proposal for assistance,

� village history development maps,

� village transects and

� Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats (SWOT) analysis.

After analysing the information collected in the previous PRA-exercise it was decided to continue the PRA in the two remaining pilot villages to the same level and subsequently to continue the PRA in all four pilot villages in respect of specific forestry information.

The first PRA-exercise under the Programme was carried out as a training course for Programme staff and farmers in Coc Thu village in July 1996.

The PRA process was then continued by updating the information collected earlier in Na Tum and Ban Chang respectively. In Na Ang a PRA was carried out bringing the available information to the same level as in the other pilot villages.

Typically 5-7 villagers participated in the PRA, sometimes changing participants. Participants included both male and female villagers. The village chiefs participated in all exercises. The villagers formed a ‘PRA team’ together with 3-4 Programme staff members. The PRA team carried out household interviews and did some exercises independently, e.g. drawing village history and present situation maps. The exercises ended in a village meeting were wealth ranking and an overall analysis of the results were carried out. In the meeting all collected information was presented and verified by the participants. The village meetings at the end of the exercise had a very good participation (85-100% of the households). In the first phase one exercise took about one week per village.

All original information is stored at the village chief’s house in the form of flip-charts written in Vietnamese.

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In the following are the contents of the PRA exerci se achieved during the first phase:

� general information,

� population,

� education and health information,

� information on the economic situation,

� solutions and proposal for assistance,

� village history development maps,

� village transects,

� Venn diagram,

� present situation,

� classification and list of households,

� seasonal calendar

� Strength, Weaknesses, Opportunities & Threats (SWOT) analysis,

� problem identification and analysis (problem tree),

� main advantages and

� assessment of difficulties and opportunities.

After the first phase of the PRA the Programme team concluded that more forest related information was needed in order to give priorities how farmers’ are using and want to use their forest land. The PRA exercise was continued in second phase in all the villages.

In the following are the contents of the PRA exerci se achieved during the second phase:

� lists of existing / known tree species,

� actual use of different species,

� preferences of tree species,

� consumption of forest products from own and other forest,

� market information and

� value of different forest products (wood & non-wood).

DESCRIPTIONS OF THE PILOT VILLAGES (results of the PRA)

3. NGOC PHAI COMMUNE

3.1 Coc Thu

3.1.1 General

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Coc Thu has recently (1993) been separated from Na Tum village. Physically the village is still integrated with Na Tum village. The households and land area are scattered. The village is located 2 km North of Bang lung town. The village has a relatively low population and a relatively large forest area. The forest is partly located far from the village, making it difficult to protect. The access is good through the main road from Bang lung to Ba Be and the forest road to Ba Bo. Agriculture is at present the main income source of the villagers. Agriculture has low productivity and there is a lack of agricultural land. There are few supplementary works. Farm level economics is unstable and the villagers meet a lot of difficulties in their daily lives.

3.1.2 Land area

The land area in Coc Thu village is presented in Table 1:

Table 1. Land area of Coc Thu village

* Natural forest = high secondary forest Regeneration forest = young secondary forest

The development of land use over time in Coc Thu is presented in Table 2. Note that there has been a decrease in natural forest area from 94 % to 66 % during 1963-1979. At the same time the area of shifting cultivation has increased from 0 to 18 % of the total land area.

Table 2. Land use situation in Coc Thu during 1963- 1979

3.1.3 Population

The total population of the village is 193 persons divided into 43 households (Table 3). The population is mainly

Hectares %

Total area 252.7

Agricultural land 5.1 2.0

1 crop land 1.8 0.7

2 crop land 3.3 1.3

Other land 4.2 1.7

Forest land 236.9 93.7

Allocated 184.4 77.8

Unallocated 52.5 22.2

*Natural forest 19.2 7.6

Regeneration forest 130.8 51.8

Planted forest 6.0 2.4

Bare land 80.8 32.0

Residential land 6.6 2.6

Year Natural forest %

Agricultural land %

Regeneration forest %

Residential land %

Other land %

Bare land %

Shifting cultivation

%

1963 94 3 1 1 1

1965 92 3 1 2 1 1

1976 85 3 1 2 3 1 5

1979 66 3 3 5 3 2 18

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Tay.

Table 3. Population structure of Coc Thu village

3.1.4 Education

A nursery and elementary school is located in the centre of the commune. The nearest secondary school is located in Bang Lung town. The educational situation is presented in Table 4.

Table 4. Educational situation in Coc Thu

3.1.5 Health

Grazing animals pollute the environment, this causes many diseases every year. Diarrhoea is common in the months of April, May and June. Malaria also occurs. The district hospital is located 2km from the village. The Hospital has got 10 Medical Doctors, 19 Nurses and 16 Medical Assistants.

3.1.6 Economic situation

The main income source is agriculture. The nearest market is in Bang Lung town. There are few supplementary jobs. Only some farmers who are aware of agro-forestry production, have established farms and have reached some success, but they are few and their income level is still low. Labour is abundant. There is a high level of unemployment. The labour needs during the year are shown together with the seasonal calendar in…

In Table 5 the households are ranked by the villagers as good, medium or poor. Since the classification is done by the villagers themselves, it shows only the situation of the households in relation to each others within the village.

Table 5. Household classification in Coc Thu villag e

Households Persons

No %

Tay 37 160 83

Nung 1 6 3

Kinh 5 27 14

Total 43 193

99

94

Number of persons / h.h

4,5

Labour force 111

56

55

57,5

29

28,5

Nursery school 24 pupils

Elementary school 28 pupils

Secondary, High school 18 pupils

College, University 4 students

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3.1.7 Organisations

The following organisations exist inside the village (from Venn-diagram, see Annex 7):

� Village Chief

� Youth Union

� Women’s Union

� Farmer’s Union

� Father Land’s Front ("Front")

� The Party

� Village security

The following organisations exist outside the village:

� Commune security

� Farmer’s Union (commune)

� The Part (commune)

� Education (commune)

� Veteran’s Union (commune)

� Market in Bang Lung

� Health care (hospital) in Bang Lung

Figure 1. Seasonal Calendar and labour needs for Co c Thu village

Households %

Good income 2 5

Medium 32 75

Poor 9 21

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3.1.8 Existing assistance

The following organisations provide assistance to Coc Thu village:

� Vietnam Bank for the Poor

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3.1.9 Forestry

Coc Thu has large forest land area, low population and is located near the market. All forest land has not yet been allocated. The forest land is located so that is easy to manage. There is good access to the forest through the road leading to Ba Bo. Wood and fuelwood is harvested for sale and own consumption without systematic management. This has a negative impact on the regeneration process.

The forest and forest land is now in poor condition after a long period of shifting cultivation. The regeneration consists mainly of shrubs and invaluable tree species. Now some farmers have started to actively manage their forest land (thinning).

The villagers are lacking capital and experience to invest in long term forestry activities.

3.1.10 Problems identified

Problems identified by the households during the previous PRA are listed in Table 6.

Table 6. Problems identified in Na Tum village

3.1.11 Solutions and proposals

� Develop household’s economy based on forestry

� Proceed with land allocation to households in the areas which still have good capacity

� Provide support in the forms of seed, capital and techniques for the farmers.

� Organise training courses for farmers.

� Organise the study tours to models in other places and other provinces for farmers

� Provide credit to farmers for production

� Support to build village meeting house

� Study carefully the silvicultural technical solutions and suitable species for planting, enrichment planting and reforestation.

31.12 Analysis of advantages and difficulties

Problem Households %

Lack of capital 49 92

Lack of seedlings and small animals for breeding

49 92

Lack of knowledge 53 100

Lack of labour force 7

Transport problems 12 22

Lack of clean water 4 8

Lack of cultivated land 20 38

Forest land not allocated to households 38 72

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3.2 Na Tum

3.2.1 General

Na Tum is located along both sides of the main road from Bang Lung to Ba Be lake. Coc Thu village has recently been separated from Na Tum. In the south Na Tum borders to Bang Lung. The distance to Bang Lung is about 2km. The conditions are very similar to Coc Thu.

In the east and south-west the village is surrounded by mountains. A large stream runs along the village centre. Along both sides of the stream the village has two-crop paddy fields. The agricultural land area is larger than for Coc Thu. Access to parts of the forest areas is provided by the road to Ba Bo.

3.2.2 Land area

The land area of Na Tum village is presented in Table 7.

Table 7. Land area of Na Tum village

Hectares %

Total area 253.0


1 crop land 9.7 3.8

2 crop land 8.4 3.3

Other land 3.3 1.3







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From Table 8 we can see that the natural forest has decreased rapidly from 85 % of the land area in 1964 to 20 % in 1996. At the same time the proportion of regeneration forest has increased from 2 % in 1985 to 43 % in 1996. The total forested area is still 65 % of the total land area. The area of bare land was very high in 1985 (50 %), but has now regenerated and today only 13 % of the area is classified as bare land. There is a difference between the figure of bare land and regeneration forest in table 7 and table 8. The reason is that sometimes regeneration forest is regarded as bare land.

Table 8. Land use situation in Na Tum during 1960-1 996

3.2.3 Population

The population in Na Tum consists of 268 persons divided into 53 households (Table 9). The population is mainly Tay.

Table 9. Population structure of Na Tum village

Bare land 108.8 43.0


Year Other land %

Residential land %

Agricultural land %

Natural forest %


Bare land %

Plantation forest %

1960-1964 2 4 7 85 2

1965-1975 3 6 8 65 13

1976-1985 4 7 9 28 2 50

1986-1993 4 9 9 25 13 30

1993-1996 4 9 9 20 43 13 2

Households Persons

No %

Tay 50 246 91,8

Nung 2 15 5,6

Kinh 1 7 2,6

Total 53 268

136

132

52%

48%


5,1

Labour force 113

62

51

56%

44%

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3.2.4 Education

A nursery and elementary school is located in the centre of the commune. The nursery school is supported by UNICEF. The nearest secondary school is located in Bang Lung town. All children attend school. The educational situation in Na Tum presented in Table 10.

Table 10. Educational situation in Na Tum

3.2.5 Health

Only one third of the village households have a fresh water supply system. The others use principally creek and stream water. When people are sick they seek help from the dispensary or hospital. The district hospital lies 2 km from the village. The Hospital has got 10 Medical Doctors, 19 Nurses and 16 Medical Assistants.


The main income in the village comes from the wet paddy fields. Cultivation of the fields, harvest of forest products, raising animals, cattle, fish also contributes to the income. Handicraft is practised. Supplementary employment is not available. The average income is low. The ranking of the households as seen by the participants is presented in Table 11.

Table 11. Household classification in Na Tum villag e

3.2.7 Organisations


� Village Chief

� Youth Union

� Women’s Union


� Security Group

� Police

� Nursery School

Nursery school 31 children


Secondary school 20 pupils

High school 10 pupils

College 1 students

University 1 students

Households %

Good income 17 32

Medium 25 47

Poor 11 20

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� The Party

� Veteran’s Union

� Village Development Board


� Police

� The Party

� People’s Committee

� Market


� Health care

� CIDSE

� UNICEF

� Agriculture extension

� Women’s Union

� Forest Guards


The following organisations provide assistance to Na Tum village:


� CIDSE

� UNICEF

3.2.9 Forestry

The area of allocated forest land in Na Tum is 158,1 ha, representing 70 % of the total forest land area. The remaining 30 % has not been allocated yet.

Due to weak management and protection of the forest, deforestation and forest harvesting illegally during many years in addition with the shifting cultivation, the forest area of Na Tum has decreased rapidly. At present there is only about 8 % natural forest. The area of bare land and bare hill is rather large, occupying about 43 % of the land area. The area of regeneration (secondary) forest area is around 28 %, consisting mainly of mixed species, only few of them valuable and good timber trees.

In the past, the households and village communities had no direction and detailed plan to develop economic activities from forestry. The main activities on forest and forest land are exploitation of the forest and cultivation of forest land.

The population in Na Tum is high, having abundant labour and few supplementary works. The agricultural area is small, only 7 % while forest land occupies 89 % of the total land area. On average each household has 5 ha land area. On that basis Na Tum can make the forest land use plans to develop the household economy through forest based activities, establishing farms, home gardens, fruit trees in order to maintain and enrich forests.

People are aware that it is very necessary to rehabilitate the forest. Therefore the households have enthusiastically registered to prepare forestry production plans on almost the whole allocated forest area.

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The following solutions were proposed by the participants in the previous PRA-exercise:

� Provision of technical assistance in forestry, agricultural seed and animal raising � Forestry technical training and extension � Establish and train the village management staff � Establish a credit scheme in the forms of:

� Loan without interest or with low interest � Long term loan with reasonable interest

� Study and develop the markets for products produced on forest land � Organise excursions and workshops � Build a village culture house

The following activities are proposed to solve the problems:

1. Technical and financial assistance will be provided for planning, protection and enrichment planting of the forest area. Bare land would be replanted, bare hills with species for wood, fuelwood, special products trees, fruit trees, organisation of agro-forestry production and to build up home gardens.

2. The rest of the land will be allocated to the households as soon as possible.

3. Training, dissemination of forestry techniques for the community.

4. Establish and train the village management staff to facilitate the management, run the village in setting up and developing household economics.

5. Continue the capital support to provide enough fresh water for the communities.

The Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats as seen by the participants is presented in Table 12.

Table 12. Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats table for Na Tum village

4. DONG LAC COMMUNE

Strengths:

� close to the road

� close to the market

� good knowledge

Weaknesses:

� poor forest

� unsustainable agriculture and animal husbandry

� unsustainable cultivation

� lack of capital

Opportunities:

� large forest area

� labour force

� market development

� ability for development

� good regeneration capacity

Threats:

� poor soil in the mountainous area

� lack of paddy fields

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4.1.1 Na Ang

4.1.1 General

Na Ang is situated 22 km North from Bang Lung town along the road to Ba Be lake. The main road cuts across the village. There are two main streams. Flooding is common in the rainy season.

4.1.2 Land area

The land area of Na Ang is presented in Table 13. Note that the village is quite large, with a total area of 908,3 ha.

Table 13. Land area of Na Ang village


The natural forest area has reduced drastically from 80 % in 1964 to only 20 % in 1996 (Table 14). The area of regeneration forest has increased to 47 % since the end of the 70’s, making the total forested area 67 %. Note that the area of bare land has reduced to 10 % from 30 % in 1978.

Table 14. Land use in Na Ang during 1960-1996

Hectares %

Total area 908.3


1 crop land 3.3 0.4

2 crop land 13.3 1.5

Other land 3.5 0.4







Bare land 20.0 2.2


Period Land use situation

Natural forest %


Rocky mountain %

Bare land %

Agriculture land %

Residential land %

Other land %

1964 80 3 10 4 3

1978 49 3 30 10 5 3

1984 48 30 3 10 5 3

1990 20 30 3 27 10 7 3

1996 20 47 3 10 10 7 3

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4.1.3 Population

The population in Na Ang consists mainly of Tay. The total population is 344 persons, divided into 70 households (Table 15).

Table 15. Population structure of Na Ang village

The demand for labour force is low from the second half of December to February. The greatest need for labour force (for agricultural production) is during June, July and November. During the other months the population only spend about half of the time for agriculture and shifting cultivation and the other half for repairing houses, garden work and spare time. A seasonal calendar for the village is shown in

4.1.4 Education:

There are no illiterate persons in the village. The educational situation in Na Ang is presented in Table 16.

Table 16. The educational situation in Na Ang

Figure 1. Seasonal Calendar, Na Ang Village, Dong Lac (26.9.1 996)

Households Persons

70 No %

Tay 333 97

Kinh 11 3

Total 344

168

174

49

51


4,9

Labour force 165

78

87

47

53

Nursery school 12 children




Vocational school 1 students

University 1 students

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4.1.5 Health

There is a health care for the Northern part of the district, 500 m from the village.


The following products are sold:

� Fruits:

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� banana

� mandarine

� apricot

� plum

� canarium

� Food of all kind is sold but only to a small extent.

� Forest products:

� wood

� slender and thick bamboo

� bamboo shoot

� Livestock

� fish

� pigs

� buffalo

� oxen

� Consumption products:

� daily commodities: clothes, electricity, radio, book, candy…

� meat, fish…

People from Bang Lung come to buy wood, bamboo, buffalo, oxen and seasonal fruits. A market for other products is in Ban Ma, 2km from the village. A market for vegetable, meat and fish is at the crossroad leading to Xuan Lac commune.

4.1.7 Analysis of advantages and problems

The following advantages and problems were identified by the participants:

Advantages:

� there are well functioning village units,

� large forest land area,

� elementary and secondary school near the village,

� have healthcare station nearby,

� have a main road across the village and

� labour is abundant.

Problems:

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� lack of land use plans,

� lack of capital,

� lack of advanced farming techniques,

� rapid population growth and

� lack of agricultural land.

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4.18 Organisations


� Village Chief conducts all the activities in the village

� Party Group: conduct all the Instructions, policies


� Veteran’s Union

� Elderman’s Union

� Women’s Group

� Youth Union

� Negotiation group

� Security group

� Nursery school

The outside organisations related to the village are:

� People’s Committee of the commune

� Commune Party

� Father Land’s Front ("Front")

� Markets (Ban Ma, Overflow dam, crossroad to Xuan Lac….)

� Elementary and Secondary school

� Health Care for the Northern part of the district

� Forest Enterprise (Cho Don)

� Youth Union (commune)

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� Veteran’s Union (commune)


� Women’s Union (commune)

� Forest Guard station

� French - Vietnamese Programme

� Agricultural Extension station of the district.


The following organisations provide assistance to Na Ang village:


� VN-French Project

4.1.10 Forestry

The area of the village is large (908.3ha). The proportion of forest land is also very large 97 %. In 1966 about 20 % natural forest remained. The regeneration forest consist mainly of invaluable trees. Little has been done by the households after the land allocation. All forest land has not yet been allocated. The proportion of bare land is 2 %. The bare land has a potential for tree planting. The average standing volume per hectare varies from 25-70 m3.

Wood is used for house construction and furniture, etc. The consumption of firewood is 15-20 ste/household/year. This means that the total firewood consumption in the village during one year is 1000-1400 ste.

The following non wood forest products are used:

� rattan for furniture

� bamboo for fencing and furniture

� thick bamboo is marketed

� bamboo shoots

� mushrooms (Amomum longiligulare, sanhan) for sale and home use

� Canarium fruits for sale and home use

4.2 Ban Chang

4.2.1 General

Ban Chang village is located in the centre of Don Lac commune, 1 km North from the People’s Committee Office along the main road between Bang Lung and Ba Be. There is a main large stream running from the south to the north of the village and a small one from the west to the east. It divides the village into two residential areas.

4.2.2 Land area

The land area of Ban Chang is 412,2 ha (Table 17).

Table 17. Land area of Ban Chang village

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The natural forest has also decreased rapidly in Ban Chang (Table 18). The decrease of the bare land is due to forest regeneration.

Table 18. Land use situation in Ban Chang during 19 60-1996

4.2.3 Population

People live rather closely together. The village is divided into two settlements. The population consist of two ethnic groups, Tay and Kinh (Table 19).

Table 19. Population structure of Ban Chang village

Hectares %

Total area 412.2


1 crop land 8.6 2.1

2 crop land 15.6 3.8

Other land 6.5 1.6







Bare land 96.9 23.5


Year Rocky mountain

%

Other land %

Agricultural land %

Residenti-al land %

Natural forest %

Bare land %


1960 3 3 10 4 80

1978 3 3 10 5 49 30

1984 3 3 10 6 48 30

1990 3 4 10 7 19 27 30

1996 3 5 10 8 14 10 50

Households Persons

No %

Tay 61 330 97

Kinh 2 10 3

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4.2.4 Education

The educational situation in Ban Chang is presented in Table 20.

Table 20. Educational situation in Ban Chang

* nursery school existing, number of children attending not available.

4.2.5 Health

The clean water source used daily is polluted, people mainly use stream water. There is a small mineral water source in the village.

There is health care service for the northern part of the district 2,5 km from the village. The health station has got 6 Medical Assistants.

The main diseases are malaria and stomach diseases.


The main food production comes from wet paddy rice, rice from shifting cultivation areas and maize growing. The production is on average: 300 kg paddy rice / person / year. Supplementary jobs have not been developed. Animal husbandry and cattle raising is mainly for own consumption.

The households were classified by the participants as presented in Table 21.

Table 21. Household classification in Ban Chang vil lage

Total 63 340

169

174


5,4

Labour force 174

78

57

Nursery school, kindergarten *




Households %

Good income 24 38,7

Medium 23 38,7

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4.2.7 Organisations


� Village Chief

� Youth Union

� Women’s Union


� Village security

� Nursery School

� The Party


� Forest Enterprise

� The Party (commune)

� People’s Committee

� Market


� Health care

� Agriculture extension (district)


� Youth Union (commune)

� Women’s Union (commune)

� Forest Guards

� Commune security, police


The following organisations provide assistance to Ban Chang village:


� 508 Project (CIDSE)

� VN-French Project

� UNICEF

4.2.9 Animal husbandry

Poor 14 22,6

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Cattle and animals are grazed freely from November to March. Livestock in the village is presented in Table 22.

Table 22. Livestock in Ban Chang

4.2.10 Forestry

Ban Chang is a village with a relatively small area of agriculture land. Supplementary jobs have not been developed. In recent years forest management and protection have not been adequate. This has lead to unsustainable harvesting. In addition, forest land has also been used for shifting cultivation so the area of natural forest has reduced. Now only a small portion of the area is covered by high natural forest. Bare land is 97 ha and regeneration forest is 282 ha. The regeneration forest has mainly grown in areas that previously were under shifting cultivation. Now only invaluable species remain. These cannot develop into big timber trees. The regeneration forest mainly consist of shrubs, grass and Litsea cubeba. Cattle and animals are grazed freely. There is no separate grazing area, this has a great influence on the fresh watershed and on reforestation.

The land allocation has not been completed yet. Some households have started to manage their newly allocated forest land. In the demonstration plots some thinning has been carried out. In other areas the forest management has not been carried out.

The village is densely populated, there is lack of agricultural land, abundant labour, few supplementary income sources and the forest area is large. Also topographically the area is suitable for forestry. This means that there is a potential for forestry activities.

Tree planting has been carried out as shown in Table 23.

Table 23. Tree planting activities in Ban Chang vil lage

The households are interested in growing trees as in Table 24.

Table 24. Interest in tree growing, Ban Chang villa ge

Water Buffalo 165

Cows, oxen 57

Pig 162

Goat 200

Activity ha households

planting forestry trees 81,9 44

special product tree 40,4 38

fruit trees 19,7 32

Agroforestry 9,5 7

Special product tree households

- Anise 22

- Cinnamon 22

Planting forestry trees

- Mangletia 22

- Chukrasia 18

- Canarium 16

- Neem 7

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4.2.11 Problems identified

The main problems as identified by the participants were: lack of capital, lack of seedlings and small animals for breeding, lack of knowledge and lack of cultivated land (Table 25).

Table 25. Problems identified in Ban Chang village


The households requested for assistance as in Table 26. All households requested for help with capital, seedlings and technology.

Table 26. Request for assistance, Ban Chang village

The following should be done to solve the problems in the village:

� land allocation to the households,

� planning of the grazing area,

� assistance with capital, seedlings, techniques for forestry production,

� forestry technical training and dissemination for farmers and

� organising economical management training for the village management group (not at present).

Fruit trees

- Plum 21

- Apricot 3

- Persimmon

Problem Households %

Lack of capital 62 100

Lack of seedlings and small animals for breeding

62 100

Lack of knowledge 62 100

Lack of labour force 11 18

Transport problems 50 44

Lack of clean water 36 58

62 100

Forest land not allocated to households 57 92

Market constraints 32 52

100 % requested for help with capital, seedlings and technology

92 % requested for allocation of land

58 % requested for fresh water

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4.2.13 Analysis of the advantages and difficulties:

Advantages:

� there are well functioning village units,

� there are schools,

� good access to roads - easy transportation,

� there is a commune health care station,

� abundant labour and

� some households are aware of the importance of hill forest economics.

Difficulties:

� lack of technical knowledge in farming and forestry activities,

� the watershed is not stable,

� awareness of the farmers on developing economy is low especially in forestry area,

� small area of agriculture land.

Page 32 of 39

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5 VILLAGE AND FARM LEVEL PLANS

5.1 General

A principal aim of the PRA exercise is normally to produce village resource management plans. The PRA plans are prepared by villagers themselves who are in practise in charge of the surrounding natural resources. The extension personnel act only as facilitators. The PRA based plans should give answers to the following questions: (i) what will be done?, (ii) where?, (iii) how?, (iv) when?, (v) by whom?, and with what resources?

By January 1997 the Programme had prepared together with the farmers plans for 23 demonstration plots in the pilot villages. The demonstration plots receive a special support from the Programme and will represent examples of sustainable forest land management for extension purposes.

The Programme intends to facilitate preparation of village plans and farm plans in the pilot area. The plans are based to PRA results and base-line studies (markets, appropriate technology, ecology and economy). The village plans will be general strategic plans and farm plans detailed plans for farmers’ action.

The idea is that the plans will cover all development activities within the village or farms. However, the Programme will principally support activities in forest land. The Programme will collaborate with extension agents in charge of other sectors such as agriculture, livestock and water.

The following list covers possible supported activities related to forest land use:

i. afforestation for timber production,

ii. planting of fruit trees, trees producing spices, oils, tannin, or other marketable extracts,

iii. agroforestry (permanent or semi-permanent inter-cropping),

iv. silvo-pastoral activities (animal husbandry in open forests),

v. live fences,

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vi. beekeeping,

vii. sericulture (production of silk),

viii. production of sticklac,

ix. production of non-wood forest products (from natural sources or semi-cultivated: medicinal plants),

x. sustainable management of existing natural (primary or secondary) forests,

xi. conservation of forest resources and

xii. small scale processing of the products from the points i - xi.

The listed activities are also eligible for receiving credit from the Programme.

To be successful and implemented by users the plans should fulfil the following requirements:

� participatory (all concerned users involved in the preparation),

� independent (written by the users themselves),

� realistic (can be carried out by the users),

� useful (meets the user’s objectives),

� simple (easy to understand) and

� flexible (can be changed and updated regularly).

The plans will be prepared using a participatory process (PRA). Here the process of preparing the plans is more important than the final written document. If the process is not followed, the users will not understand the plan and will not implement it.

The role of the extension staff in the process should be:

� to assist and facilitate in the process of plan preparation,

� provide technical advice required by the villagers,

� assist the users in the implementation of the plan and

� monitor the implementation of the plan.

5.2 Village Development Plans

The village development plans should define activities which concern the village as a whole, such as protection, conservation, grazing and training. Individual farmers’ activities should be defined in farm level plans.

The village development plans should have the following contents:

� village map,

� general features

� land use,

� village boundaries,

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� boundaries between allocated areas of individual farmers,

� places of action,

� list of objectives and activities to achieve these,

� location of activities,

� protection system,

� schedule,

� responsibility,

� inputs,

� own resources,

� credit, and

� technical assistance.

5.3 Farm Development Plans

Farm development plans are operative plans for farmers. The plans should be simple and practical so that the farmers could prepare the plans themselves. Actually, the farmers have their own action plans even the plans are not always written on paper. The plans should cover a period of 1-5 years and would be adjusted annually. Farmers could prepare the plans with the help of extension staff on flip-charts which the farmer keeps in his or her house.

The farm level development plans should have the following contents:

� farm map,

� land use,

� farm boundaries,

� places of action,

� activities,

� location of activities,

� protection system

� schedule,

� inputs,

� own resources,

� credit, and

� technical assistance.

6. CONCLUSIONS

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The farmers of Cho Don district face a new situation where most of them have recently received forest land. Previous practices where forest products could be collected freely from wherever they were available is expected to change with the new land tenure situation.

Agricultural land is scarce and can be expanded only marginally. To feed the increasing population the products from the forest land will be an important supplement. To develop the newly allocated, often degraded forest land, the farmers will have to invest in forestry related activities, something they have not done to a large extent previously. In this process the support from the extension staff will be very important.

The PRA exercise has an important role in familiarising the extension field staff with the farmers and vice versa. Here the process has been perhaps even more important than the results. The PRA process has also been an excellent opportunity for the Programme team to learn about the farmers’ expectations and to inform the farmers about the Programme’s objectives and policies.

The PRA has shown that the farmers have extensive knowledge about the land use and related problems in the villages. They also recognise the problems and have proposals for their possible solutions.

Sometimes the PRA results are controversial and statistical information gained is not correct. However, this information can be adjusted once more information is available. The PRA results should be combined with the results of the baseline studies for decision making.

It appears that forest land has a significant share of the total land area in all pilot villages. During last 30 years the area of natural forest (high secondary forest) has decreased drastically from 80% to only 20% of the total land area in almost all pilot villages. At the same time the area of bare land has grown. The principal reason for this development has been intensified shifting cultivation. Since 1980’s regeneration forests (young secondary forests) have taken over part of the bare areas. This indicates that shifting cultivation has apparently been most intensive in the end of 1970’s. The consequence of this development is that there is a severe lack of good quality timber. However at the same time the forest land has maintained a good part of its regeneration potential.

The preferences of and possible uses of existing tree species were also analysed during the PRA exercise (Annex 13). The results indicate that the most wanted and useful species are the most scarce ones.

The farmers are not always fully aware of the long term economic potential of forestry related activities. Also the production potential of indigenous species may not be fully recognised. The farmers often prefer to plant their natural forest land with species like cinnamon and anise, currently fetching high prices, but for which the market in the future may be uncertain.

In summary the advantages for forestry development in Cho Don district include:

� large forest area,

� relatively low population,

� good literacy level among the population,

� abundant labour in winter,

� few other supplementary works available,

� good regeneration potential of the forests,

� many valuable local tree species,

� land allocation in progress, and

� potential markets for wood & non-wood forest products.

Constraints for sustainable forest land use are summarised in the following:

� population growth,

� limited area suitable for agriculture causing high pressure on the forest land,

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� unsustainable harvesting of forests,

� shifting cultivation,

� uncontrolled grazing,

� forest resources decreasing rapidly,

� poor logging methods,

� lack of knowledge on forest management,

� farmers not used to investment in forestry,

� lack of capital for investment in forestry,

� limited local markets for forest products (long distance to consumption centres),

� land allocation not yet completed,

� lack of protection of not yet allocated areas,

� boundaries not clearly marked and

� lack of land use and management plans.

The solutions towards a sustainable land use in the pilot villages are summarised in the following:

� More work is needed to further analyse the needs and capacity of the local population in terms of forestry development. The specific forestry information acquired during the PRA will have to be further processed and analysed. The process of preparation of village and farm level plans will provide a good opportunity for this.

� Village and farm level plans will be prepared by the farmers with assistance of the Programme staff. The role of the extension service is to support the farmers in planning and carrying out their production activities. The production should be economically and environmentally feasible.

� A common problem mentioned in the PRA:s has been the "lack of technology". This can be seen as an outcry for better extension services. Development of the extension service could take place through training of staff and provision of facilities. Extension materials need also to be developed. Training and study tours will be provided to the farmers.

� The planned demonstration plots will be established as soon as possible to provide local information on silvicultural treatments, growth rates and species adaptability. They will also provide information on farm-level economics. The plots would then be used in the extension work.

� Agroforestry techniques will be introduced and developed in the area. Especially the production of fruit trees, live fencing and soil conservation will be encouraged.

� Concerning the management of natural forests, natural regeneration will be used wherever feasible. Good natural regeneration is hampered by rampant grazing. This must be solved at the village level through common grazing areas, fencing, live-fencing and stall feeding. Farmers are also lacking the know-how on thinning regimes and intensities. Logging methods and tools are poorly developed. All this can be addressed though an improved extension service and training of farmers.

� Local processing of forest products and their marketing should be supported. Poor or non-existing markets of forest products cause an "underestimation" of the real value of forest products. Consequently farmers are less willing to invest in forestry related activities that usually require a long term commitment.

� "Lack of funds" appears as one common constraint for forestry development throughout the PRA. The planned credit scheme will be introduced on a pilot basis in the spring 1997. This will be adjusted, if needed and expanded later on in 1997.

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� One of the major constraints for forestry development is the land allocation process. Forestry development can take place only after the land allocation has been carried out. The land must have an "owner". Therefore the land allocation should be completed as soon as possible giving priority to the pilot villages. Boundaries must be clearly marked in the field. The present situation where some land is not yet allocated causes heavy pressure on this land as it continues to be "no mans land".

� Full participation and support of all interest groups in all activities is a must. Without full and active participation the objectives of the Programme cannot not be met.

7. SUGGESTED READING

Branney, Peter and Dev, Om Prakash. Guidelines for preparing working plans for community forests in the hills of Nepal (2nd edition). Nepal-UK Community Forestry Project, Kathmandu 1994. 29p.

Ellis, P. Getting the community into the act. 72 participatory activities for field workers and trainers. 1983.

FAO/FTPP. Community forestry participatory assessment, monitoring and evaluation. Community Forestry Note 2. D’Arcy Davis-Case. Rome 1989. 150 p.

FAO 1986. A forester’s guide for community involvement in upland conservation with special reference to the Asia and Pacific Region. James H. French and Romeo H Gecolea. Rome 1986. 125 p.

Jackson, W.J., Nurse, M.C., Singh, H.B. Participatory mapping for community forestry. Nepal Australia Community Forestry Project, Kathmandu 1994. 10 p.

Me, Vu Van, Nguyen Tuong Van and Hans Warfvinge 1994. Land classification and land allocation in Vietnam and in Tu Ne commune of Tan Lac district, Hoa Binh province. "Renovation Strategies for Forestry Development", Ministry of Forestry, April 1994, Hanoi. 32 p.

Population data of sparsely populated areas in Vietnam 1996. Statistical Publishing House. Hanoi. 283 p.

Pretty, Jules N. et al. Participatory Learning & Action, A Trainer’s Guide. IIED Participatory Methodology Series. London 1995. 267 p.

Shrestha, R., Drona, K.C. Constraints and problems encountered in using some PRA tools. ODA, Kathmandu 1994.

Tissari, Jukka, Juha Kiuru, Tran Tuan Nghia and Ho Thanh Huyen 1996. Local markets for wood and non-wood products and appropriate technologies in wood and non-wood processing in Bac Thai province. The Vietnam -Finland Forestry Sector Co-operation Programme, The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Bac Thai Province, Technical Report No. 2, November 1996. 72 p.

UNDP / FAO 1995. Smallholder reforestation in central Vietnam. Experiences from the implementation of UNDP/FAO project VIE/92/022 "Provision of technical assistance to WFP Project 4304: Reforestation in Central Vietnam". December 1995, Hanoi. 30 p.

Vietnam - Finland Forestry Sector Co-operation Programme 1996. Review of land allocation in Cho Don district, Bac Thai province. The Vietnam - Finland Forestry Sector Co-operation Programme, The Department of Agriculture and Rural Development of Bac Thai Province, Technical Report No. 1, November 1996. 16 p.

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Documents

PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) in€¦ · PARTICIPATORY RURAL APPRAISAL (PRA) in Pilot villages, Cho Don district, Bac Kan province Prepared by: January 1997 The Vietnam-Finland