Participles (Mounce ch. 26, 29)...lu,santaj lusa,saj lu,santa Notes: 1. The sa replaces “ousa” in the Feminine 2. The Accusative Masculine Singular, Neuter Nominative Plural and

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Participles (Mounce ch. 26, 29)

Definitions:

A participle is a part of speech that is a verbal adjective. It has characteristics that

make it function both like a verb and like an adjective.

In English, a participle is a verb form with an “-ing” ending like “singing.”

A participle may act adjectivally (modifying a noun), adverbially (modifying a verb,

adverb, or adjective), substantively (acting like a noun), or predicatively (acting like a

verb with a helping verb “am preaching”)

A participle has verbal characteristics (Tense, Voice) and adjectival or noun

characteristics (Case, Number, Gender).

The Mood of a participle is always “Participle.” There is no indicative or subjunctive.

A participle can only be found in the Present, Aorist, Future, or Perfect tenses.

The seven properties of a participle are:

Tense: (Present, Aorist, Future, Perfect)

Mood: (Always “participle”)

Voice: (Active, Middle, Passive)

Case: (Nominative, Genitive, Dative, Accusative)

Number: (Singular, Plural)

Gender: (Masculine, Feminine, Neuter)

Lexical Form: (Dictionary Meaning of the Verb)

Rules:

1. In English, a participle can only be a main verb if it is accompanied by a helping verb,

and is acting as a predicate. This will not happen in Greek (except for periphrastics).

2. A participle must agree with the word that it is modifying in case, gender, and number.

3. A participle may have a direct object in the accusative case.

4. A participle may have other modifiers such as prepositional phrases or adverbs.

5. A participle does not use verb ending—only adjective/noun case endings.

6. The endings of the active participle follow the present active participle of eivmi,

7. The endings of the middle / passive participle follow the 3rd declension endings

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Usage:

A participle will be used adverbially (as an adverb), or adjectivally (as an adjective). When

used adverbially, the participle will typically be modifying—or helping to describe—the

main verb. When used as an adjective, it could be functioning as an adjective (modifying a

noun), as a substantive (acting like a noun). In rare cases, the participle could function as a

predicate adjective “The man is preaching.” In all cases, context determines whether a

participle is acting adjectivally or adverbially.

Aspect (Tense):

1. The present participle describes a continuous action

2. The aorist participle describes an undefined action (point in time)

3. The perfect participle describes a completed action with present effects

4. The future participle describes a future undefined action (point in time)

Adverbial:

1. The action described by the participle is primarily directed toward the verb

2. The participle could take a direct object, or other modifiers like prepositional phrases

or adverbs.

3. The adverbial participle never takes the article.

4. This kind of participle is usually translated with an adverbial phrase: While studying

his Greek textbook, Joseph wrote a sermon.

5. Key words to add to help in translation will be “while,” “after,” “because,” “before,”

or “during.”

6. Even though the participle is adverbial, it must still agree with a noun or pronoun in

case, number, and gender.

Adjectival:

1. An adjectival participle may either function adjectivally (like an adjective) or

substantively (like a noun).

2. The participle could take a direct object, or other modifiers like prepositional phrases

or adverbs.

3. The adjectival participle usually takes the definite article.

4. When a participle functions adjectivally, it agrees with its noun in case, number, and

gender. When it is functioning substantively, its case is determined by its usage in the

sentence. In addition, as a substantive, there will be no noun for it to modify.

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Paradigm Participle for eivmi,: It will be very useful to memorize this paradigm. The present active participle endings match

the eivmi, endings. Each of these forms (MFN, NGDA, SP) is to be translated with the English

participle “being.”

CASE Masculine Feminine Neuter

Nominative Singular

w;n

ou=sa

o;n

Genitive Singular

o;ntoj

ou;shj

o;ntoj

Dative Singular

o;nti

ou;sh|

o;nti

Accusative Singular

o;nta

ou=san

o;n

Nominative Plural

o;ntej

ou=sai

o;nta

Genitive Plural

o;ntwn

ouvsw/n

o;ntwn

Dative Plural

ou=si(n)

ou;saij

ou=si(n)

Accusative Plural

o;ntaj

ou;saj

o;nta

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Eight Questions to Ask of Any Participle in a Sentence

1. What is the case, number, and gender of the participle?

2. What is the aspect of the participle? (Continuous, Undefined, Past, or Future)

3. What is the voice of the participle?

4. What is the dictionary definition of the verb (what does the verb mean)?

5. What word is the participle modifying (agreeing with its case, number, and gender)?

6. Is the action in the participle directed toward a verb, a noun, or is it acting like a noun

on its own?

7. If the participle is adverbial, do you use “before,” “while,” or “after?”

8. If the participle is adjectival, is it attributive, or substantival?

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Present Participles (Mounce ch. 27)

Definitions:

The present participle is formed off of the present stem of the verb.

The present participle describes a continuous action.

The present active participle follows the eivmi, participle endings.

The present active masculine and neuter participles (along with eivmi,) follows the 3rd

declension endings.

The present active feminine participle follows the 1st declension endings

The present middle / passive participle follows 1st and 2nd declension endings.

The middle and passive forms of the present participle are identical. Context must

determine whether it is to be translated in the middle or the passive.

Context will determine whether the present participle is adverbial or adjectival.

Rules:

1. To translate a participle, you must first discover the participle’s aspect, voice, and

meaning.

2. After identifying the verbal aspects of the participle, identify the case, number, and

gender and find out what word is being modified by the participle.

3. You can translate the participle with the “-ing” form of the verb.

4. The present participle is formed as follows:

present tense stem + connecting vowel + participle morpheme + case ending

A “morpheme” is the smallest unit of meaning in a word.

Treat the “morpheme” just like a connecting vowel or tense formative

Present Participle Morpheme Chart

Masculine Feminine Neuter

Active nt ousa nt

Middle / Passive meno menh meno

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Paradigm:

Present Active Participle using luw,


Nominative Singular

lu,wn

lu,ousa

lu/on

Genitive Singular

lu,ontoj

lu,oushj

lu,ontoj

Dative Singular

lu,onti

luou,sh|

lu,onti

Accusative Singular

lu,onta

lu,ousan

lu,on

Nominative Plural

lu,ontej

lu,ousai

lu,onta

Genitive Plural

luo,ntwn

luousw/n

luo,ntwn

Dative Plural

lu,ousi(n)

luou,saij

lu,ousi(n)

Accusative Plural

lu,ontaj

luou,saj

lu,onta

Notes:

1. In the Nominative Masculine Singular, there is no case ending, and the t drops off

and the omicron “o” lengthens to an omega ( lu + ont + - luon luwn).

2. The Accusative Masculine Singular, Neuter Nominative Plural, and the Accusative

Neuter Plural are the same.

3. The Neuter Nominative Singular and Neuter Accusative Singular are identical.

4. The Masculine and Neuter endings follow 3rd Declension.

5. The Feminine endings follow 1st Declension endings.

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Present Middle / Passive Participle using luw,


Nominative Singular

luo,menoj

luome,nh

luo,menon

Genitive Singular

luome,nou

luome,nhj

luome,nou

Dative Singular

luome,nw|

luome,nh|

luome,nw|

Accusative Singular

luo,menon

luome,nhn

luo,menon

Nominative Plural

luo,menoi

luo,menai

luo,mena

Genitive Plural

luome,nwn

luome,nwn

luome,nwn

Dative Plural

luome,noij

luome,naij

luome,noij

Accusative Plural

luome,nouj

luome,naj

luo,mena

Notes:

1. The Masculine and Neuter follow 2nd Declension endings.

2. The Feminine follows 1st Declension endings.

3. In the Genitive Plural, all the forms are identical (context must decide).

4. As in the nouns and adjectives, the Masculine and Neuter are identical in the Genitive

and Dative cases.

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Greek Vocabulary Chapter 27 (Mounce pp. 252-53) Word Definition

avnabai,nw I go up, come up avrcoereu,j chief priest, high priest

dexio,j right

du,o two

e[teroj other, another, different

euvavvggeli,zw I bring good news, preach

qewre,w I look at, behold

Ìeroso,luma Jerusalem

ka,qhmai I sit (down), live

ou- where

parakale,w I call, urge, comfort, exhort

pei,qw I persuade

trei/j, tri,a three

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Aorist Participles (Mounce ch. 28)

Definitions:

The aorist participle is formed off of the aorist stem of the verb.

The aorist participle describes an undefined action.

There is both a 1st Aorist and 2nd Aorist form of the Aorist Particile.

The aorist active participle follows the eivmi, participle endings, except for the

Nominative Masculine Singular

The aorist active masculine and neuter participles (along with eivmi,) follows the 3rd

declension endings.

The aorist active feminine participle follows the 1st declension endings

The aorist middle / passive participle follows 1st and 2nd declension endings.

The aorist passive participle has a different form than the middle.

Context will determine whether the aorist participle is adverbial or adjectival.

Rules:

1. The aorist participle uses the same rules of translation as the present participle

2. The aorist participle has no augment


4. The aorist participle is formed as follows:

unaugmented aorist tense stem + tense formative + participle morpheme + case

ending

Aorist Participle Morpheme Chart


Active nt ousa nt

Middle meno menh meno

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Paradigm:

1st Aorist Active Participle using luw,


Nominative Singular

lu,saj

lu,sasa

lu/san

Genitive Singular

lu,santoj

lusa,shj

lu,santoj

Dative Singular

lu,santi

lusa,sh|

lu,santi

Accusative Singular

lu,santa

lusa,san

lu/san

Nominative Plural

lu,santej

lu,sasai

lu,santa

Genitive Plural

lusa,ntwn

lusasw/n

lusa,ntwn

Dative Plural

lu,sasi(n)

lusa,saij

lu,sasi(n)

Accusative Plural

lu,santaj

lusa,saj

lu,santa

Notes:

1. The sa replaces “ousa” in the Feminine

2. The Accusative Masculine Singular, Neuter Nominative Plural and Neuter Accusative

Plural are the same.




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1st Aorist Middle Participle using luw,


Nominative Singular

lusa,menoj

lusame,nh

lusa,menon

Genitive Singular

lusame,nou

lusame,nhj

lusame,nou

Dative Singular

lusame,nw|

lusame,nh|

lusame,nw|

Accusative Singular

lusa,menon

lusame,nhn

lusa,menon

Nominative Plural

lusa,menoi

lusa,menai

lusa,mena

Genitive Plural

lusame,nwn

lusame,nwn

lusame,nwn

Dative Plural

lusame,noij

lusame,naij

lusame,noij

Accusative Plural

lusame,nouj

lusame,naj

lusa,mena

Notes:





and Dative cases.

5. These are identical to the Present Middle / Passive except the “ont” has been replaced

by “sa”

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1st Aorist Passive Participle using luw,


Nominative Singular

luqei,j

luqei/sa

luqe,n

Genitive Singular

luqe,ntoj

luqei,shj

luqe,ntoj

Dative Singular

luqe,nti

luqei,sh|

luqe,nti

Accusative Singular

luqe,nta

luqei/san

luqe,n

Nominative Plural

luqe,ntej

luqei/sai

luqe,nta

Genitive Plural

luqe,ntwn

luqeisw/n

luqe,ntwn

Dative Plural

luqei/si(n)

luqei,saij

luqei/si(n)

Accusative Plural

luqe,ntaj

luqei,saj

luqe,nta

Notes:

1. In the Masculine Singular, the case ending is sigma (j), the nt drops out because of

the sigma, and the epsilon (e)lengthens to an ei to compensate for the loss.

2. The Aorist Passive tense formative is qe not sa

3. In the Feminine, the nt has been replaced by isa

4. The Masculine and Neuter follow 3rd Declension endings

5. The Feminine follows 1st Declension endings


and Dative cases.

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2nd Aorist Active Participle using ba,llw


Nominative Singular

balw,n

balou/sa

balo,n

Genitive Singular

balo,ntoj

balou,shj

balo,ntoj

Dative Singular

balo,nti

balou,sh|

balo,nti

Accusative Singular

balo,nta

balou,san

balo,n

Nominative Plural

balo,ntej

balou/sai

balo,nta

Genitive Plural

balo,ntwn

balousw,n

balo,ntwn

Dative Plural

balo/usi(n)

balou,saij

balo/usi(n)

Accusative Plural

balo,ntaj

balou,saj

balo,nta

Notes:

1. The 2nd Aorist Participle uses the 2nd Aorist (root) verb stem

2. The Accusative Masculine Singular, Neuter Nominative Plural and Neuter Accusative

Plural are the same.




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2nd Aorist Middle Participle using gi,nomai


Nominative Singular

geno,menoj

genome,nh

geno,menon

Genitive Singular

genome,nou

genome,nhj

genome,nou

Dative Singular

genome,nw|

genome,nh|

genome,nw|

Accusative Singular

geno,menon

genome,nhn

geno,menon

Nominative Plural

geno,menoi

geno,menai

geno,mena

Genitive Plural

genome,nwn

genome,nwn

genome,nwn

Dative Plural

genome,noij

genome,naij

genome,noij

Accusative Plural

genome,nouj

genome,naj

geno,mena

Notes:





and Dative cases.

5. These are identical to the 1st Aorist Middle except the “aa” has been replaced by “o”

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2nd Aorist Passive Participle using grafw,


Nominative Singular

grafei,j

grafei/ja

grafe,n

Genitive Singular

grafe,ntoj

grafei,jhj

grafe,ntoj

Dative Singular

grafe,nti

grafei,sh|

grafe,nti

Accusative Singular

grafe,nta

grafei/san

grafe,n

Nominative Plural

grafe,ntej

grafei/sai

grafe,nta

Genitive Plural

grafe,ntwn

grafeisw/n

grafe,ntwn

Dative Plural

grafei/si(n)

grafei,saij

grafei/si(n)

Accusative Plural

grafe,ntaj

grafei,saj

grafe,nta

Notes:

1. In the Masculine Singular, the case ending is sigma (j), the nt drops out because of

the sigma, and the epsilon (e)lengthens to an ei to compensate for the loss.

2. The 2nd Aorist Passive uses a connecting vowel o instead of the tense formative qe

3. In the Feminine, the nt has been replaced by isa

4. The Masculine and Neuter follow 3rd Declension endings

5. The Feminine follows 1st Declension ending


and Dative cases.

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Greek Vocabulary Chapter 28 (Mounce pp. 265-66) Word Definition

avspa,zomai I greet, salute grammateu,j Scribe e[fh He/she/it was saying, he/she/it said

ivero,n temple

kra,zw I cry out, call out

ouvci, not

paidi,on child, infant

spei,rw I sow

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Adjectival / Adverbial Uses (Mounce ch. 29)

Definitions:

1. A participle has Tense, Voice, Mood (Participle), Case, Number, and Gender

2. The participle is usually translated with the verb in its “-ing” form

3. The Present participle is formed off the Present Tense Stem of the verb

4. The 1st Aorist participle is formed off the 1st Aorist Tense Stem of the verb

5. The 2nd Aorist participle is formed off the 2nd Aorist Tense Stem of the verb

6. The Perfect participle is formed off the Perfect Tense Stem of the verb

7. A participle must agree with the word that it modifies in Case, Number, and Gender

8. A participle functions in a sentence one of three ways:

Attributively Modifying a noun or noun clause (like an adjective)

Adverbially Modifying a verb, adjective, or adverb (like an adverb)

Substantively Acting like a noun

9. When a participle has the definite article, it is always attributive (adjectival)

10. If a participle is acting substantively, then there is no noun for it to modify

Translation:

1. Adverbial—When a participle is adverbial, it should be translated with some type of

adverbial clause. Use the “-ing” form of the verb in translation, and connect the

participle phrase with something like “while,” “before,” or “after.”

e[bleya to.n a[nqrwpon le,gwn

I saw the man (while I was speaking).

2. Attributive—When a participle is attributive, it is acting adjectivally. This means that

it is modifying some other word (noun) in the sentence. The participle must agree

with that word (noun) in case, number, and gender. The definite article indicates the

quality of the noun. It could be translated with “who is,” with the “-ing” word, or

“that is” with the “-ing” word.

o a[nqrwpoj o le,gwn tw|/ ovclow| evstin o dida,skalo,j mou The man (who is speaking) to the crowd is my teacher.

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3. Substantival—When a participle is a substantive, it is acting in the place of a noun or

pronoun. It will not have a noun that it is modifying, and will not agree with case,

number, and gender. It’s case will be determined by its usage in the sentence. It can

either be a subject or object of a sentence.

o le,gwn me,nei evn tw|/ oi[kw| tou/ dou,lou

The one who is speaking is abiding in the house of the servant.

The speaking man is abiding in the house of the servant.

o le,gwn evstin o` pisteu,wn The one who is speaking is the one who is believing.

4. Time Aspect—A participle does not reference time. In an adverbial position, the

participle obtains the time of the action from the main verb. The tense indicates the

time of action and not the time. Context will always be the main determiner of the

translation. The time of the action of the participle may be viewed in one of two

ways:

1st or 2nd Aorist, Perfect “After”

Present “As,” “while,” or “during”

Forms:

1. All of the feminine forms use the 1st declension endings

2. All of the ACTIVE masculine and neuter forms use the 3rd declension endings

3. The Present and 2nd Aorist forms are identical except the present uses the present stem

of the verb and the 2nd Aorist uses the 2nd Aorist stem of the verb

4. The Perfect uses reduplication in the ACTIVE and MIDDLE / PASSIVE

5. The 1st an 2nd Aorist PASSIVES have different forms than the middle

6. The NOMINATIVE MASCULINE SINGULAR does not follow the declension

forms, and will vary. It is usually found with wn, wj, or aj.

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Perfect Participles (Mounce ch. 30)

Definitions:

The perfect participle is formed off of the perfect stem of the verb.

The perfect participle describes a past action with continuing results.

The perfect active participle follows the eivmi, participle endings.

The perfect active masculine and neuter participles (along with eivmi,) follows the 3rd

declension endings.

The perfect active feminine participle follows the 1st declension endings

The perfect middle / passive participle follows 1st and 2nd declension endings.

The middle and passive forms of the present participle are identical. Context must

determine whether it is to be translated in the middle or the passive.

Context will determine whether the present participle is adverbial or adjectival.

Rules:

1. To translate a participle, you must first discover the participle’s aspect, voice, and

meaning.

2. After identifying the verbal aspects of the participle, identify the case, number, and

gender and find out what word is being modified by the participle.


4. The perfect participle is formed as follows:

reduplication +perfect tense stem + tense formative + participle morpheme +

case ending

Perfect Participle Morpheme Chart


Active ot oia ot

Middle / Passive meno menh meno

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Paradigm:

Perfect Active Participle using luw,


Nominative Singular

lelukw,j

lelukui/a

leluko,j

Genitive Singular

lelu,kotoj

lelukui,aj

lelu,kotoj

Dative Singular

leluko,ti

lelukui,a|

leluko,ti

Accusative Singular

leluko,ta

lelukui,an

leluko,j

Nominative Plural

leluko,tej

lelukui,ai

leluko,ta

Genitive Plural

leluko,twn

lelukuiw/n

leluko,twn

Dative Plural

leluko,si(n)

lelukui,aij

leluko,si(n)

Accusative Plural

leluko,taj

lelukui,aj

leluko,ta

Notes:

1. In the Nominative Masculine Singular, the case ending is sigma, and the t drops off

and the omicron “o” lengthens to an omega ( luk + ot + j lukotj lukwj).

2. The Accusative Masculine Singular, Neuter Nominative Plural, and the Accusative

Neuter Plural are the same.




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Perfect Middle / Passive Participle using luw,


Nominative Singular

lelume,noj

lelume,nh

lelume,non

Genitive Singular

lelume,nou

lelume,nhj

lelume,nou

Dative Singular

lelume,nw|

lelume,nh|

lelume,nw|

Accusative Singular

lelume,non

lelume,nhn

lelume,non

Nominative Plural

lelume,noi

lelume,nai

lelume,na

Genitive Plural

lelume,nwn

lelume,nwn

lelume,nwn

Dative Plural

lelume,noij

lelume,naij

lelume,noij

Accusative Plural

lelume,nouj

lelume,naj

lelume,na

Notes:





and Dative cases.

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Greek Vocabulary Chs. 29-30 (Mounce pp. 274, 284) Word Definition

de,comai I take, receive doke,w I think, seem

evsqiw I eat

pe,mpw I send

fe,rw I carry, bear, produce

mhde, but not, nor, not even

presbu,teroj elder

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Participle Constructions (Mounce Ch. 30)

Genitive Absolute:

Sometimes in a sentence, there will be a participle in the genitive case that seems to have no

grammatical relationship with the rest of the sentence. A genitive absolute is a noun or

pronoun and a participle in the genitive case, and both are not grammatically connected to the

rest of the sentence. There are no other words in the sentence that the participle phrase will

modify.

Kai. euvqu.j e;ti auvtou/ lalou/ntoj paragi,netai VIou,daj

And while he is still speaking, Judas comes.

avpolu,ontoj tou/ avposto,lou to.n dou,lon, h[kousa to.n o[clon

While the apostle was releasing the servant, I heard the crowd.

Clues to Observe

1. The genitive absolute is often used when the noun or pronoun (in the genitive) doing

the action of the participle is different from the subject of the sentence.

2. The genitive absolute participle phrase may have modifiers like a direct object,

adverbs, or prepositional phrases.

3. The genitive absolute will usually not have the article with the participle.

4. The genitive absolute tends to occur at the beginning of sentences in narratives.

5. The words in the genitive absolute are absolute in that grammatically, they could be

deleted from the sentence without violating the complete thought of the sentence.

6. Most genitive absolutes are temporal, and should be translated with a temporal clause.

Like adverbial participles, use “while” if the participle is present, and “after” if the

participle if aorist.

7. If there is a genitive noun or pronoun acting like the “subject” of the genitive

participle, translate the phrase by using the noun and the finite form of the verb.

avkou,ontoj auvtou/

While he heard….

avkou,saantoj auvtou/

After he heard….

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Periphrastic Constructions:

Many times a participle is used in conjunction with a finite verb to form grammatical

construction that results in a particular “tense-form.” The main usage in the Greek New

Testament is a form of a participle with some form of the finite verb eivmi,.

NAME

Form of the

Participle

Form of

eivmi,

Translation

Present

Periphrastic

Present lu,wn

Present eivmi,

Equal to the regular

English Present Tense

“I am loosing”

Imperfect

Periphrastic

Present lu,wn

Imperfect

h[mhn


English Imperfect Tense

“I was loosing”

Future

Periphrastic

Present lu,wn

Future e[somai


English Future Tense

“I shall loose”

Perfect

Periphrastic

Perfect lelukw,j

Present eivmi,


English Perfect Tense

“I have loosed”

Pluperfect

Periphrastic

Perfect lelukw,j

Imperfect

h[mhn


English Pluperfect Tense

“I had loosed”

Future-Perfect

Periphrastic

Perfect lelukw,j

Future e[somai


English Future-Perfect

Tense

“I shall have been loosed”

Note:

1. The future-perfect periphrastic is not translated in the New Testament. However, the

future-perfect periphrastic is used in Matthew 16:18 and Matthew 18:18 with

tremendous importance! “whatever you bind…shall have been bound in heaven…”

2. The participle and the verb may be separated by other words, however, the usual

order is that the words are right next to one another.

25

The Subjunctive Mood (Mounce Ch. 31)

Definitions:

The subjunctive mood is used to express possibility, probability, or an exhortation.

The subjunctive mood has no time significance.

There are only two tenses in the subjunctive—present and aorist (1st and 2nd)

The present subjunctive is built on the present tense stem of the verb.

The aorist subjunctive is built on the aorist tense stem of the verb.

The aorist subjunctive (1st or 2nd aorist) has no augment.

The subjunctive mood uses only primary endings because there is no augment.

Rules:

1. The present and aorist subjunctive have no augment.

2. The present and aorist subjunctive both use the same primary endings.

3. The connecting vowel (like in the indicative) lengthens to an h or a w.

4. The subjunctive mood should be translated with “should,” “might,” or “may.”

Examples of the Present Tense:

The present subjunctive is only formed with three parts:

Present Subjunctive:

Present Tense Stem + Lengthened Connecting Vowel (h/w ) + Primary Personal Endings

Active

lu + w + men lu,wmen “We might be loosing”

Middle / Passive

lu + w + meqa lu,wmeqa “We might be being loosed”

26

Paradigm (Present Active Subjunctive):

Connecting Personal

Form Translation Vowel Ending

1st singular lu,w I might be loosing w (-)

2nd singular lu,h|j You might be loosing h (j) 3rd singular lu,h| He/she/it might be loosing h (i)

1st plural lu,wmen We might be loosing w (men)

2nd plural lu,hte You might be loosing h (te) 3rd plural lu,wsi(n) They might be loosing w (nsi)

Note:

1. The present active subjunctive is identical to the present active indicative

2. The difference between the indicative and subjunctive in all the other forms is the

lengthened connecting vowel (slot 6). Review Mounce, p. 291.

Paradigm (Present Middle / Passive Subjunctive):

Connecting Personal


1st singular lu,wmai I might be being loosed w (mai) 2nd singular lu,h| You might be being loosed h (sai) 3rd singular lu,htai He/she/it might be being loosed h (tai)

1st plural lu,wmeqa We might be being loosed w (meqa)

2nd plural lu,hsqe You might be being loosed h (sqe) 3rd plural lu,wntai They might be being loosed w (ntai)

Note:

1. The only difference between the indicative and subjunctive in all the forms is the

lengthened connecting vowel (slot 6). Review Mounce, p. 291.

27

Subjunctive Mood of eivmi , (The Verb “to be”)

Subjunctive Active

Translation

1st Person Singular

w=

I might be

2nd Person Singular

h|=j

You might be

3rd Person Singular

h=|

He / she / might be

1st Person Plural

w=men

We might be

2nd Person Plural

h=te

You might be

3rd Person Plural

w=si(n)

They might be

Note:

1. The 1st person singular is similar to the imperfect indicative except the form is an

omega (w)instead of an eta (h).

2. The 2nd person plural is identical to the 2nd person plural for the imperfect indicative.

3. The 2nd and 3rd person singular is similar to the imperfect indicative except the

subjunctive has a subscripted iota underneath the long vowel eta (h).

28

Examples of the Aorist Tense:

The aorist subjunctive is only formed with four parts:

Present Subjunctive:

Unaugmented Aorist Tense Stem + Tense Formative + Lengthened Connecting Vowel (h/w )

+ Primary Personal Endings

1st Aorist Active

lu + s + w + men lu,swmen “We might be loosing”

1st Aorist Middle

lu + s + w + meqa lu,swmeqa “We might be being loosed”

1st Aorist Passive

lu + q + w + meqa lu,qw/men “We might be being loosed”

Paradigm (1st Aorist Active Subjunctive):

Connecting Personal


1st singular lu,sw I might be loosed w (-)

2nd singular lu,sh|j You might be loosed h (j) 3rd singular lu,sh| He/she/it might be loosed h (i)

1st plural lu,swmen We might be loosed w (men)

2nd plural lu,shte You might be loosed h (te) 3rd plural lu,swsi(n) They might be loosed w (nsi)

Note:

1. The forms of the 1st aorist active subjunctive are identical to the present active

subjunctive except for the tense formative (s).

2. Although this might look like a future, there is no subjunctive future, and the aorist is

built on the unaugmented aorist tense stem

3. The 1st aorist tense stem is the same as the present.

29

Paradigm (1st Aorist Middle Subjunctive):

Connecting Personal


1st singular lu,swmai I might be being loosed w (mai) 2nd singular lu,sh| You might be being loosed h (sai) 3rd singular lu,shtai He/she/it might be being loosed h (tai)

1st plural lu,swmeqa We might be being loosed w (meqa)

2nd plural lu,shsqe You might be being loosed h (sqe) 3rd plural lu,swntai They might be being loosed w (ntai)

Note:

1. The forms of the 1st aorist middle subjunctive are identical to the present middle

subjunctive except for the tense formative (s).

Paradigm (1st Aorist Passive Subjunctive):

Connecting Personal


1st singular lu,qw/ I might have been loosed w (-)

2nd singular lu,qh|/j You might have been loosed h (j) 3rd singular lu,qh|/ He/she/it might have been loosed h (i)

1st plural lu,qw/men We might have been loosed w (men)

2nd plural lu,qh/te You might have been loosed h (te) 3rd plural lu,qw/si(n) They might have been loosed w (nsi)

Note:

1. The 1st and 2nd aorist passive use active endings.

2. The tense formative of the 1st aorist passive is a theta (q)

3. The forms of the 1st aorist passive subjunctive are identical to the aorist middle

subjunctive except for the tense formative (q). In addition, the long connecting vowel

has a circumflex in the 1st aorist passive.

4. The 2nd Aorist form will look just like the present, except it will have a 2nd aorist stem

(identical with the root), and in the passive there will active endings and a circumflex

over the long connecting vowel.

30

Full Subjunctive Paradigm

ACTIVE

Present 1st Aorist 2nd Aorist (lu,w) (lu,w) (lamba,nw)

1st singular lu,w lu,sw la,bw

2nd singular lu,h|j lu,sh|j la,bh|j 3rd singular lu,h| lu,sh| la,bh|

1st plural lu,wmen lu,swmen la,bwmen 2nd plural lu,hte lu,shte la,bhte 3rd plural lu,wsi(n) lu,swsi(n) la,bwsi(n)

MIDDLE

Present 1st Aorist 2nd Aorist (lu,w) (lu,w) (gi,nomai)

1st singular lu,wmai lu,swmai ge,nwmai

2nd singular lu,h| lu,sh| ge,nh| 3rd singular lu,htai lu,shtai ge,nhtai

1st plural lu,wmeqa lu,swmeqa ge,nwmeqa 2nd plural lu,hsqe lu,shsqe ge,nhsqe 3rd plural lu,wntai lu,swntai ge,nwntai

PASSIVE

Present 1st Aorist 2nd Aorist (lu,w) (lu,w) (gra,fw)

1st singular lu,wmai lu,qw/ grafw/ 2nd singular lu,h| lu,qh|/j grafh|/j 3rd singular lu,htai lu,qh| grafh/|

1st plural lu,wmeqa lu,qw/men grafw/men 2nd plural lu,hsqe lu,qh/te grafh/te 3rd plural lu,wntai lu,qw/si(n) grafw/si(n)

31

Greek Vocabulary (Mounce Ch. 31) Word Definition

li,qoj stone toiou/toj such, of such a kind

32

Conditional Clauses (Mounce p. 341)

Definitions:

The conditional clause, or conditional sentence is a sentence that has an “if” clause

followed by a “then” clause.

The “if” clause is called the protasis

The “then” clause is called the apodosis

Only the protasis is conditional, if the protasis is true, then the apodosis must be true.

There are four different constructions of conditional clauses in Greek. They are 1st

class, 2nd class, 3rd class, and 4th class.

The indicative mood is used for the verb in the 1st and 2nd Class Conditions

The subjunctive mood is used in 3rd Class Conditions

Condition

Definition

1st Class

This is also called the “conditions of fact” condition. These sentences are

saying that if something is true, (the writer or speaker assumes it is true),

then such and such will occur. You could change the “if” in the

conditional clause to “since” to give it a better reading. (Matt. 4:3)

2nd Class

This is also called the “contrary to fact” condition. These sentences are

saying that if something was true (even though it is not in the writer or

speaker’s viewpoint) then such and such would occur. The protasis is

assumed to be false, but if it were true, then the action in the apodosis

would truly happen. (Luke 7:39)

3rd Class

This class presents a condition that might be true in the future, or could be

generally true most times in the view of the writer or speaker. It does not

mean that it is likely to occur, but that it could occur.

4th Class

There is no complete 4th class condition illustrated in the New Testament

Note:

Regardless of what the writer or speaker says, the truthfulness of the condition is

always determined by context

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Conditional Clause Chart

CLASS

PROTASIS (If)

APODOSIS (Then)

1st Class (Assumed to be

true)

Assumed to be true. Can translate

the “if” into a “since”

Uses eiv plus the indicative verb

The verb is negated by ouv

The verb can be in any mood and

in any tense.

Does not use any word for “then”

2nd Class (Assumed to be

contrary to fact)

Assumed to be false.

Uses eiv plus the indicative verb in

the past tense (aorist, imperfect,

perfect, pluperfect)

The verb is negated by mh,

The verb must be the same tense as

in the protasis.

Uses a[n plus the indicative verb

3rd Class (Assumed to be

true)

Assumed to be possible but still

not a condition of reality

Uses eva,n plus the subjunctive verb

in any tense

The verb is negated by mh,

The verb can be in any mood and

in any tense.

Does not use any word for “then”

Uses of the Subjunctive Verb:

1. i[na followed by a subjunctive verb

The Greek word i[na “in order that” is almost always followed by a subjunctive verb,

and can indicate purpose in a sentence. The phrases i[na mh, and o[pwj mh, should be

translated as “lest” or some equivalent. They are idiomatic phrases.

e[rcomai pro.j to.n oi=kon i[na proseu,comai.

I am going to the house in order that I may pray.

evrcomeqa pro.j to.n oi=kon i[na mh, a`marta,nwmen.

We are going to the house lest we sin (or otherwise we might sin).

34

2. evan, followed by a subjunctive verb

This combination is always used in a protasis of a 3rd Class Conditional statement.

See the notes above for explanation.

3. Hortatory subjunctive

The 1st person subjunctive verb can be used as an exhortation, and will usually be

plural and occur at the beginning of the sentence. Translate this with a “let us”

emphasis.

proseucw,meqa Let us pray.

4. Deliberate subjunctive

When a person asks a question and the answer is uncertain, the verb in the question is

put in the subjunctive.

mh. ou=n merimnh,shte le,gontej( Ti, fa,gwmenÈ h;( Ti, pi,wmenÈ h;( Ti, peribalw,meqaÈ

Therefore, do not worry saying, “What should we eat?” or, ‘What should we drink?”

or, “What should we wear?”

Remember the signs of the subjunctive mood:

Signs of the Subjunctive Mood

1. It will follow i[na, eva,n, a[n, and other words formed off of these words.

2. It always has a lengthened connecting vowel (h, w) before the personal ending

3. There is no augment

35

The Infinitive Verb (Mounce ch. 32)

Definitions:

The infinitive is a verbal noun but is not declined like a noun

The infinitive does not have a case. It is viewed as being a singular neuter.

When an infinitive is preceded by the definite article, the article is always singular

neuter and the case of the article is determined by the function of the infinitive in the

sentence.

The infinitive is a verbal form that begins with “to” like “to preach.”

The infinitive can have a direct object and adverbial modifiers and prepositional

phrases acting adverbially.

The infinitive has no time significance.

The infinitive only has three aspects (tenses): present, aorist, perfect.

The infinitive does have active, middle, and passive voices.

The infinitive will not have a subject, but often has a noun in the accusative

functioning as if it were the subject.

Rules:

1. Infinitives can only occur in three tenses: present, aorist, and perfect.

2. There is no augment for the aorist infinitive because there is no time consideration.

3. The present (continuous) infinitive is built on the present stem.

4. The aorist active / middle (undefined) infinitive is built on the aorist active stem.

5. The aorist passive (undefined) infinitive is built on the aorist passive stem.

6. The perfect active (completed) infinitive is built on the perfect active stem.

7. The perfect middle / passive (completed) infinitive is built on the perfect passive

middle / passive stem.

8. The infinitive has no person or number.

36

Paradigm (All Tenses All Voices) for the Infinitive;

FORMS AND TRANSLATIONS

Present 1st Aorist 2nd Aorist Perfect (lu,w) (lu,w) (lamba,nw) (lu,w)

Active lu,ein lu/sai labei/n leluke,nai

to loose to loose to receive to have loosed

Middle lu,esqai lu,sasqai labe,sqai lelu,sqai

to loose to loose to receive to have loosed

Passive lu,esqai luqh/nai grafh/nai* lelu,sqai

to be loosed to be loosed to be written to have been loosed

* The verb gra,fw is shown for the 2nd Aorist Passive because there is none for lamba,nw

Notes:

1. The Middle and Passive forms are identical in the Present and Perfect tenses.

2. The 1st Aorist Active and Middle forms have the characteristic sa.

3. The 2nd Aorist will look just like the Present in the Active and Middle except for the

stem change.

4. All Middles and Passives have a q, except for the 2nd Aorist Passive which has a h.

5. All the infinitives except for the Present and 2nd Aorist Active end in ai.

6. The Perfect Infinitive has reduplication in all the voices.

7. Contract Verbs will have contraction:

a contract verbs (avgapa,w + ein avgapaein agapain agapa/n)

o contract verbs (plhro,w + ein plhroein plhroun plhrou/n)

Always note the circumflex over the contraction.

37

Uses of the Infinitive:

1. Substantive: An infinitive can act like a substantive—a noun, therefore it can

perform any function that a noun can perform. When it is used as a substantive, the

infinitive will usually take the definite article. The case of the definite article will

indicate how the infinitive is functioning in the sentence. Translate this by using “to”

and the main verb.

to. evsqi,ein evsti.n avgaqo,n

To eat is good.

to. zh/n Cristo.j kai. to. avpoqanei/n ke,rdoj (Notice za,w is a contract verb)

To live is Christ and to die is gain.

2. Infinitive Preceded by the Article and a Preposition: When the articular infinitive is

preceded by a preposition, there are specific rules of translation. This type of

construction is very common in the New Testament. Any attempt to translate word

for word must be abandoned because there is no construction like this in English.

a. dia, (accusative) means because and indicates a reason

dia, to. ble,pein auvto,n

Because he sees

dia. to. ei=nai auvto.n evx oi;kou kai. patria/j Daui,d

…because he was out of the house and lineage of David. (Luke 2:4)

b. eivj (accusative) means in order that and indicates purpose

eivj to. ble,pein auvto,n

In order that he sees

dia. tou/to. . . e;pemya eivj to. gnw/nai th.n pi,stin umw/n

Because of this, . . . I sent in order to know your faith (1 Thess. 3:5)

38

c. pro,j (accusative) means in order that and indicates purpose

pro,j to. ble,pein auvto,n

In order that he sees

pa,nta de. ta. e;rga auvtw/n poiou/sin pro.j to. qeaqh/nai toi/j avnqrw,poij\

But all their works they do (in order) to be seen by men (Matt. 23:5)

d. w[ste followed by an articular infinitive means so that and indicates result

w[ste gene,sqai uma/j tu,pon pa/sin toi/j pisteu,ousin

so that you became a model to all the believers. . . (1 Thess. 1:7)

o vIhsou/j avgapa|/ me w[ste me avgapa/n auvto,n

Jesus loves me which results in the fact that I love Him.

e. pro, (genitive) means before and indicates time or a temporal clause

pro. tou/ ble,pein auvto,n

Before he sees.

to. klhqe.n upo. tou/ avgge,lou pro. tou/ sullhmfqh/nai auvto.n evn th/| koili,a|Å

The name given by the angel before he was conceived in the womb. (Luke 2:21)

f. evn (dative) means as or while and indicates time or a temporal clause

evn. tw| ble,pein auvto,n

While he sees.

VEge,neto de. evn tw/| ièrateu,ein auvto.n

And it came to be, as (while) he was holding the priestly office (Luke 1:8)

39

g. meta, (accusative) means after and indicates time or a temporal clause

meta, to. ble,pein auvto,n

After he sees.

Meta. de. to. paradoqh/nai to.n VIwa,nnhn h=lqen o VIhsou/j eivj th.n Galilai,an

And after John was delivered over, Jesus came into Galilee . . . (Mark 1:14)

h. The articular infinitive with the article in the genitive also indicates purpose.

o vIhsou/j avpe,qanon tou/ ei=nai hvma/j su.n auvtw| eivj to.n aivwnion

Jesus died in order that we (may) be with him forever.

3. Complementary Infinitive: A finite verb’s meaning may be incomplete without some

additional information, and an infinitive is often used to complete the information. To

translate this, just use the word “to” and the verb. The following five verbs will

always be followed by a complementary infinitive.

a. dei/ (it is necessary) dei/ auvth,n eqsqi,ein

It is necessary for her to eat.

a. e[xestin (it is lawful) e[xestin eqsqi,ein auvtw|

It is lawful for him to eat.

a. me,llw (I am about…) me,llw eqsqi,ein

I am about to eat.

a. du,namai (I am able) du,namai eqsqi,ein

I am able to eat.

a. a[rcomai (I am beginning) a[rcomai eqsqi,ein

I am beginning to eat.

The complementary infinitive can also be used with other verbs like qe,lw (I wish),

keleu,w (I command), and ovfei,lw (I ought).

40


di,kaioj right, just, righteous me,llw I am about to

41

The Imperative (Mounce ch. 33)

Definitions:

An imperative is a verb that makes a command.

The imperative verb is in the 2nd person (you!) and 3rd person. The 3rd person

imperative should be translated “let him . . .”

The imperative can be both singular or plural.

There are only two aspects to the imperative: Present and Aorist.

The Present Imperative is built on the Present Tense stem of the verb.

The 1st Aorist Imperative is built on the 1st Aorist (Present) Tense stem of the verb.

The 2nd Aorist Imperative is built on the 2nd Aorist Tense stem of the verb.

Examples of the Present Imperative:

The imperative is formed with four parts:

Present Imperative:

Present Tense Stem + Connecting Vowel (o/e ) + Imperative Morphene

Aorist Imperative:

Aorist Tense Stem + Tense Formative (sa) + Imperative Morphene

The imperative morphene is just the ending for the imperative

Imperative Morpheme Chart

Active Middle / Passive

2nd Singular * *

3rd Singular tw sqw

2nd Plural te sqe

3rd Plural twsan sqwsan

* The 2nd Singular morphemes appear to be irregular, and should just be memorized

42

Paradigm (All Tenses All Voices) for the Imperative;

FORMS AND TRANSLATIONS (Present and 1st Aorist)

Present 1st Aorist Translation (lu,w) (lu,w)

Active

2nd Singular lu/e lu/son (You) Loose!

3rd Singular lue,tw lusa,tw Let him/her/it loose!

2nd Plural lue,te lusa,te (You) Loose!

3rd Plural lue,twsan lusa,twsan Let them loose!

Middle

2nd Singular lu,ou lu/sai (You) loose for yourself!

3rd Singular lue,sqw lusa,sqw Let him/her/it loose for himself!

2nd Plural lue,sqe lu,sasqe (You) loose for yourself!

3rd Plural lue,sqwsan lusa,sqwsan Let them loose for themselves!

Passive

2nd Singular lu,ou lu,qhti (You) be loosed!

3rd Singular lue,sqw luqh,tw Let him/her/it be loosed!

2nd Plural lue,sqe lu,qhte (You) be loosed!

3rd Plural lue,sqwsan luqh,twsan Let them be loosed!

Notes:

1. The forms for the Middle and Passive are identical in the Present Tense.

2. The 2nd Person Plural Active and Middle/Passive are identical to the Imperative

Mood.

3. There is no augment for the 1st Aorist Tense, as there is no time element.

4. The 2nd Person Singular 1st Aorist form looks like an infinitive (sai)

43

FORMS AND TRANSLATIONS (2nd Aorist)

Active Middle Passive (lu,w) (gi,nomai) (gra,fw)

Active

2nd Singular la,be genou/ gra,fhti

3rd Singular labe,tw gene,sqw grafh,tw

2nd Plural la,bete ge,nesqe gra,fhte

3rd Plural labe,twsan gene,sqwsan grafh,twsan

Notes:

1. The 2nd Aorist imperative uses the same endings as the present imperative. The only

difference is the 2nd Aorist tense stem instead of the Present Tense stem.

2. The 2nd Aorist Passive looks just like the 1st Aorist Passive except for the absence of

the theta.

Imperative Form of ei,mi,:

2nd Singular i[sqi

3rd Singular e[stw

2nd Plural e[ste

3rd Plural e[stwsan

Note: There is no Aorist form for ei,mi,. There is only the Present Tense.

44


avpo,llmi active: I destroy, kill

middle: I perish, die avpolu,w I release

ei[te if, whether

45

mi Verbs (Mounce ch. 34-35)

Definitions:

There is nothing like mi verbs in English

There are four classes of mi verbs, and they are identified by their stem vowel.

The four classes of verbs will be represented by four main mi verbs.

Verb Root

di,dwmi do i[sthmi sta ti,qhmi qe dei,knumi deiknu

Rules:

mi verbs reduplicate their initial stem letter to form the Present Tense, and separate

the reduplicated consonant with an iota.

mi verbs do not ordinarily use a connecting vowel (thematic vowel) in the indicative.

The personal ending is added directly to the stem.

mi verbs employ three different personal endings in the present active indicative.

The stem vowels (h/w) of mi verbs can lengthen, shorten, or drop out.

Most of the mi verbs use ka as their tense formative in the aorist.

46

Paradigms For All Classes of mi verbs:

All Forms for di,dwmi

Present Imperfect Future Aorist Perfect

1st Singular di,dwmi evdi,doun dw,sw e[dwka de,dwka

2nd Singular di,dwj evdi,douj dw,seij e[dwkaj de,dwkaj 3rd Singular di,dwsi(n) evdi,dou dw,sei e[dwke(n) de,dwke(n)

1st Plural di,domen evdi,domen dw,somen e[dw,kamen dedw,kamen

2nd Plural di,dote evdi,dote dw,sete e[dw,kate dedw,kate

3rd Plural dido,asi(n) evdi,dousan dw,sousi(n) e[dw,kan de,dwkan

Basic Present Tense for other mi verbs

i[sthmi ti,qhmi dei,knumi

Root sta qe deik

1st Singular i[sthmi ti,qhmi dei,knumi

2nd Singular i[sthj ti,qhj deiknu,eij

3rd Singular i[sthsi(n) ti,qhsi(n) dei,knusi(n)

1st Plural i[stamen ti,qemen dei,knumen

2nd Plural i[state ti,qete dei,knute

3rd Plural i[sta/si(n) ti,qeasi(n) deiknu,asi(n)

Look on Mounce, pages 362-380 for the full forms for all the tenses for the mi verbs. The “athematic” verbs are the mi verbs.

47

Greek Vocabulary (Mounce Ch. 34-35) Word Definition

di,dwmi I give (out), entrust, give back, put e[qnoj nation

loipo,j adjective: remaining

noun: (the) rest

adverb: for the rest, henceforth

Mwush/j Moses

avni,sthmi intransitive: I rise, get up

transitive: I raise

avnoi,gw I open

avfi,hmi I let go, leave, permit

dei,knumi I show, explain

i[dioj one’s own

i[sthmi intransitive: I stand

transitive: I cause to stand

me,soj middle, in the midst of

ti,qhmi I put, place

fhmi, I say, affirm

48

Charts

49

Participle Recognition Chart

Present and 2nd Aorist (2nd Aorist has a root change)

lu, + ont + 3rd declension case ending Active Participle (Masc.)

lu, + ous + 1st declension case ending Active Participle (Fem.)

lu + omen, + 1st/2nd declension case ending M / P Participle (M / F)

1st Aorist

lu, + sant + 3rd declension case ending Active Participle (Masc.)

lu, + sas + 1st declension case ending Active Participle (Fem.)

lu + same,n + 1st/2nd declension case ending Middle Participle (M / F)

lu + qe,nt + 1st/2nd declension case ending Passive Participle (Masc.)

lu + qei/j + 1st/2nd declension case ending Passive Participle (Fem.)

Perfect (Reduplication)

le + lu, + kot + 3rd declension case ending Active Participle (Masc.)

le + lu, + kui + 1st declension case ending Active Participle (Fem.)

le + lu, + men, + 1st/2nd declension case ending M / P Participle (M / F)

Exceptions:

The Nominative Singular Active is always an exception


Present lu,wn lu,ousa lu,on Aorist lu,saj lu,sasa lu,san Perfect lelukw,j lelukui/a leluko,j

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Case Endings—1st and 2nd Declension Masculine Feminine Neuter Nominative

Singular o lo,g oj h` graf h, to. e;rg on

Genitive Singular tou/ lo,g ou th/j graf h/j tou/ e;rg ou

Dative Singular tw/| lo,g w| th/| graf h/| tw/| e;rg w|

Accusative Singular to.n lo,g on th,n graf h.n to. e;rg on

Nominative Plural oi` lo,g oi ai graf ai. ta. e;rg a

Genitive Plural tw/n lo,g wn tw/n graf w/n tw/n e;rg wn

Dative Plural toi/j lo,g oij tai/j graf ai/j toi/j e;rg oij

Accusative Plural tou.j lo,g ouj ta,j graf a.j ta. e;rg a

Case Endings—3rd Declension k—Ending mat—Ending n—Ending Nominative

Singular sa,r x o[nom a ti, j

Genitive Singular sark o,j ovno,mat oj ti,n oj

Dative Singular sark i, ovno,mat i ti,n i

Accusative Singular sa,rk a o[nom a ti,n a

Nominative Plural

sa,rk ej ovno,mat a ti,n ej Genitive Plural

sark w/n ovnoma,t wn ti,n wn Dative Plural

sar xi,(n) ovno,ma si(n) ti, si(n) Accusative Plural

sa,rk aj ovno,mat a ti,n aj

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The Indicative Regular Verb

Active

Present Imperfect Future 1 Aorist 2 Aorist Perfect

Sin

gu

lar

1st

2nd

3rd

lu, w lu, eij lu, ei

e; lu, on e; lu, ej e; lu, e(n)

lu, sw lu, seij lu, sei

e; lu, sa e; lu, saj e; lu, se(n)

e; lab on e; lab ej e; lab e(n)

le lu, ka le lu, kaj le lu, ke(n)

Plu

ral

1st

2nd

3rd

lu, omen lu, ete lu, ousi(n)

ev lu, omen ev lu, ete ev lu, on

lu, somen lu, sete lu, sousi(n)

ev lu, samen ev lu, sate ev lu, san

ev lab omen ev la,b ete ev lab on

le lu, kamen le lu, kate le lu, kasi

Middle


Sin

gu

lar

1st

2nd

3rd

lu, omai lu, h| lu, etai

e; lu, omhn e; lu, ou e; lu, eto

lu, somai lu, sh| lu, setai

e; lu, samhn e; lu, sw e; lu, sato

e; gen o,mhn e; gen ou e; gen eto

le lu, mai le lu, sai le lu, tai

Plu

ral

1st

2nd

3rd

lu, omeqa lu, esqe lu, ontai

ev lu, omeqa ev lu, esqe ev lu, onto

lu, someqa lu, sesqe lu, sontai

ev lu, sameqa ev lu, sasqe ev lu, santo

ev gen omeqa ev gen esqe ev gen onto

le lu, meqa le lu, sqe le lu, ntai

Passive


Sin

gu

lar

1st

2nd

3rd

lu, omai lu, h| lu, etai

e; lu, omhn e; lu, ou e; lu, eto

lu, qh,somai lu, qh,sh| lu, qh,setai

e; lu, qh,n e; lu, qhj e; lu, qh

e; graf hn e; graf hj e; graf h

le lu, mai le lu, sai le lu, tai

Plu

ral

1st

2nd

3rd

lu, omeqa lu, esqe lu, ontai

ev lu, omeqa ev lu, esqe ev lu, onto

lu, qh,someqa lu, qh,sesqe lu, qh,sontai

ev lu, qhmen ev lu, qhte ev lu, qhsan

ev graf hmen ev graf hte ev grafhsan

le lu, meqa le lu, sqe le lu, ntai

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The Subjunctive Regular Verb

Active


Sin

gu

lar

1st

2nd

3rd

lu, w lu, h|j lu, h|

lu, sw lu, sh|j lu, sh|

la,b w la,b h|j la,b h|

Plu

ral

1st

2nd

3rd

lu, wmen lu, hte lu, wsi(n)

lu, swmen lu, shte lu, swsi(n)

la,b wmen la,b hte la,b wsi(n)

Middle


Sin

gu

lar

1st

2nd

3rd

lu, wmai lu, h| lu, htai

lu, swmai lu, sh| lu, shtai

ge,n wmai ge,n h| ge,n htai

Plu

ral

1st

2nd

3rd

lu w,meqa lu, hsqe lu, wntai

lu sw,meqa lu, shsqe lu, swntai

gen w,meqa ge,n hsqe ge,n wntai

Passive


Sin

gu

lar

1st

2nd

3rd

lu, owmai lu, h| lu, htai

lu, qw/ lu, qh/|j lu, qh/

graf w/ graf h/|j graf h/|

Plu

ral

1st

2nd

3rd

lu w,meqa lu, hsqe lu, wntai

lu, qw/men lu, qh/te lu, qw/si(n)

graf w/men graf h/te graf wsi(n)

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The Infinitive Regular Verb

Present

1 Aorist

2 Aorist

Perfect

Active

Middle

Passive

lu, ein lu, esqai lu, esqai

lu/ sai lu, sasqai lu qh/nai

la bei/n la be,sqai gra fh/nai

le lu ke,nai le lu, sqai le lu, sqai

The Use of the Infinitive with Prepositions

Greek Phrase Translation Type of Clause

dia, to. ble,pein auvto,n Because he sees Causal

eivj to. ble,pein auvto,n In order that he sees Result / Purpose

pro,j to. ble,pein auvto,n In order that he sees Result / Purpose

pro, tou/ ble,pein auvto,n Before he sees Temporal (time)

evn tw| ble,pein auvto,n When / while he sees Temporal (time)

meta, to. ble,pein auvto,n After he sees Temporal (time)

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Genitive Absolute NAS Matthew 17:9 And as they were coming down from the mountain, Jesus commanded them, saying, "Tell the vision to no one until the Son of Man has risen from the dead."

Kai. katabaino,ntwn auvtw/n evk tou/ o;rouj evnetei,lato auvtoi/j o VIhsou/j le,gwn( Mhdeni. ei;phte to. o[rama e[wj ou- o` uio.j tou/ avnqrw,pou evk nekrw/n evgerqh/|Å

The Genitive Absolute participle phrase can be removed from the sentence without affecting

the meaning of the main thought.

The Genitive Absolute will have a Genitive noun or pronoun acting as the subject of the

participle phrase

The Genitive Absolute is adverbial, and will have a temporal sense

o As / while they were coming down from the mountain

o The action happens at the same time as the main verb because the tense is present

This is not a Genitive Absolute—it is an adverbial participle acting as a genitive modifier

NAS Matthew 21:12

And Jesus entered the temple and cast out all those who were buying and selling in the temple, and overturned the tables of the moneychangers and the seats of those who were selling doves. Kai. eivsh/lqen VIhsou/j eivj to. ièro.n kai. evxe,balen pa,ntaj tou.j pwlou/ntaj kai. avgora,zontaj evn tw/| ièrw/|( kai. ta.j trape,zaj tw/n kollubistw/n kate,streyen kai. ta.j kaqe,draj tw/n pwlou,ntwn ta.j peristera,j(

This participle phrase is answering “what kind of seat?”

The seat ta.j kaqe,draj is a seat of “sellers of doves” tw/n pwlou,ntwn ta.j peristera,j

NAS Mark 5:21 And when Jesus had crossed over again in the boat to the other side, a great multitude gathered about Him; and He stayed by the seashore.

Kai. diapera,santoj tou/ VIhsou/ Îevn tw/| ploi,w|Ð pa,lin eivj to. pe,ran sunh,cqh o;cloj polu.j evpV auvto,n( kai. h=n para. th.n qa,lassanÅ

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The main idea is not dependent on the Genitive Absolute participle phrase

The Genitive Absolute phrase is at the beginning of the sentence

The Genitive Absolute phrase is not translated literally

The Genitive Absolute phrase is adverbial, with a temporal sense

Because the Genitive Absolute phrase is in the aorist tense, it happens before the action of

the main verb (Jesus crossed over in the boat first, then the great multitude gathered

around him)

NAS Luke 15:14 "Now when he had spent everything, a severe famine occurred in that country, and he began to be in need.

dapanh,santoj de. auvtou/ pa,nta evge,neto limo.j ivscura. kata. th.n cw,ran evkei,nhn( kai. auvto.j h;rxato usterei/sqaiÅ

The Genitive Absolute participle phrase is a temporal adverbial modifier

The man “spent all freely” before the severe famine occurred

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Conditional Clauses

1st Class Condition (Assumed to be true) GNT Matthew 26:39 kai. proelqw.n mikro.n e;pesen evpi. pro,swpon auvtou/ proseuco,menoj kai. le,gwn( Pa,ter mou( eiv dunato,n evstin( parelqa,tw avpV evmou/ to. poth,rion tou/to\ plh.n ouvc wj evgw. qe,lw avllV wj su,Å

GNT Matthew 26:42 pa,lin evk deute,rou avpelqw.n proshu,xato le,gwn( Pa,ter mou( eiv ouv du,natai tou/to parelqei/n eva.n mh. auvto. pi,w( genhqh,tw to. qe,lhma, souÅ 2nd Class Condition (Assumed to be false) GNT Luke 7:39 ivdw.n de. o Farisai/oj o kale,saj auvto.n ei=pen evn eàutw/| le,gwn( Ou-toj eiv h=n profh,thj( evgi,nwsken a'n ti,j kai. potaph. h` gunh. h[tij a[ptetai auvtou/( o[ti amartwlo,j evstinÅ GNT Luke 17:6 ei=pen de. o` ku,rioj( Eiv e;cete pi,stin wj ko,kkon sina,pewj( evle,gete a'n th/| sukami,nw| Îtau,th|Ð( VEkrizw,qhti kai. futeu,qhti evn th/| qala,ssh|\ kai. u`ph,kousen a'n u`mi/nÅ

3rd Class Condition GNT 1 John 1:9 eva.n o`mologw/men ta.j a`marti,aj h`mw/n( pisto,j evstin kai. di,kaioj( i[na avfh/| h`mi/n ta.j a`marti,aj kai. kaqari,sh| h`ma/j avpo. pa,shj avdiki,ajÅ GNT 1 Corinthians 13:1 VEa.n tai/j glw,ssaij tw/n avnqrw,pwn lalw/ kai. tw/n avgge,lwn( avga,phn de. mh. e;cw( ge,gona calko.j hvcw/n h' ku,mbalon avlala,zonÅ

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Future Participles in the New Testament NAS Matthew 27:49 But the rest of them said, "Let us see whether Elijah will come to save Him." GNT Matthew 27:49 oi de. loipoi. e;legon( :Afej i;dwmen eiv e;rcetai VHli,aj sw,swn auvto,nÅ

NAS Luke 22:49 And when those who were around Him saw what was going to happen, they said, "Lord, shall we strike with the sword?" GNT Luke 22:49 ivdo,ntej de. oi peri. auvto.n to. evso,menon ei=pan( Ku,rie( eiv pata,xomen evn macai,rh|È

NAS John 6:64 "But there are some of you who do not believe." For Jesus knew from the beginning who they were who did not believe, and who it was that would betray Him. GNT John 6:64 avllV eivsi.n evx umw/n tinej oi] ouv pisteu,ousinÅ h;|dei ga.r evx avrch/j o` VIhsou/j ti,nej eivsi.n oi mh. pisteu,ontej kai. ti,j evstin o paradw,swn auvto,nÅ

NAS Acts 8:27 And he arose and went; and behold, there was an Ethiopian eunuch, a court official of Candace, queen of the Ethiopians, who was in charge of all her treasure; and he had come to Jerusalem to worship. GNT Acts 8:27 kai. avnasta.j evporeu,qh\ kai. ivdou. avnh.r Aivqi,oy euvnou/coj duna,sthj Kanda,khj basili,sshj Aivqio,pwn( o]j h=n evpi. pa,shj th/j ga,zhj auvth/j( o]j evlhlu,qei proskunh,swn eivj VIerousalh,m(

NAS Acts 20:22 "And now, behold, bound in spirit, I am on my way to Jerusalem, not knowing what will happen to me there, GNT Acts 20:22 kai. nu/n ivdou. dedeme,noj evgw. tw/| pneu,mati poreu,omai eivj VIerousalh.m ta. evn auvth/| sunanth,sonta, moi mh. eivdw,j(

NAS Acts 22:5 as also the high priest and all the Council of the elders can testify. From them I also received letters to the brethren, and started off for Damascus in order to bring even those who were there to Jerusalem as prisoners to be punished. GNT Acts 22:5 w`j kai. o` avrciereu.j marturei/ moi kai. pa/n to. presbute,rion( parV w-n kai. evpistola.j dexa,menoj pro.j tou.j avdelfou.j eivj Damasko.n evporeuo,mhn( a;xwn kai. tou.j evkei/se o;ntaj dedeme,nouj eivj VIerousalh.m i[na timwrhqw/sinÅ

NAS Acts 24:11 since you can take note of the fact that no more than twelve days ago I went up to Jerusalem to worship. GNT Acts 24:11 duname,nou sou evpignw/nai o[ti ouv plei,ouj eivsi,n moi hme,rai dw,deka avfV h-j avne,bhn proskunh,swn eivj VIerousalh,mÅ

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NAS Acts 24:17 "Now after several years I came to bring alms to my nation and to present offerings; GNT Acts 24:17 diV evtw/n de. pleio,nwn evlehmosu,naj poih,swn eivj to. e;qnoj mou paregeno,mhn kai. prosfora,j(

NAS Romans 8:34 who is the one who condemns? Christ Jesus is He who died, yes, rather who was raised, who is at the right hand of God, who also intercedes for us. GNT Romans 8:34 ti,j o` katakrinw/nÈ Cristo.j ÎVIhsou/jÐ o` avpoqanw,n( ma/llon de. evgerqei,j( o]j kai, evstin evn dexia/| tou/ qeou/( o]j kai. evntugca,nei u`pe.r h`mw/nÅ

NAS 1 Corinthians 15:37 and that which you sow, you do not sow the body which is to be, but a bare grain, perhaps of wheat or of something else. GNT 1 Corinthians 15:37 kai. o] spei,reij( ouv to. sw/ma to. genhso,menon spei,reij avlla. gumno.n ko,kkon eiv tu,coi si,tou h; tinoj tw/n loipw/n\

NAS Hebrews 3:5 Now Moses was faithful in all His house as a servant, for a testimony of those things which were to be spoken later; GNT Hebrews 3:5 kai. Mwu?sh/j me.n pisto.j evn o[lw| tw/| oi;kw| auvtou/ wj qera,pwn eivj martu,rion tw/n lalhqhsome,nwn(

NAS Hebrews 13:17 Obey your leaders, and submit to them; for they keep watch over your souls, as those who will give an account. Let them do this with joy and not with grief, for this would be unprofitable for you. GNT Hebrews 13:17 Pei,qesqe toi/j h`goume,noij umw/n kai. u`pei,kete( auvtoi. ga.r avgrupnou/sin u`pe.r tw/n yucw/n u`mw/n w`j lo,gon avpodw,sontej( i[na meta. cara/j tou/to poiw/sin kai. mh. stena,zontej\ avlusitele.j ga.r umi/n tou/toÅ

NAS 1 Peter 3:13 And who is there to harm you if you prove zealous for what is good? GNT 1 Peter 3:13 Kai. ti,j o` kakw,swn uma/j eva.n tou/ avgaqou/ zhlwtai. ge,nhsqeÈ

Documents

Participles (Mounce ch. 26, 29)...lu,santaj lusa,saj lu,santa Notes: 1. The sa replaces “ousa” in the Feminine 2. The Accusative Masculine Singular, Neuter Nominative Plural and