Partition of

Africa

Chapter 9.2

Africa in the Early 1800’s

North AfricaMuch of this Muslim section of Africa was

under control of the Ottoman

Empire

Africa in the Early 1800’sIslam Crusaders into Western Africa

• Nigeria led the way for Islamic revivals in West Africa• As other nations saw results of increased literacy,

improved trade & reduction of local wars, more Muslim Reform Movements occurred.

• From 1780-1880, more than a dozen Islamic leaders came to power in this part of Africa

Africa in the Early 1800’sWestern

Africa• Western Africa

found Muslim Rule fitting for improvement in their communities.

• The African people rose up against European rulers

Africa in the Early 1800’s

• Mombasa & Kilwa are examples of trade areas.

• Slaves were often the main cargo.

East Africa• Islam had long

influenced this area of Africa.

Africa in the Early 1800’s

Southern Africa• The Zulu kingdom

had grown by force for quite some time – This created more wars & migration.

• 1830’s arrival of Dutch only led to more fighting for land power.

Africa in the Early 1800’s

Southern Africa Shaka the Zulu leader

• Waged wars on others• Encouraged others to

forget their differences & assimilate completely in Zulu culture.

Shaka Zulu Dominated most of Southern Africa

• “Shaka” translates to “intestinal parasite” or “bastard”– Illegitimate child of

Zulu chief & lower-class clan

– Not liked as a child because of his dehumanization outlook & his view of violence as protection

Shaka Zulu• King of the Zulu’s

innovative tactics of warfare. – Replaced light

javelins with heavy headed spears

– Created shields of cow hide for protection

• Dominated most of Southern Africa

Africa in the Early 1800’s

• Boers moved North which became known as the Great Trek

• Along their way of migration, the Boers came in contact with Zulus & more fighting broke out.

Great Trek1815 British pushed the Dutch “Boers” out of South Africa

Impact of the Slave Trade

• While the slave trade to Europe ended in the early 1800’s, the East African Slave Trade continued to Asia.

• Some African areas were obtaining independence, many others were simply devastated as a result of slavery.

European Contact Increases• Most trade took place

along the coasts until the 1800’s.

• Explorers advance to African interior due to the desire to map the unknown land, course the source of rivers, understand the geography & the people

• Missionaries followed hoping to spread Christianity. – Many built schools & clinics

next to churches.– Believed that African people

were their children to take care of & guide. (paternalistic)

Livingstone Blazes a Trail• Dr. David Livingstone

was an explorer & missionary

• Crossed Africa many times in a 30 year span writing of his experiences.– Sympathetic to the

people he met– Opposed the slave trade– Felt the only way to ‘end

the cruel traffic’ was to ‘open up the interior of Africa to Christianity & the trade

Scramble for ColoniesBerlin Conference• Attended only by

European leaders, none from Africa.

• Allowed European Countries to stake claim in Africa so long as a gov't was established

Scramble for ColoniesHorror in Congo• King of Leopold of Belgium

& other wealthy Belgians exploited the copper, rubber & ivory in the Congo.

• Natives were treated so brutally, the king lost his personal control & the nation of the Belgium took over.– People of the Congo received

NO income from the riches of the mines there

– Africans given next to NO role in gov’t

Scramble Continues

France extended its influence by conquering Algeria in the North along with colonies in West & Central Africa

Scramble ContinuesBritain takes a

share

Gained control from Egypt to Sudan.

Acquired Cape Colony from the Dutch settling up a white minority rule in South Africa & lasted ‘til 1993!

Africans Resist Imperialism• French did not obtain

Algeria easily & fought for years.

• Samori Toure fought in West Africa

• British fought the Zulu’s in the South & Asante in the West

• Germans fought the Yao & Herero in East Africa as well.

Independent Ethiopia• Ethiopia had been an

ancient Christian kingdom in Africa & was the one area able to keep independence

• Menelik II modernized his country in the late 1800’s– Worked with Europeans to

modernize roads & bridges and create a Western School System.

• When the Italians attempted invade, Ethiopia was prepared to defend itself