Parts of Speech Review

TAKE NOTES IN THE GRAMMAR SECTION OF YOUR BINDER.

Nouns

Nouns

A word or word group that is used to name a person, a place, a thing, or an idea

Compound Nouns

2 words for the price of 1One word: grandfather, baseball, footballHyphenated word: mother-in-law, light-yearTwo words (that go together): grand piano,

jumping jack

What do these words have in common?

Eiffel Tower

Pirates of the Caribbean

Ms. Foster

President Obama

Brian

London

Auburn

“Lost”

Harry Potter

Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief

Atlanta Braves

“Single Ladies”

Proper Nouns

Proper noun: names a particular person, place, thing, or idea

Which president? President ObamaWhich teacher? Ms. FosterWhich totally awesome literary character?

Harry PotterWhich favorite TV show of Ms. Foster? LostProper nouns begin with a capital letter.

What do these words have in common?

country

girl

dog

hairspray

freedom

religion

truth

song

movie

table

chicken

shoe

language

toothpaste

Common Nouns

Common noun: names any person, place, thing, or idea (or group of people, places, things, or ideas.)

Common nouns are usually not capitalized.

What is the difference between the two categories?

bridge

Jordan-Hare Stadium

chicken wing

daisy

strawberry

music

Johnny Depp

love

fun

truth

wisdom

Judaism

self-esteem

humor

Concrete noun: names a person, place, or thing that can be seen, heard, tasted, touched, or smelled

Abstract noun: names an idea, a feeling, a quality, or a characteristic

It cannot be touched, heard, seen, tasted, or smelled.

Collective Nouns

A word that names a group

Examples: herd, team, family, crew, batch, class, jury, committee

Jot Thoughts

Ms. Foster has put posters around the room. In groups, you will travel to each poster. When Ms. Foster says “go”, you will have 30 seconds to write down as many nouns as possible.

Categories: Person, place, thing, ideaEach group with write in a different color so

you can see how your group did.Social skill: Moving around room, quiet

voices

TAKE NOTES IN THE GRAMMAR SECTION OF YOUR BINDER.

Pronouns

Why do we need pronouns?

Ms. Fralish is my roommate. Ms. Fralish is a coach at the high school. Ms. Fralish’s students call Ms. Fralish Ms. FrayFray. Ms. Fralish likes to sing in the car on the way to school. When other drivers see Ms. Fralish, they might think Ms. Fralish is talking to Ms. Fralish.

On the flip side…Who is he?

He went to Publix yesterday.In his cart, he had bread, milk, and cheese.He was in line at the check-out counter.He handed him $10.50.He unloaded the groceries into his car.When he was backing out of his parking spot,

he hit his car.

Why do writers use pronouns?

Pronouns

Pronoun: a word that is used in place of one or more nouns

The word or word group that a pronoun stands for is called its antecedent.

Example: When other drivers see Ms. Fralish, they might think

Ms. Fralish is talking to Ms. Fralish.

When other drivers see Ms. Fralish, they might think she is talking to herself.

Personal Pronouns

A personal pronoun refers to the one speaking, the one being spoken to, or the one being spoken about.

First person personal pronouns: I, me, my, mine, we, us, our, ours

Second person personal pronouns: you, your, yours

Third person personal pronouns: he, him, his, she, her, hers, it, its, they, them, their, theirs

Use personal pronouns in place of some the nouns.

When I turned on the lie detector, the lie detector told me the lie detector had a headache.

When I turned on the lie detector, _____ told me ____ had a headache.

If the doctor ever shows up, ask the doctor if the doctor will deliver the baby.

If the doctor ever shows up, ask ________ if ______ will deliver the baby.

Gertrude threw the banana cream pie at the judge, but Gertrude later apologized.

Gertrude threw the banana cream pie at the judge, but ______ later apologized.

COMPOSING STRONG PARAGRAPHS

How and why do writers organize information?

Find the topic sentence, supporting details, and conclusion in these paragraphs:

Winter is my favorite season, because I like the clothes, the food, and the activities. In the winter, I can wear a big coat and my favorite sweater. When it’s cold, I can eat hot foods and soup. I like to drink hot chocolate too. Best of all, I enjoy many winter activities. I can play in the snow and make a snowman. I can go skiing, ice skating, or stay at home by the fireplace. These things make winter my favorite season.

What do paragraphs look like?

American food is fast, cheap, and tasty. Some countries have food that takes a long time to make, but Americans like to eat fast food, for example: hot dogs, hamburgers, and sandwiches. American food is not too expensive. Some people don’t like American food, but I think it tastes great. You can put ranch dressing on everything to make it taste delicious. If you are looking for food that is fast, cheap, and tasty, you should try American food.

Do all the sentences in this paragraph stay focused on the topic?

I don’t like tests. Every time I take a test, I feel nervous. When I study for a test, I don’t know if I will be able to get a good grade. Often I worry about taking a test and can’t sleep. Sometimes I daydream or draw pictures in class. After the test is over, I worry about my grade. When my teacher gives the test back to me with a grade, I still can’t relax, because I know I will have another test soon. Tests give me a lot of stress. That is why I don’t like tests.

What would be a topic sentence for this paragraph?

_________________. You don’t have to take a cat for a walk every day like a dog. You do not have to wash cats, because they know how to clean themselves. If you want to go on vacation, you can leave some food and water for your cat, and it will be okay. A cat can sleep on your bed and keep you warm at night. I think these things make cats good pets.

What is a concluding sentence for this paragraph?

Halloween is a traditional American holiday. Americans celebrate it every year on October 31st. Children dress in Halloween costumes and go trick-or-treating. Adults have parties and decorate their homes. The stores sell a lot of candy and black and orange decorations. At parties people eat cupcakes and drink apple cider. They also carve pumpkins to make jack-o-lanterns. ____________________.

From ReadWriteThink: Adapted from “Teaching Writing” by Rebekah Martindale

The Hamburger Paragraph

Topic sentence

Supporting details

Conclusion sentence

WHAT ARE YOU DOING?

Verbs

Verbs

A verb expresses action or a state of being.

Action: We celebrated the win yesterday.John ran up the stairs to get to his next class.

State of being: Halloween is an American holiday.

The Jaguars are the best team at DMS.

What are they doing?

What are they doing?

The Saints celebrate their victory.

Action Verbs

Action verbs: express physical activity

Serena Williams swings her racket.Tim Tebow throws the football.Michael Phelps swims really fast.Lee Dewyze sang on the American Idol stage.The Saints celebrated their victory.

Action verbs continued

Action verbs express mental activity

Alison thought about the problem before answering.

Jeramiya believes Jaylon when he says he cut his finger.

Identify the Action Verbs

1. For a science project, Maura built a volcano.

2. Ms. Evans carefully explained the word problem to each of the students.

3. I remembered to grade your homework.

4. Dr. Jones wishes he was as cool as Ms. Foster.

5. Scotty’s bike suddenly skidded and fell hard on the pavement.

Who is she???

Linking Verbs

Linking verb: A verb that expresses a state of being. It connects, or links, the subject to a word or word group that identifies or describes that subject.

Example: Beyonce is a singer.

More examples:Beyonce seems nice.The verb, seems, links nice to the subject, Beyonce.

Beyonce sounds amazing.

Common linking verbs

appear feel look seemsound

taste become grow remainsmell

stay turn

Forms of Be

am were will be can be

is has been shall beshould be

are have been may be

was had been might be

would have been

More Examples of Linking Verbs

Serena Williams is a tennis player.

Tim Tebow remained focused at the game.

Michael Phelps becomes a fish in the water.

Lee Dewyze is this year’s American Idol.

Substitute an equals (=) sign for each linking verb. If the subject and predicate part are the same, then you have a linking verb!

Beyonce = a singer.Beyonce is a singer.

Chocolate ice cream tastes delicious.Chocolate ice cream = delicious

Helping Verbs

Helping verb: “helps” the main verb express action or state of being. In other words, it helps the linking verb or action verb.

Examples: can sing, did swim, has taught

Common helping verbs: has, had, have, can, might, could, should, may, will, did, was

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cRdxXPV9GNQ

List five verbs that you see in the video clip. List more if you can!

Create three sentences using those verbs.

THE PAINT OF LANGUAGE

Adjectives

Adjectives

Adjective: a word that is used to modify (or describe) a noun or pronoun

Tells what kind, which one, how much, or how many about a noun

What kind? Curly hair, young kids, busy dentist

Which one? Seventh grade, that road, any movie

How much/many? Many days, ten dollars, no pens

Adjectives

Some words that typically stand alone as nouns may be used as adjectives in some circumstances.

taco (noun) taco soup (adjective)

football (noun) football game (adjective)

Can you think of another example?

Proper Adjectives

Just like proper nouns, proper adjectives are capitalized.

Examples: Thanksgiving dinner, African continent

Proper adjective Noun

Adverb

Adverbs

Adverb: a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb

Adverbs answer: Where? When? How? How often? How long? To what extent? How much?

Adverbs may come before, after, or between the words they modify.

Adverbs usually end in ly.

Examples

Alexis spoke loudly so everyone could hear her.

The fire blazed wildly through the forest.

Sometimes John finishes early and reads a book.

Words Often Used as Adverbs

Questions Adverbs that answer the question

Where? away, here, inside, there, up

When? later, now, soon, then, tomorrow

How? clearly, easily, quietly, slowly

How often? Or How long? always, usually, continuously, never, forever, briefly

To what extent? Or How much? almost, so, too, more, least, extremely, quite, very, not

Walking Charades

You will be divided into two teams.One member from your team will come draw

an adverb out of the bucket. He or she has one minute to act of the verb walk in the style of the adverb.

“Act out” what you got! Your team will try to guess what adverb you have in the one minute time frame.

The team with the most words guessed correctly wins.

Preposition

Preposition

Preposition: A word that shows the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word.

Notice how a preposition changes a sentence:

The dog next to the mailbox is mine.The dog in front of the mailbox is mine.The dog near the mailbox is mine.

How does the relationship change between the dog and the mailbox?

Please refer to page 104 for a list of commonly used prepositions.

The Prepositional Phrase

Preposition + Noun (object of the preposition) + any modifiers= prepositional phrase

The dog in front of the mailbox is mine.

in front of= prepositionthe= modifiermailbox=object of the preposition

The Prepositional Phrase

A preposition may have more than one object.

Allie’s phone call to Frank and Chris contained happy news.

Objects of the preposition may have modifiers.

She hid beneath the moss-covered bridge.

Conjunction

Conjunctions

Conjunction: a word that joins words or word groups

Coordinating conjunctions: join words or word groups that are used in the same way

ForAndNorButOrYetSo

Examples

Mike or Brook (2 nouns)

Strict but fair (2 adjectives)

Over the river and through the woods (2 prepositional phrases)

Subway is good, but Chic-fil-A is better. (2 independent clauses)

Interjection

Interjection

Interjection: a word that expresses emotion

An interjection has no grammatical relationship to the other parts of the sentence.

Usually, an interjection is followed by an exclamation point. Sometimes, the interjection is set off by a comma.

Commonly used interjections: aha, oops, well, wow, yikes, yippee, rats