Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology, Limda. · The blood flow causes variation in light intensity reaching the light dependent resistor (LDR), Which results in chang in

Maulik Patel Heart Rate Meter|2008

Page 2 of 76

Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology,

Limda.

Electronics & Communication Engineering Department.

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “MICROCONTROLLER-BASED HEART-

RATE METER” which is being submitted by

Mr.PATEL MAULIK (S-133006102)

In fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Diploma Engineering in Electronics

& Communication by Technical Education Board, Gandhinagar during the academic

year 2005-06 has been carried out by them under our supervision and guidance. The

matter embodied in this report has not been submitted for award of any other degree

or research work.

Miss. Tejal Tandel Mr. Ravi Soni Mr. Nayan Trivedi

(Lecturer) (Lecturer) Head of Dept. (H.O.D)


Page 3 of 76

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

We, the student of Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology feel very glad and

believe that we are very lucky for getting an opportunity to develop project entitled

Microcontroller based Heart Rate Meter.

Our special thanks to our college for providing all the facilities to complete and make

our project successful

I give my sincere thanks to my Project guide Mr.Ravi Soni, Ms. Tejal Tandel, Mr.Nayan

Trivedi who have always been guiding, encouraging and motivating force. They have provided

us with valuable guidance at each and every step of project development process. They also

drew the attention towards various other processes that were being followed in the

organization under the framework of project development.

I also extend my thanks to all the faculty members of our college who gave us valuable

guidance and help for the project.

Our obligation remains to all those people who have directly or indirectly helped in

successful completion of the project. No amount of words return here will suffice for the sense

of gratitude towards them all.


Page 4 of 76

Index

Sr. no Description Pg no

1) About the Institute 6

2) Ch-1( Introduction) 9

Microcontroller

Definition

About the Project

3) Ch-2 ( Block Diagram) 14

Simple Block Diagram

Description of the Blocks

4) Ch-3( Circuit Diagram) 17

Heart Rate Meter

Description

5) Ch-4 ( Hardware Section) 22

Microcontroller IC AT892051

Current Buffer IC ULN2003

6) Ch-5 ( PCB Layout) 33

Actual Layout

Components Layout


Page 5 of 76

Sr. no Description Pg no

7) Ch-6 ( Software Section) 36

About the Software

Using Kiel Corp.

8) Ch.7(Hard Ware) 45

Testing

Trouble Shooting

9) Ch.8(Screen Shots) 51

10) Ch.9(About The Project) 55

Application

Drawbacks

11) Conclusion 58

12) Bibliography 59

13) Ch-10(Software Coding for IC) 60

14) Ch-11(Costing) 74

15) NOTES 76


Page 6 of 76

About the Institute

PARUL INSISTITUTE OF ENGINEEING&TECHNOLOGY

Diploma & Degree Programmers.

Parul Arogya Seva Mandal was established in 1989 with a clear mission

set by its founder. Mission being, service to the poor and needy in fields

of physical, mental intellectual and material


Page 7 of 76

Diploma courses:

1. Electronics &communication Engineering.

2. Computer Engineering.

3. Mechanical Engineering.

4. Electrical Engineering.

5. Civil Engineering.

6. Auto Mobile Engineering.

7. Architectural Assistantship.

8. Engineering Duration of Diploma Programmers is 3 years. Eligibility for

admission is 10th Standard Pass.


Page 8 of 76

PARUL Institute of Engineering & Technology

Parul Arogya Seva Mandal was established in the year 1989 with an aim to serve the

needy and poor with good education, medical facilities and employment. With these three goals

in view, the mission of achieving the same spread to different parts of Gujarat by way of

charitable / free OPD's, hospitals and educational institutes.

Apart from this, the trust has created awareness in preventing HIV and AIDS in the society. It

also has conducted workshops on the grassroots level for family planning educating the public of

the menace of population. The founder of the trust, Dr. JAYESHBHAI PATEL, a renowned

homoeopath himself is known for his compassion for the poor and needy. He set himself on the

mission to eradicate the malnourishment of the mind and body of the society. In the same

interest, it was necessary to educate the common man to the perils of ill-health and

unemployment.

To achieve this goal, the trust started medical and paramedical courses along with engineering

and management programs. The trust gives out several scholarships every year to the poor and

meritorious students encouraging more and more underprivileged people to take education.


Page 9 of 76

CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION


Page 10 of 76

Introduction:

MICROCONTROLLER

History:-

First types

The 4004 with cover removed (left) and as actually used (right).

Three projects arguably delivered a complete microprocessor at about the same time,

namely Intel's 4004, the Texas Instruments (TI) TMS 1000, and Garrett AiResearch's Central Air

Data Computer (CADC).

In 1968, Garrett AiResearch, with designer Ray Holt and Steve Geller, were invited to

produce a digital computer to compete with electromechanical systems then under

development for the main flight control computer in the US Navy's new F-14 Tomcat fighter.

The design was complete by 1970, and used a MOS-based chipset as the core CPU. The design

was significantly (approximately 20 times) smaller and much more reliable than the mechanical

systems it competed against, and was used in all of the early Tomcat models. This system

contained a "a 20-bit, pipelined, parallel multi-microprocessor". However, the system was

considered so advanced that the Navy refused to allow publication of the design until 1997. For

this reason the CADC, and the MP944 chipset it used, are fairly unknown even today. (see First

Microprocessor Chip Set.) TI developed the 4-bit TMS 1000, and stressed pre-programmed

embedded applications, introducing a version called the TMS1802NC on September 17, 1971,

which implemented a calculator on a chip. The Intel chip was the 4-bit 4004, released on

November 15, 1971, developed by Federico Faggin and Marcian Hoff.

TI filed for the patent on the microprocessor. Gary Boone was awarded U.S. Patent

3,757,306 for the single-chip microprocessor architecture on September 4, 1973. It may never

be known which company actually had the first working microprocessor running on the lab

bench. In both 1971 and 1976, Intel and TI entered into broad patent cross-licensing

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4004

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas_Instruments

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett_AiResearch

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Central_Air_Data_Computer



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ray_Holt

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromechanical

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Navy

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-14_Tomcat

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MOSFET

http://www.microcomputerhistory.com/



http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_17

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel_4004

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/November_15


http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federico_Faggin

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcian_Hoff

http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?patentnumber=3757306




http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/September_4



Page 11 of 76

agreements, with Intel paying royalties to TI for the microprocessor patent. A nice history of

these events is contained in court documentation from a legal dispute between Cyrix and Intel,

with TI as intervener and owner of the microprocessor patent.

Interestingly, a third party (Gilbert Hyatt) was awarded a patent which might cover the

"microprocessor". See a webpage claiming an invention pre-dating both TI and Intel, describing

a "microcontroller". According to a rebuttal and a commentary, the patents was later

invalidated, but not before substantial royalties were paid out.

A computer-on-a-chip is a variation of a microprocessor which combines the

microprocessor core (CPU), some memory, and I/O (input/output) lines, all on one chip. The

computer-on-a-chip patent, called the "microcomputer patent" at the time, U.S. Patent

4,074,351 , was awarded to Gary Boone and Michael J. Cochran of TI. Aside from this patent,

the standard meaning of microcomputer is a computer using one or more microprocessors as

its CPU(s), while the concept defined in the patent is perhaps more akin to a microcontroller.

According to A History of Modern Computing, (MIT Press), pp. 220–21, Intel entered

into a contract with Computer Terminals Corporation, later called Data point, of San Antonio

TX, for a chip for a terminal they were designing. Data point later decided to use the chip, and

Intel marketed it as the 8008 in April, 1972. This was the world's first 8-bit microprocessor. It

was the basis for the famous "Mark-8" computer kit advertised in the magazine Radio-

Electronics in 1974. The 8008 and its successor, the world-famous 8080, opened up the

microprocessor component marketplace

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/intervenor

http://www.me.utexas.edu/~me179/topics/patents/case6articles/case6article1.html

http://www.intel4004.com/hyatt.htm

http://www.patentlyo.com/patent/2007/07/hyatt-v-dudas-f.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Input/output

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit





http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcomputer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intel

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datapoint

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark-8


Page 12 of 76

Definition:

A microcontroller (also MCU or µC) is a computer-on-a-chip. It is a type of

microprocessor emphasizing high integration, low power consumption, self-sufficiency and

cost-effectiveness, in contrast to a general-purpose microprocessor (the kind used in a PC). In

addition to the usual arithmetic and logic elements of a general purpose microprocessor, the

microcontroller typically integrates additional elements such as read-write memory for data

storage, read-only memory, such as flash for code storage, EEPROM for permanent data

storage, peripheral devices, and input/output interfaces. At clock speeds of as little as a few

MHz or even lower, microcontrollers often operate at very low speed compared to modern day

microprocessors, but this is adequate for typical applications. They consume relatively little

power (milliwatts), and will generally have the ability to sleep while waiting for an interesting

peripheral event such as a button press to wake them up again to do something. Power

consumption while sleeping may be just nano watts, making them ideal for low power and long

lasting battery applications.

Microcontrollers are frequently used in automatically controlled products and devices, such

as automobile engine control systems, remote controls, office machines, appliances, power

tools, and toys. By reducing the size, cost, and power consumption compared to a design using

a separate microprocessor, memory, and input/output devices, microcontrollers make it

economical to electronically control many more processes.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_circuit

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microprocessor

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_computer

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAM

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read-only_memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flash_memory

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EEPROM


Page 13 of 76

Introduction About the project:

Heart rate can be measured either by the ECG wave form or by the blood flow in to

the finger(pulse method). The pulse method is simple and convenient.

When blood flows during the systolic stroke of the heart into the body parts,the

finger gets its blood via the radial artery on the arm.

The blood flow in to the finger can be sensed photoelectrically.

To count the heart beats,here we use a small light source on one side of the

finger(thumb) and obserbe the change in light intensity on the other side.

The blood flow causes variation in light intensity reaching the light dependent

resistor (LDR), Which results in chang in signal strength due to change in the

resistance of the LDR.


Page 14 of 76

CHAPTER-2

BLOCK DIAGRAM

OF

PROJECT


Page 15 of 76

BLOCKDIAGRAM OF PROJECT

Simple block diagram of Microcontroller based heart-rate meter

LIGHT

SOURCE

6V BULB

LIGHT

DEPENDENT

RESISTOR

(LDR)

OP-AMP

STAGE-1

OP-AMP

STAGE-2

IC AT89C2051

(PROGRAM COUNTER)

7-SEGMENT

DISPLAY

CURRENT BUFFER

(IC ULN2003)


Page 16 of 76

DISCRIPTION OF BLOCK DIAGRAM

Block 1: IT the Light Source which use the 6v bulb

Block 2: LDR light detector. The light which is generated by block 1 is detected by

LDR. We know that LDR is the light sensing element when light flows on this is

resistance very low and when light is remove it resistance is high. This phenomenon

is used to trigger the main IC.AT89C2051 through the op-Amp IC 1 and 3. Shown in

the block 3

Block 3 And Block 4: Op-Amp is a use as Differential Amp. The sensitivity can be

adjust by block 4.

Block 5: This is the heart of the circuit. This microcontroller has a program which is

used to generate numerical display on the 7 segments.

Block 6: It uses IC-ULN2003. It is the simple current buffer to handle the 7 segments

display current.

Block 7: It indicates the heart beat average in between 60 to 100. IT is the 7 segment

common cathode display.


Page 17 of 76

CHAPTER-3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

OF

PROJECT


Page 18 of 76

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Circuit Diagram of Microcontroller based heart-rate mete


Page 19 of 76

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM DISCRIPTION

1. As shown in the figure, the circuit of microcontroller based heart rate meter.

2. The setup uses a 6V electric bulb for light illumination of flesh on the thumb behind the

nail and the LDR as detector of change in the light intensity due to the flow of blood.

3. The photo-current is converted into voltage and amplified by operational amplifier IC

LM358 (IC1) .the detected signal is given to the non – inverting input (pin3).

4. The output is fed to another non-inverting input (pin5) for squaring and amplification.

Output pin 7 provides detected heartbeats to pin 12 of the micro controller. Preset VR1

is used for sensitivity and preset VR2 for trigger level settings.

5. Microcontroller IC AT89 C2051 (IC 2) is at the heart of the circuit. It is a 20-pin,8-bit

microcontroller with 2 KB of flash programmable and erasable read-only memory

(PEROM),128 bytes of RAM,15 Inputs/output(I/O) lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a

five-vector two-level interrupt architecture, a full-duplex serial port .

6. Precision analogue comparator, on-chip oscillator and clock circuitry.

7. Port-1 pins P 1.7 through p1.2, and port 3 pin P3.7 are connected to input pins 1

through 7 of IC ULN2003 (IC3), respectively.

8. These pins are pulled- up with 10-kilo-ohm resistor network RNW1. They drive all the

segments of the 7-segments display with the help of inverting buffer IC 3.

9. The displays are selected through port pins P3.0, P3.1 and P 3.2 of the

microcontroller(IC 2).pore pins P3.0 down through P3.2 are connected to the base of

transistors T3 through T1, respectively.

10. Pin 6 of IC 2 goes low to drive transistor T1 into saturation and provide supply to the

common-anode pin (either pin3 or pin8) of DIS 1.


Page 20 of 76

11. Similarly, transistors T2 and T3 drive common-anode pin 3 or 8 of 7-segment displays

DIS2 and DIS3, respectively. Only three 7-Segment displays are used.

12. IC2 provides segment-data and display-enable signals simultaneously in time-division-

multiplexed mode for displaying a particular number on the 7-Segment display unit.

13. Segment-data and display-enable pulses for the display are refreshed every 5 milli sec.

Thus the display appears to be continuous, even though it lights up one by one.

14. Switch S2 is used to manually reset the microcontroller, while the power on reset signal

for the microcontroller is derived from the combination of capacitor C4 and resistor R8.

15. An 11.0592 MHZ crystal is used to generate the basic clock frequency for the

microcontroller, the circuit is powered by a 6 V battery.

16. Port pin P3.6 of the microcontroller is internally available for software checking. This pin

is actually the output of the internal analogue comparator, which is available internally

for comparing the two analogue levels at pins 12 and 13.

17. As pins 12 and 13 of IC2 can work as an analogue comparator, these are use for sensing

the rise and fall of the pulse waveform and thereby evaluate the time between two

peaks and hence the beat rate.

18. The output of the pulse pick-up preamplifier is fed to Pin 12 of the micro controller; pin

13 of the microcontroller is connected to the preset for reference-level setting of the

comparator.

19. Thus voltages at pins 12 and 13 are always compared. The signal rise and the fall at pin

12 are sensed by the program.

20. The internal timer of the microcontroller is used to find the time taken for one

wavelength. This time is converted into the heart beat rate in beats per minute by a pre-

calculated look-up table.


Page 21 of 76

21. The program notes the time between the high to low and low to high transitions of the

wave.

22. This time in micro seconds is converted in steps of 4 ms for comparison with the values

already stored in the look-up table.

23. This number is used to find (from the look-up table) the heart rate in beats per minute.

24. The number so obtained is converted into a 3-digit number in binary=coded decimal

(BCD) form. The same is output to the 7-segment LED displays in a multiplexed manner.

25. The display shows the rate for a while and proceeds to another measurement.

26. Thus beat rates obtained from time to time are visible on the display.


Page 22 of 76

CHAPTER-4

HARDWARE

SECTION


Page 23 of 76

Component List:

Semiconductor

IC2 - AT89C2051 MICROCONTROR

IC3 - ULN2003 Current AMPLIFIER

IC1 -LM358 Operational amplifier

T1-T3 - BC557 PNP transistor

D1 -1N4007 rectifier diode

D1S1-DIS3 - LTS542 common anode, 7-SEGMANT DISPLAY

LED1, LED2 - 5mm LED

Resistor (all ¼ watt, ± 5% carbon)

R1, R8 - 10-KILO-OHM

R3 -100 kilo-ohms

R4, R5 -1-Kilo-ohm

R6.R7 -330-ohm

R9-R11 - 1.2-KILO-OHM

RNW1 - 10-KILO-OHM RESISTOR NETWORK

R2 - 4.7-KILO-OHM PRE


Page 24 of 76

Capacitor:

C1 - 470nF ceramic disk

C4 - 10 mF, 16V ELECTLYITC

C2, C5, C8 - 0.1 mF CERAMIC disk

C6, C7 - 22pF ceramic disk

C3, C9 - 470mf, 16V electrolytic

Miscellaneous:

S2 - Tactile switch

S1, S3 - on/off switch

XTAL - 11.0592MHz crystal

BATT1, BATT2 - 6V battery


Page 25 of 76

Microcontroller Main IC AT89C2051

Pin Configuration:

IC : FIG 1.5 Pin configuration of AT89C2051


Page 26 of 76

Dimensional drawing AT89C2051

FIG 1.6 Dimensional Drawing of 89C2051 IC


Page 27 of 76

Pin Description of AT89C2051 IC:

Pin Number Description

1 RESET - Reset

2 P3.0 - Port 3 - RXD

3 P3.1 - Port 3 - TXD

4 XTAL2 - Crystal

5 XTAL1 - Crystal

6 P3.2 - Port 3 - INT0

7 P3.3 - Port 3 - INT1

8 P3.4 - Port 3 - TO

9 P3.5 - Port 3 - T1

10 GND - Ground

11 P3.7 - Port 3

12 P1.0 - Port 1 - AIN0

13 P1.1 - Port 1 - A1N1

14 P1.2 - Port 1

15 P1.3 - Port 1

16 P1.4 - Port 1

17 P1.5 - Port 1

18 P1.6 - Port 1

19 P1.7 - Port 1

20 Vcc - Positive Power Supply

Table:1 Pin Description of AT89C2051

\


Page 28 of 76

Description

The AT89C2051is aloe voltage ,high performance cmos 8-bit microcomputer with 2k

bytes of flash programmable and erasable read-only memory the device is

manufactured using atmel’s high-density nonvolatile memory technology and is

compatible with industry –standard msc-51 instruction set.

By combining a vesatitle 8-bit cpu wiyh flash on a monolithic chip , the amtel AT89C2051

is a powerful microcomputer which provides a highly-flexible and cost-effective solution

to many embedded control application

The AT89C2051 provides the following standard features: 2K bytes of Flash, 128 bytes

of RAM, 15I/O lines, two 16-bit timer/counters, a five vecter two-level interrupt

architecture, a full duplex serial port, a precision analog comparator, on-chip oscillator

and clock circuitry.

In addition, the AT89C2051 is designed with static logic for operation down to zero

frequency and supports two software selectable power saving modes.

The ldle Mode stops the CPU while allowing the RAM, timer/counters, serial port and

interrupt system to continue functioning.

The power-down mode saves the RAM contents but freezes the oscillater disabling all

other chip functions until the next hardware reset.


Page 29 of 76

Feature

Compatible with msc@-51 products

2k bytes of reprogrammable flash memory-endurance:1,000 write/erase cycles

2.7v to 6v operating range

Fully static operation:0hz to 24mhz

Two-level program memory lock

126*8-bit internal ram

15 programmable i/o lines

Two 16-bit timer/counter

Six interrupt sources

Programmable serial uart channel

Direct led drive outputs

On-chip analog comparator

Low-power idle and power-down modes

Green packaging option


Page 30 of 76

Pin configuration of ULN2003

Fig1.7 pin configuration of ULN2003


Page 31 of 76

Pin connection of ULN2003:

Fig1.8 pin connection of ULN2003


Page 32 of 76

Description:

1. The ULN2003 is a high voltage ,high current darlington arrays each containg seven

open collector darlington at 500MA and can withstand peak currents of 600ma.

Suppression diodes are included for inductive load driving and the inputs are pinned

opposite the outputs to simplfy board layout

2. The four versions interface to all common logic families:

ULN2001A-general purpose , dtl ,ttl, pmos, cmos

ULN2002A-14-25v pmos

ULN2003A-5v ttl,cmos

ULN2004A-6-15v cmos,pmos

3. These versatile devices are useful for driving a wide range of loads including

solenoids,relays dc motor led displays filament lamps , thermal print heads and high

power buffers

4. The ULN2001A/2002A/2003A and 2004A are suppliedin 16 pin plastic dip packages with

a copper lead frame to reduce thermal resistance. They are available also in small

outline package (so-16)as ULN2001D/2002D/2003D/2004D.


Page 33 of 76

CHAPTER-5

PCB

LAYOUT


Page 34 of 76

Actual-size PCB layout:


Page 35 of 76

Components Lay Out for the PCB


Page 36 of 76

CHAPTER-6

SOFTWARE

SECTION


Page 37 of 76

ABOUT THE SOFTWARE

1. The software is written in assembly language and assembled using ASM51 cross-assembler.

2. The Intel hex code is generated and burnt into the microcontroller chip by using a suitable programmer. The software is well commented and easy to understand.

3. The timer does the job of finding the time between two successive pulse waveform points.

4. Since the comparator within the microcontroller IC knows the point of crossings of the wave with the DC line determined by preset VR3.

5. The three crossing follows one after another and at the end of the third crossing the time is read from the time-count register.

6. This time is then converted in terms of the number of 4ms intervals.

7. From the number of such 4ms units, the number of beats per minute is determined from the look-up table already stored in the same memory.


Page 38 of 76

OVERVIEW OF SOFTWARE USED

1. VPB full name is visual program builder

2. A VPB is used for taking the hex code of the program which is in assembly language

3. By the help of the VPB software I am able to take the hex code an load it into the IC

4. Type the program in VPB as given in following example

ORG 0H

MOV A, #55H

AGAIN:

MOV P1, A

MOV P2, A

ACALL DELAY

CPL A

SJMP AGAIN

DELAY:

MOV R3, #200

OUTER: MOV R2, #0255

INNER: DJNZ R2, INNER

DJNZ R3, OUTER

RET

END


Page 39 of 76

5. Now save the program as the name .asm in th

6. Then there will be so many file formed in the /d such as asm,binthex,location,hex.

7. Then assemble it

8. After assembling the program if there is no error the program will give correct hex code

9. The hex code will be available in the /d.

10. If the error is effected then the two windows comes then in first window you have to

select y option for overwrite.

11. The second window will be of the error and there will be written that how much error is

affected.

12. Because of the error the coming hex code will not be correct.

13. So that we have to solve the error for getting the correct hex code.

14. The main advantage of using VPB is that we can easily use this software and we can

easily take the hex code of any program written in assembly language.

15. Now for loading the code in the hex code in IC I have used keil software


Page 40 of 76

A Quick Guide to uVision from Keil Corp

1. Start the uVision Program

2. After the program has started:

3. Select File, open… from the program menu

4. Copy the program from the vpb.. it will be as shown in following example

5. Select File, Save… from the program menu

6. The first time you save the program a dialog box will popup and allow you to name your

file and file type.

ORG 0H

MOV A, #55H

AGAIN:

MOV P1, A

MOV P2, A

ACALL DELAY

CPL A

SJMP AGAIN

DELAY:

MOV R3, #200

OUTER: MOV R2, #0255

INNER: DJNZ R2, INNER

DJNZ R3, OUTER

RET

END


Page 41 of 76

7. Save program with filename: Toggle.a51

8. Change the file type: Assembler (*.a51)

9. Select Project, New Project… from the program menu

10. Give project name: Toggle.prj

11. Click on the Add button

12. A dialog box will popup, allowing you to add files to the project

13. Change the file type to Assembly.

14. Select your assembly file.

15. Click on the Add button then close the Add dialog box.

16. Click on Save in your Project dialog box.

17. Select Project, Make: Build Project from the program menu

18. This creates the HEX file you need for the 8051 then verify the hex code you get is same

has get in the VPB


Page 42 of 76

Using the Keil Debugger

1. Select Run, dScope debugger… from the program menu

2. The debug program will start a new session

3. Select File, load CPU driver from the program menu

4. Choose the 8051.dll from the drop down list box, you can also select this directly.

5. Select File, load object file from the program menu.

6. Change the file type to HEX

7. Select your hex file, eg. Toggle.hex

8. Click OK

9. You should now see the source code of the file typed in earlier

10. Select Peripherals, I/O Ports from the program menu.

11. Select Port 0, Port 1, Port 2 and Port 3

12. This will bring up 4 box that display the status of the ports on the microcontroller.

13. Click on go to see the real time update of the I/O ports.

14. Click on stop when you are finished.

You can also single step through you program or set break points at locations that you want the

debugger to stop at. To set a breakpoint double clicks on the line.


Page 43 of 76

What is uVision2?

uVision2 is an IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that helps you write, compile, and

debug embedded programs. It encapsulates the following components:

A project manager.

A make facility.

Tool configuration.

Editor.

A powerful debugger.

To help you get started, several example programs (located in the \C51\EXAMPLES,

\C251\EXAMPLES, and \C166\EXAMPLES) are provided.

HELLO is a simple program that prints the string "Hello World" using the Serial Interface.

MEASURE is a data acquisition system for analog and digital systems.

TRAFFIC is a traffic light controller with the RTX Tiny operating system.

SIEVE is the SIEVE Benchmark.

DHRY is the Dhrystone Benchmark.

WHET is the Single-Precision Whetstone Benchmark.


Page 44 of 76

Building an Application in uVision2

To build (compile, assemble, and link) an application in uVision2, you must:

Select Project - Open Project (for example, \C166\EXAMPLES\HELLO\HELLO.UV2).

Select Project - Rebuild all target files or Build target.


Page 45 of 76

CHAPTER-7

HARDWARE

TESTING AND

TROUBLE

SHOOTING


Page 46 of 76

HARDWARE TESTING:

The source code of this article is available at http://www.electronicsforu.com/efycodes/efy-

codes.zip at code file ‘tacho.hex’. Using a programmer, load the code into the new chip

AT89C2051. (Refer the May 2008 issue of EFY for article on programmer for 89C51 and 2051).

Then, fit it into the circuit board and after powering up the circuit, test it.

http://www.electronicsforu.com/efycodes/efy-codes.zip%20at%20code%20file%20'tacho.hex

http://www.electronicsforu.com/efycodes/efy-codes.zip%20at%20code%20file%20'tacho.hex


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Testing


Page 48 of 76


Page 49 of 76


Page 50 of 76

Troubleshooting

1. Problem

There was a problem in finding a disk capacitor

Reason of occurrence

To provide a capacitance to the circuit

Solution of the problem

It was founded from Pune

2. Problem

Circuit not working

Solution of the problem

Due To loose connection

Low or no power Supply

IC Programming


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CHAPTER-8

SCREEN SHOTS


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Original view of the circuit


Page 53 of 76

Original Inverse PCB layout


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Seven segment display of the circuit


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CHAPTER-9

ABOUT

THE PROJECT


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Applications:

This Project will be mainly us for measuring the heart beats.

IT will be very useful for the cardiac diseases patients

It is also used for the measuring the blood pressure.

As it consumes low power it is very cheap.

It basically works on the photo electric effect

It is simple and convenient

The blood can be senesced photo electrically


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Drawback:

Since it is a beat to beat, a variation is accepted after the one minute

measurements.

It is not used for long period due to variation get into it.


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Conclusion:

After made this project we can study about the microcontroller based Heart beat

meter. In this how the heart meter will measure heart beat rate using pulse method

can be understood simple construction of the circuit


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Bibliography

www.efymag.com

www.alldatasheet.com

www.datasheetcatalog.com

www.parul.ac.in

www.electronicsforu.com

www.national.com

www.fairchildsemi.com

www.atmel.com

www.google.com

www.ee.latrobe.edu.au/iternal/workshop/datasheet.html

http://www.efymag.com/

http://www.alldatasheet.com/

http://www.datasheetcatalog.com/

http://www.parul.ac.in/

http://www.electronicsforu.com/

http://www.national.com/

http://www.fairchildsemi.com/

http://www.atmel.com/

http://www.google.com/

http://www.ee.latrobe.edu.au/iternal/workshop/datasheet.html


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Chapter 10

Software for the project using

Assembly Language.


Page 61 of 76

Heart.ASM $mod51

ORG 0H

AJMP 30H

ORG 0BH ;TIMER 0 INTERRUT

VECTOR

AJMP TIM0ISR ;Timer 0 In-

terrupt service routine address

ORG 30H

MOV SP,#60H ;set stack

pointer

MOV P3,#0FFH ;set all

port 3 bits high to enable inputs also

MOV P1,#03 ;set port 1

to all zero accept bits 0,1

MOV TMOD,#01100001B

;TIMER 1 - MODE 2 COUNTER , TIMER-0 TO MODE

1

BEG: MOV TH0,#0f0H ;T I M E R

REG.0 IS SET TO foo0 , GIVES 4ms

MOV TL0,#0 ; timer low

reg. is also so

mov r6,#255

clr 20h ; flag to

kno time between beats exceeded


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mov r2,#0

setb et0

setb ea

PULSESECHK:

jb p3.6,$ ; look for

pulse at lowlevel____

call delay2

jnb p3.6,$

;look for pulse high ----

setb tr0

;yes, pulse gone up, start timer

call delay2

back1: jb p3.6,$

; let waveform go low ____

call delay2

jnb p3.6,$

look for next pulse high ----

clr tr0 ; stop timer

mov a,r2

cjne r2 ,#0,brady ;

too low rate! brady-cardia

read_time: mov a,r6

cpl a

mov dptr,#table ;

table for rate calculated and kept

; read value


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in R6 which gives in steps of 4ms

clr c

sub a,#80

jc tachy

;rate too fast so tachy-cardia

lookup. mov a,r6

Cpl a

movc A, @a+dptr ;

table looked up

Mov R2,A ;

rate is now in r2

Mov R1,#0 ;

high byte is zero

call hex2bcd ;

make it in BCD formate

call displ ;

show the value on LED

mov 50h,#100 ;

refresh a 100 times (.5 sec)

REFER : CALL REFRESH1

djnz 50h,REFER ;

so many times

clrint : clr et0

clr ea ;no


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more interrupts

jmp beg

tachy: clr p3.4

; to show on LED pin 8 that rate is too high

Jmp beg

Brady :

Clr p3.3 ; show too low beat at p3.3 LED

JMP beg

;16 Bit Hex to BCD Conversion for 8051 Microcontroller

; This routine is for 16 bit Hex to BCD conversion; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;

;Accepts a 16 bit binary number in R1,R2

and returns 5 digit BCD in

;R7;R6;R5;R4;R3;(upto 64K )

Hex2BCD: ;r1=high byte

; r7 most significant digit

;r2 = LSByte

MOV R3,#00D

MOV R4,#00D

MOV R5,#00D


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MOV R6,#00D

MOV R7,#00D

MOV B,#10D

MOV A,R2

DIV AB

MOV R3,B

MOV B,#10 ;

R7;R6;R5;R4;R3

DIV AB

MOV R4,B

MOV R5,A

CJNE R1 ,#0H,HIGH_BYTE ; CHECK

FOR HIGH BYTE

SJMP ENDD

HIGH_BYTE: MOV A, #6

ADD A,R3

MOV B,#10

DIV AB

MOV R3,B


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ADD A,#5

ADD A,R4

MOV B,#10

DIV AB

MOV R4,B

ADD A,#2

ADD A,R5

MOV B,#10

DIV AB

MOV R5,B

CJNE R6 ,#00D,ADD_IT

SJMP CONTINUE

ADD_IT: ADD A,R6

CONTINUE: MOV R6,A

DJNZ R1 ,HIGH_BYTE

MOV B, #10D

MOV A,R6

DIV AB

MOV R6,B


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MOV R7,A

ENDD: ret

DISP1:

REFRESH: ; content of 18 to 1B memory location are

output on LEDs

; only numbers 0 to 9 and A to F are valid data in these

locations

MOV 18H,r3 ;

Least significant digit

MOV 19H,r4 ;

next significant digit

MOV 1AH,r5

MOV 1BH,R6 ;

Most

;

significant digit (max:9999)

refresh1: mov R0,#18h ;

1b,1a,19,18, holds values for 4 digits

mov R4,#4 ;


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pin p3.2_ 0 mode low one by one starts wth 18

; mov r7 ,#2 ; decimal

Pt.on third digit from left (2 nd from-right )

PQ2: CALL SEGDISP

INC R0

Clr c

mov a ,r4

rrc a

mov r4,a

jnc pq2

PV3:

SEGDISP:

mov dptr,#ledcode

Mov A,@R0

ANL A,#0FH

MOVC A,@A+dptr

; k: djnz r7,segcode

;yesDP:

; orl a,#01 ; add a dec . pt.


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Where it sould be

Segcode:

MOV R5,A

ORL A,#03H ;

WE WANT TO USE PORT 1 BITS 0 AND 1 FOR INPUT

ANALOG

; so retain them high

S3: MOV P1,A ; SEGMENT_

S1: ; MOV A, R4 ; get digit

Code from r4

; rrc a

; jc s6

Mov a,r5

rrc a

rrc a

mov p3.7,c ;

segment’ a on p3.7 pin

mov a,r4


Page 70 of 76

; mov r4,a

cpl a

rrc a

mov p3.0,c

rrc a

mov p3.1,c

rrc a

mov p3.2,c

S5:

S4: ACALL DELAY1 ; let it burn for some time

;MOV A,#07H

MOV P3,A;

setb p3.0

;extinguish the digit after time

setb p3.1 ;to prevent shadow

setb p3.2

s6: RET

ledcode:

DB 7EH,0CH,0B6H,9EH,0CCH,0DAH,0FAH


Page 71 of 76

DB 0EH,0FEH, 0CEH, 0EEH, 0F8H,72H,0BCH,0F6H,0E2H

; these are

Code for numbers 0 to 9 and A to F

DELAY2: mov 51h,#80 ;80ms

delaywait: call till20ms

Djnz 51h, delaywait

Ret

delay1:

till20ms: MOV R1,#0ffH

N: NOP

nop

DJNZ R1,N

ret

tim0isr: push psw

push acc

MOV TH0,#0f0H

;AUTO RELOAD VALUE

mov t10,0

DJNZ R6,K1A ;r6


Page 72 of 76

WAS FFH, SO 256 TIMES 4 ms GIVES 1 s

MOV A,R2

ADD A,#1

;ADD 1 TO SECONDS

DA A

MOV R2,A

Setb 20h

;seconds over

KIA :

pop acc

pop psw

RETI

;INTERRUPT RETURN INSTRUCTION

table:

db 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255 ;

db 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255 ;

db 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255 ;

db 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255, 255 255;

db 251,246,242,237,233,229,226,222,218,215,211,208,205,202;


Page 73 of 76

db 199,196,193,190,188,185,180,178,176,173,171 ;

db 169,167,165,163,161,159,157,155,154,152,150,149;

db 147 , 145 , 144 142 , 141 , 139 , 138 , 136 , 135 , 134 ,

132 , 131 ;

db 130 , 129 , 127 , 126 , 125 , 124 , 123 , 122 , 121 ,120 ,

118 , 117 ;

db 116 , 115 , 114 , 113 , 113 , 112 , 111 , 110 , 109 , 108 , 107 , 106;

db 105 , 105 , 104 , 103 , 102 , 101 , 101 , 100 , 99 , 98 , 98 , 97;

db 96 , 96 , 95 , 94 , 94 , 93 , 92 , 92 , 91 , 91 , 90 , 89;

db 89 , 88 , 88 , 87 , 86 , 86 , 85 , 85 , 84 , 84 , 83 , 83;

db 82 , 82 , 81 , 81 , 80 , 80 , 79 , 79 , 78 , 78 , 77 , 77;

db 77 , 76 , 76 , 75 , 75 , 74 , 74 , 74 , 73 , 73 , 72 , 72;

db 72 , 71 , 71 , 70 , 70 , 70 , 69 , 69 , 69 , 68 , 68 , 68;

db 67 , 67 , 67 , 66 , 66 , 66 , 65 , 65 , 65 , 64 , 64 , 64;

db 63 , 63 , 63 , 63 , 62 , 62 , 62 , 61 , 61 , 61 , 61 , 60;

db 60 , 60 , 60 , 59 , 59 , 59 , 58 , 58 , 58 , 58 , 57 , 57;

db 57 , 57 , 56 , 56 , 56 , 56 , 56 , 55 , 55 , 55 , 55 , 54;

db 54 , 54 , 54 , 54 , 53 , 53 , 53 , 53;

END


Page 74 of 76

Chapter 11

Costing


Page 75 of 76

Cost of project

Components 600/-

Printed circuit board 500/-

Program loading 300/-

Soldering maintenance 200/-

Other cost 500/-

Total 2100/-


Page 76 of 76

Notes

Documents

Parul Institute of Engineering and Technology, Limda. · The blood flow causes variation in light intensity reaching the light dependent resistor (LDR), Which results in chang in