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Parvez Ahmed, Ph.D. 2009 Fulbright Scholar to Bangladesh 2009 Fulbright Scholar to Bangladesh Associate Professor of Finance Coggin College of Business University of North Florida University of North Florida

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Page 1: Parvez Ahmed, Ph.D. 2009 Fulbright Scholar to ... · PDF file(Tawarruq) ‐literally: ... 7 in 10 believe that the “rate of profit” or “markup profit” charged by Islamic banks

Parvez Ahmed, Ph.D. 2009 Fulbright Scholar to Bangladesh2009 Fulbright Scholar to Bangladesh

Associate Professor of FinanceCoggin College of Business

University of North FloridaUniversity of North Florida

Page 2: Parvez Ahmed, Ph.D. 2009 Fulbright Scholar to ... · PDF file(Tawarruq) ‐literally: ... 7 in 10 believe that the “rate of profit” or “markup profit” charged by Islamic banks

2/18/2010

1

The Global Crisis The most severe crisis since the Great Depression of theThe most severe crisis since the Great Depression of the 1930s

Former Chairman of the U.S. Federal Reserve, Alan Greenspan, on October 23, 2008 testifying before the US Congress called it:

once‐in‐a‐centuryycredit tsunami

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Impact on Stock Market US stock markets lost $6 trillion in value.US stock markets lost $6 trillion in value.

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Explaining the CrisisFirms buying, holding and insuring large 

Jeremy Siegel

quantities of risky, mortgage‐related assets using borrowed money or debt.

“global imbalance” in trade

“This financial crisis isn’t purely a crisis of the market economy, but rather a crisis of values.”

Dalai Lama

Paul Krugman

4

Silver Lining

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Success Leads to Euphoria

Loretta NapoleoniEconomist

“Islamic finance is ….. system could help us to get out of the current crisis.” 

“Islamic finance has entered a bright new stage of development, emerging after the global financial crisis as a more equitable 

Ibrahim OzturkTurkey’s Zaman

g qand efficient alternative to the Western approach.”

6

Application of Islamic Investment Principles Islamic finance scholar Umar Chapra of the Islamic pDevelopment Bank held out Islamic finance as a solution.

“Financing extended through the Islamic products can expand only in step with the rise of the real economy and thereby help curb excessive credit expansion.”

Eliminate a great deal of speculative and derivative transactions…. It will also help prevent an unnecessary explosion in debt … (from) rising far above the size of the real economy.

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Not Everyone Jumped on the Bandwagon IDC Financial InsightsIDC Financial Insights

Islamic financial system have been spared the direct impact of the subprime fallout

However, the performances of Shariah‐compliant financial products were not completely immune from the gyrations of the global financial markets.

Un ise to frame Islamic finance as a completel separate Unwise to frame Islamic finance as a completely separate system from conventional finance As it could alienate and even disillusion potential clients and investors

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What is “Islamic Finance”? It is like finance – inter‐temporal allocation  of money.p y

It is Islamic in its adherence to moral prohibitions. Riba – usury (often viewed as interest). 

Haram ‐ (sinful activity) such as direct or indirect association with alcohol (intoxicants), pork, firearms, tobacco, and pornography. 

Gharar ‐ preventable uncertainty such as financial derivative

Maysir Speculation and gambling including the speculative Maysir ‐ Speculation and gambling, including the speculative trade or exchange of money for debt without the transfer of an underlying asset. 

Bay’ al inah ‐ the trading of the same object between buyer and seller. 

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What are the Sources for these Prohibitions? Shairah (literally means “the way”) consists of:Shairah (literally means  the way ) consists of:

The Quran (Muslims believe to be the Word of God)

The Hadith (Sayings, actions and approvals of Prophet Muhammad).

Together they form the basis of Islamic jurisprudence known as fiqh (juristic opinions based on the Shariah) .

These distinctive properties are predicated on: The creation of an equitable system of distributive justice

The promotion of permitted activities (halal) and public goods (maslaha).

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How is Islamic Finance Practiced? Buy‐sell‐back arrangements (Arabic name:murabaha).Buy sell back arrangements (Arabic name: murabaha).

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How is Islamic Finance Practiced? Lease‐to‐purchase (Ijara)Lease to purchase (Ijara) 

Diminishing partnership arrangements (MusharakaMutanaqisa).

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How is Islamic Finance Practiced? Consumer finance through a three party contractConsumer finance through a three party contract (Tawarruq ) ‐ literally: monetization of some commodity.

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How is Islamic Finance Practiced? Islamic bonds (sukuk)Islamic bonds (sukuk)

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Other Islamic Financial Products Salam ‐ advanced payment is made Salam   advanced payment is made for deferred delivery of goods

Istisna’  ‐ sale transaction where commodity is transacted before it comes into existence

Takaful – mutual insurance

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The State of Islamic Finance Shariah‐based investment industry currently has assetsShariah based investment industry currently has assets globally worth U.S. $700 billion and is expected to double to $1.4 trillion by 2010. 

In the U.S., Shariah‐compliant funds have outperformed the broad market. 

The Islamic finance market was about 1% of the global finance market!  In 2006 the world GDP was $48 trillion and the stock market capitalization was $50 trillion, debt market was $69 trillion and bank assets $74 trillion. 

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The More we Know…..The Less we Understand “What we know about the global financial What we know about the global financial crisis is that we don't know very much” ‐Paul Samuelson

And yet we look for answers……

How did this happen?pp

What factors caused this crisis?

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The Credit Crisis A credit crunch happens when businesses and individualsA credit crunch happens when businesses and individuals find it difficult to borrow money.  Channels of credit are the arteries of the financial system. 

Once they got constricted, the patient can go into cardiac arrest.

Who is impacted by this crisis? EVERYONE.

How did this happen? Why now?

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Credit Crisis – A Brief Explanation In wake of dot.com crisis and September 11th, theIn wake of dot.com crisis and September 11 , the Federal Reserve cuts interest to 1%.

Good for businesses and banks but bad for investors.

Current account surpluses in the China and Middle East leads to abundance of credit in the USEast leads to abundance of credit in the US.

Banks (Wall Street) over‐leverage their business.

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Securitization – From Savior to Fallen Angel Securitization, which originated in the ’70s, enjoyed aSecuritization, which originated in the  70s, enjoyed a successful ride for over two decades.  

Securitization worked because the holders of securities assumed that they were not bearing any credit risk.  

By 2008 securitization broke down asBy 2008, securitization broke down as homeowners defaulted on mortgages and investors felt that they were no longer insulated from credit risk.

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The Fallacy ‐ Housing Prices Will Always Go Up

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Expert Cheerleaders “The idea that we’re going to see a collapse in theThe idea that we re going to see a collapse in the housing market seems to be improbable,” John Snow, Treasury Secretary, 2005.

“It's impossible for prices to go down this year,” Orange County Association of Realtors, 2006.

“At this juncture, ….. The sub prime markets seems likely to be contained,” Alan Greenspan, 2007.

“The national media is reporting a housing bubble. Don’t believe it.” Dale Atkins, Market Edge, 2006.

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For a While Everything Worked! Housing prices will never fall!Housing prices will never fall!

Already own an home? Buy another! 

Already own an home? Refinance at inflated prices

Banks pooled mortgages and renamed them Collateralized Debt Obligations (CDOs).  Then they sliced the CDOs into 3 categories – Safe, Okay, Risky

The Safe and Okay received AAA and BBB ratings

The CDOs were then sold to other Banks, Insurance Companies, Pension Funds, Hedge Funds etc. 

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Then Came the FallOnce the prime mortgages wereOnce the prime mortgages were collateralized, what next?

Sub‐prime mortgages! – Fancy name for excessively risky loans that were being passed from one party to another like hotpassed from one party to another like hot potatoes. 

But housing prices cannot go up for ever!

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The Crisis of Confidence “We have got a big problem,” George W. Bush, SeptemberWe have got a big problem,  George W. Bush, September 26, 2008

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Impact of the CrisisNational debt is over $12 3National debt is over $12.3 trillion and climbing

Budget deficit for 2010, $1.56 trillion (10.6 percent of GDP).

US Sovereign Debt is at risk of being downgraded. The PIIGS are already in the mud.

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Where in the world is Dubai?

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All that Glitters is not GoldHousing prices have fallen by 50% in the past 6Housing prices have fallen by 50% in the past 6 months.

Dubai World, the state‐owned holding company, has liabilities of about $60bn, not all debt. 

Nakheel does not have enough cash to meet its huge bond obligations sukuk worth $3.5bn.

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What caused such a deep and broad crisis? Greedy tradersy Lax bankers  Clueless regulators All failed to perform their fiduciary duties!

But this alone does not explain the depth of this crisis.

At the core lies a dogmatic beliefs: In the “invisible hand” of the market.  In assuming human beings are “rational”

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Are we “rational” or “human”? A rational being:g

Prefers more wealth to less.

Pursues this goal in an optimal manner.

Is  a “Homo economicus” or Economic human

Makes decision using logic not g gemotion.

A human being: Does not perceive gains and losses in the same way (Prospect Theory).

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Animal Spirits Five "animal forces"  (emotion) that drive economic choices: ( )

Confidence: Rather than make investment decisions based on objective facts, investors are more likely to use “gut feelings.”

Fairness: People in general want to be fair and they want others to live with fairness (may contradict pursuit of efficiency).

Corruption: Each major financial crisis of the past century has been preceded by anti‐social behavior.

Money illusion: People often take the numerical or face value of an asset as its true value ignoring the impact of inflation.

Stories: Stories propagate myths, which in turn leads to bubbles. 

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Human Beings – Perspective from the Quran "We have indeed created man in the best shape, then WeWe have indeed created man in the best shape, then We reduced him (to be) the lowest of the low, except those who believe and do righteous deeds: for they shall have a reward unfailing." (95:4‐6). The presence of “animal spirits” is well illustrated in the many stories of human failings in the Quran. 

H th h b i i l bl f However, the same human being is also capable of extraordinary compassion and understanding. Prophet Muhammad said, “God created Adam in His form.” 

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Understanding Human NatureHuman beings have unlimited capacity forHuman beings have unlimited capacity for development and the pursuit of perfection with: 

proper nurturing, 

appropriate environment and pp p

enforceable reward‐punishment structure 

Human beings can gain reasonable control over their “animal spirits.”

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Understanding Nafs or the Soul The Quran describes 3 stages for the human soul:The Quran describes 3 stages for the human soul: Nafs al‐ammarah bi al‐su’, (the self‐urging evil) – In this stage the soul directs its owners to hypocrisy, arrogance, greediness, etc.  

Nafs al‐lawwama, (the blaming self) – In this stage our self‐conscience if properly nurtured can spur us t d th d f titowards growth and perfection.

Nafs al‐mutma’inna, (the self at peace) – At this stage a person achieves satisfaction while his personality manifests mildness, tolerance, and forgiveness. 

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What does this mean? Muslim philosophers like al‐Farabi and Ibn‐Rushd assertMuslim philosophers like al Farabi and Ibn Rushd assert that the human soul is seeking one final end ‐ happiness.  Happiness cannot be measured.

Happiness cannot be reduced to  Homo economicus (the economic man)

Thus systems (including financial) ought to promote human happiness.  The American Declaration of Independence states that, “Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness” are among the "inalienable rights" of all human beings.  This requires mutuality. 

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Islamic Philosophy and American ValuesRemarkable congruence between Islamic viewRemarkable congruence between Islamic view of human goals and fundamental American values.

The capitalist, free market system in many ways have values consistent with Islamic goals (maqasid Shariah).

Yet fundamental misunderstandings exists about each other and in self‐perception.

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Wealth Maximization Islam does not prohibit the pursuit of finance’sIslam does not prohibit the pursuit of finance s fundamental goal ‐ wealth maximization. 

Upholding promises, fulfill contracts, avoid usury, excessive speculation 

Take care of the basic needs of all people, regardless of color religion ethnicity or socialregardless of color, religion, ethnicity or social status. 

Obliges individuals to work hard to earn a living.

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How can Islamic Finance be a Solution? Islamic finance needs to find broader resonance.Islamic finance needs to find broader resonance.

Islamic finance cannot be Muslim‐centric.

Islamic finance needs to move away from being prohibition driven. Making the industry prohibition‐driven has limited the appeal to only the most ardently faithful

Many are questioning if Islamic financial products are really different from conventional finance products.

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Attitude of Users – Evidence from Bangladesh6 in 10 believe that the development of Islamic6 in 10 believe that the development of Islamic banking has more to do with being faithful to Islam than any other criterion.

7 in 10 believe that the “rate of profit” or “markup profit” charged by Islamic banks do not differ much from interest based transactions offered by the CFI.

7 in 10 are unwilling to transact with the IFSI. 

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Reasons for Success Catering to the “pious”Catering to the  pious

Branded as “Islamic”

Supported by most major religious personalities and institutions.

What is not being questioned?What is not being questioned? Is it transparent?

Is it efficient?

Is it sustainable?

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Islamic Finance 2.0 Traditionally thought of as only the following:Traditionally thought of as only the following:

Prohibitions against riba (usury), gharrar (speculation) and maysir (gambling) in financial transactions.

Islamic Finance needs to expand to encompass: The inclusive vision of Shariah.

Lax regulation.

Un‐transparent or opaque contracts.

Lack of ethics. 

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The Fusion of Islamic and Conventional Finance Thaler and Sunstien ‐ “libertarian paternalism”Thaler and Sunstien libertarian paternalism

Arguing that markets need to be free

But government can be paternalistic by providing people smarter choice architecture

“Nudging” people to make decisions that attain what Adam Smith called the “internal good.”

Public policy can be improved: Not by government interventions but by the government educating people about the choices they have and the consequences of those choices.

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Parvez AhmedDepartment of Accounting and Finance

Coggin College of BusinessUniversity of North Florida

[email protected]