Pashto 1 · Pashto 1 9 Diacritics Diacritic Name Spelling َ zwar (above letter) ﺭوﺯ zer (below letter) ﺮیﺯ ُpekh (above letter) ښ ٓ mad (only above initial alef) ﺪمَ

Reading Booklet

®

Pashto 1

ii

Pashto 1

Booklet Design: Maia Kennedy

© and ‰ Recorded Program 2010 Simon & Schuster, Inc.

© Reading Booklet 2010 Simon & Schuster, Inc.Pimsleur® is an imprint of Simon & Schuster Audio, a division of Simon & Schuster, Inc. Mfg. in USA.

All rights reserved.

Travelers should always check with their nation's State Department for

current advisories on local conditions before traveling abroad.

Pashto 1

iii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

VoicesEnglish-Speaking Instructor .................... Ray BrownPashto-Speaking Instructor .... Mohammad F. HakamiFemale Pashto Speaker ............................. Adela RazMale Pashto Speaker ................................ Aman Khan

course WritersAman Khan ♦ Joan Schoellner

editorsDelaram Soltani ♦ Beverly D. Heinle

reVieWerHosai Ehsan

Pashto consultantDr. Alam Payind

Director of Middle East Studies Center Ohio State University

executiVe ProducerBeverly D. Heinle

Producer & directorSarah H. McInnis

recording engineers Peter S. Turpin ♦ Kelly Saux

Simon & Schuster Studios, Concord, MA

iv

Pashto 1Table of Contents

Introduction ............................................................. 1Alphabet Chart ........................................................ 5Diacritics ................................................................... 9

Lesson One ............................................................... 10Lesson Two ............................................................... 11Lesson Three ............................................................ 12Lesson Four .............................................................. 13Lesson Five ............................................................... 14 Lesson Six ................................................................. 15 Lesson Seven ............................................................ 16Lesson Eight ............................................................ 17Lesson Nine .............................................................. 18Lesson Ten ................................................................ 19Lesson Eleven ........................................................... 20Lesson Twelve .......................................................... 21Lesson Thirteen ........................................................ 22Lesson Fourteen ....................................................... 23Lesson Fifteen .......................................................... 24Lesson Sixteen ......................................................... 25Lesson Seventeen ................................................... 26Lesson Eighteen ...................................................... 27Lesson Nineteen ...................................................... 29Lesson Twenty ......................................................... 31

Pashto 1Introduction

Pashto is an Iranian language of the Indo-European family. There are over 17 million speakers of Pashto, primarily in Afghanistan and Pakistan. In Afghanistan, it is one of the two official languages and it is the native tongue of approximately 35% of the population. The other official language, Dari (Persian), is spoken by about 50%. Although Pashto is an official language of Afghanistan and is a required subject in middle school, Dari is used primarily in business and higher education. As a result, most Pashtuns also speak Dari. However, many Dari speakers do not have a good command of Pashto.

Pashto is spoken as a regional language by about 17 percent of the population of Pakistan. It is spoken in the North West Frontier Province (Pakhtoonkhwa), in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA), and in Balochistan. It is also spoken in some Pakistani cities like Karachi and Hyderabad. Pashto, however, is not an official language in Pakistan (Urdu is the offical language) and it is not taught in schools.

Smaller communities of speakers can be found in Northeast Iran, Tajikistan, India, and the United Arab Emirates. The major Pashto-speaking cities are Kabul, Jalalabad, Kandahar, Peshawar, and Quetta.

2

Pashto 1

Athough Pashto has many dialects, the three primary ones are:

•Northern - as spoken in Kabul and Jalalabad (Afghanistan) and in the Northwest Frontier Province (Pakistan);

•Southern - as spoken in Kandahar (Afganistan) and Balochistan (western Pakistan and eastern Iran);

•Central - as spoken in Wazirstan (northern Pakistan).

These three dialects are mutually intelligible. This course teaches the northern dialect as spoken in Kabul, which will be understood through all Pashto-speaking regions. Pashto is also called Pakhto, Pushto, Pukhto, Pashtu, or Pushtu. The variation in spelling reflects the different pronunciations in different regions; speakers of the northern dialect say “Pakhto” and speakers of the southern dialect say, “Pashto.” This demonstrates the primary difference between the southern dialect, which uses /sh/ and /zh/ sounds, and the northern dialect, which uses /kh/ and /gh/ sounds instead. The central dialect is more similar in pronunciation to the southern dialect; however, vocabulary differs somewhat.

3

Pashto 1

Pashto uses a modified version of the Arabic alphabet, with forty-five letters, as opposed to twenty-eight in Arabic. The first written records of Pashto date to the 16th century. In the 18th and again in the 20th century the script was standardized to include additional letters representing sounds specific to Pashto. Pashto does not have capital letters, but uses an adapted form of Western punctuation. Written Pashto has the following characteristics:

•It is read from right to left, except for numbers, which go from left to right.

•Pashto letters are distinguished by one, two, or three dots, which are placed above or below the letter - or, in some cases, by the lack of dots.

•As in English handwriting, most Pashto letters connect to those that follow them. However, some letters, called “non-connectors,” connect only to letters that precede them.

•When letters connect to a preceding letter, they often modify their shape, undergoing a reduction when the two are joined together.

•Some letters also modify their shape according to their position in a word - depending on whether they appear in initial, medial, or final position.

4

Pashto 1

•In standard written Pashto, the so-called “short vowels” are usually omitted. They may be represented by diacritical marks, as they are in these reading lessons. The three “long vowels,” however are separate letters and are always included.

•The appearance of some letters may vary, depending on the choice of font.

A complete listing of the Pashto alphabet and the diacriticals follows. You should use this chart for reference only, as all the information you need to do the readings is contained on the audio.

There are twenty Pashto reading lessons recorded at the end of the program. You may choose to do the readings along with the lessons, starting with Lesson 11, or all together after completing the rest of the course. Feel free to repeat the reading lessons as often as necessary for practice with the Pashto alphabet and the sounds the letters represent.

Some of the words and phrases you will read are taught in this course, but many are not, and a number of them are simply syllables rather than actual words, especially in the early lessons. Actual words are used more and more as the number of letters introduced increases, and in the final lessons you will be under-standing much of what you read.

Pashto 1

5

Pashto Alphabet Chart

Isolated End Middle Beginning Name Spelling

آ ,ا ا ا ا alef الف

ب ـب بـ ـبـ be بې

پ ـپ ـپـ پـ pe پې

ت ـت te تـ ـتـ تې

ټ ـټ � � tte

ث ـث ـثـ ثـ Se ثـې

ج ـج ـجـ جـ jeem جمي

ځ � � � zeem or Ze �مي

چ ـچ ـچـ چـ Che چـې

څ � � � seem or se or ce �مي

ح ـح ـحـ حـ he حـې

خ ـخ ـخـ خـ khe خـې

د ـد د د dal دال

alpha chart tte page 6

ېـ!alpha chart kheen page 7 of alphabet chart

ني$

Pashto 1

6


ډ ـډ ډ ډ ddal ډال

ذ ـذ ذ ذ Zaal ذال

ر ر ـر ر re رې

ړ ړ ـړ ړ rhe ړې

ز ز ـز ز zhe زی

ژ ـژ ژ ژ zze زی

ږ ږ ـږ ږ ge ږې

س سـ ـسـ ـس seen سین

ش شـ ـشـ ـش sheen شین

ښ � ـښ � kheen شین

ص صـ ـصـ ـص swat صات

ض ـضـ ـض ضـ zwat ضات

ط ـطـ ـط twe طـ طوې

ظ ـظ ـظـ ظـ zwe ظوې

alpha chart tte page 6

ېـ!alpha chart kheen page 7 of alphabet chart

ني$

Pashto 1

7


ع ـع ـعـ عـ ain عني

غ ـغ ـغـ غـ ghain غني

ف ـف ـفـ فـ fe فـې

ق ـق ـقـ قـ qaf قاف

� � ـكـ كـ kaf کاف

ګ � gaf !فا

ل ـل ـلـ لـ lam الم

م ـم ـمـ مـ meem or miim ممي

ن ـن ـنـ نـ noon نون

ڼ � � � noorh نوڼ

ه ـه ه هـhe or

rounded he

هې

و ـو و و waw واو

ي ي ـيـ يـ strong ye خسته یی

alpha chart gaf page 8

gaf beginning:

ـ&gaf middle

ـ'ـalpha chart gaf page 8

gaf beginning:

ـ&gaf middle

ـ'ـ

Pashto 1

8


ی ـی ی ی ye ییې ې ې ې soft ye پسته یی

ۍ ۍ feminine ye

ئ ئ verbal ye ړواله یی

ۀ ۀ he-hamza هې محزه

ؤ ؤ ؤ ؤ * waw-hamza واو محزه

* the waw-hamza is not always counted as a separate letter.

alpha chart feminine ye page 9

یی هني)$Lesson 13 page 24

#11

يها&ا

Pashto 1

9

Diacritics

Diacritic Name Spelling

zwar (above letter) زور

zer (below letter) زیر

pekh (above letter) �ښ

mad (only above initial alef) مد

hamza (only in combination with waw and he) محزه

There is a fourth diacritic, called zwarakay, which is rarely used in Pashto. It is shown as a horizontal line above a consonant and makes a schwa sound.

In Pashto there is a special letter combination,ال, called lam alef la, which represents the letter lamfollowed by alef.

10

Pashto 1Lesson One

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زازا

آد

آز

آدا

آداز

آزا

آزاد

زدا

آزدا

دازدا

ا

دا

داد

دادا

زا

داز

زاد

دازا

زادا

زاز

11

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Lesson Two

ساز

آسار

آدزار

دازار

زاسا

سادزار

سادا

رازا

زارا

رازدا

دازاد

را

راز

زارد

راد

دار

زار

رازاد

سا

سارا

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Lesson Three

باد

بادساز

سزب

سشار

سش

دبرا

باب

آس

برش

زرشاد

ساراد

سازا

شا

شارد \ سارد

زاشار

ز

زرد

س

درس

سز

13

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Lesson Four

بازوو

اسب

ستتوب

تاسو

دوست

ارساب

توت

تر

ستا

سبا

شارسار

سدار

شاباش

بربر

برادر

شو

داروو

تش

تت

شبت

14

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Lesson Five

پاپ

پوی

اسار

ابراز

پیشو

توپ

ازدا

پور

تپوس

پاتا

تب

تشناب

آبشار

ديد

ترتيب

سیر

دیرش

تیز

دی

پاس

15

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Lesson Six

باز

حاسد

احباب

ستاسو

احسان

یا

زب

تسبیح

نادر

راحت

باتور

ستوری

بریت

بزيو

نادان

نون

انا

پر

تن

تیزاب

16

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Lesson Seven

لو

الر

پلن

تلوار

استول

بلبل

تلل راتلل

حالل

یار

او تاسو؟

سپور

پیدا

آپرین

بند

آوار

اتوار

دنیا

بت

بنیر

لباس

17

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Lesson Eight

کلک

کال

صابون

حصار

حرص

صندل

صاحب کار

دیوال

حاجت

پرجنیدل

سیرینا

شین

باید

جب

جدل

وجل

تاج

کابل

کالبوت

انکار

18

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Lesson Nine

ش

امان

کله؟ اس؟

شک

دیارلس

هلته دی؟

مننه.

ما سه

لرم

نه، لس زره نه.

بازار

لرل

صاد

هاها

هر

به

زره

ر س

ممي

زه ه.

19

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Lesson Ten

یور

لیک

کوئ

سیند

دي

یویشت

پریوتل

زیاتې

بس بیا / بس بیا

اتلس سوه

آسالم

امریکایي

يئ

شئ

نسواري

بې

یونان

صي

Lesson 10, #14 page 21

$پورLesson 10, #15 page 21

$سر

Lesson 10, #14 page 21

$پورLesson 10, #15 page 21

$سر

20

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Lesson Eleven

وخت

شوخ

خست

نیم كیلو

خبه

مرباين

زه امریکایي یم.

نن، نه.

په نه بې.

غرمې

غ

داغ

باغ

باغوان

خوشه

خورې

تت

21

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Lesson Twelve

په جهاز کې

زه باید

زه باید کار وکم.

چا

چیرته

پرچم

چایې

چمچ

�ول

واټ

زه به ه.

تایمين

ک په تایمين س

په سیرینا هو�ل کې.

په �کيس کې.

دا واخلئ.

Lesson 11 page 23

# 11

#ی! #12

#ل&اچ#13

ل!وه

#15

.هن ېلو

#13

ل!وه#15

.هن ېلو

#13

ل!وه#15

.هن ېلو

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Lesson Thirteen

باره کې

ږیره

هر کله

هر کله راشئ.

سبایي دې په خیر

سودا

روسته

فال

فاين

افغان

زه افغان یم.

هدف

افغانی خوراکLesson 13, Page 24

#10

ما!#11

يها!ا

alpha chart feminine ye page 9

یی هني)$Lesson 13 page 24

#11

يها&ا#12

يسیل(نا#14

کرس ها(شورف#12

يسیل(نا#14

کرس ها(شورف#15

7ل#16

ه7ل ه7ل#17

ي7ی8

# 16

4ل ه4لLesson Fifteeen page 26

#9

را$

# 16


#9

را$

23

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Lesson Fourteen

ذب

ذره بین

کاغذ

عادت

معلومات

دعا

تعداد

دا �یک ده.

استاد

زه استاد یم.

ناوخته

دا ستاسو د پاره.

ظال

حظ

ظرف

�ل

ذات

Lesson 14, page 25

#5

ئ!#6

ه&نیپ#7

+نمږ

ه&نیپ#7

+نمږ

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Lesson Fifteen

رمضان

حوض

مضمون

امضا

ډیر

ډول / دال

ډوډۍ

ډوډۍ خورئ؟

کالدارې

آسالم علیکم.

�ين

��تو

پوښ

ضد

ر زما / ض

بغض

Lesson 15, Page 26

#4

ه#!#18

'نډ#19

--- هرس .نوم وسات

'نډ#19

--- هرس .نوم وسات

# 16


#9

... را$

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Lesson Sixteen

اثبات \ افتاب

بث

�ومره؟

تاسو چایې �کئ ؟

پا�یدل

ډیره مننه.

سبا جعه ده.

د خدائ په امان.

قیمت

قرض

قل

شفقت

قاچاق

ر ض

ثاين

اثاث

Lesson 16, Page 27

#1

.هد ه% هریډ#14

ه+ن)

26

Pashto 1Lesson Seventeen

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متم

�لور

طوفان

خط

خطاط

خطرناک

ړومبی

شپاړس

Lesson Seventeen page 28

#3

يبال&#12

ه$ناب

باړ

ډالرو

او په ډالرو کې؟

غواړو

لس بې دي.

کهوه

نن زه کهوه غواړم.

ه$ناب#16

.مرتحم ,مړاوغ هن,ب#18

؟يو ه<ن! هب هت ېپش ابس

Lesson Seventeen page 28

#3

يبال&#12

ه$ناب

Lesson 17, Page 28

# 3

رول!#9

*نا'پ #12

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Pashto 1Lesson Eighteen

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په اخر کې

د �ولو نه اول

هر چیرته

کله کله

اتۀ

وا��

وادۀ

پسه

كڼ

ؤیل

28

Pashto 1

ؤنه

واؤ

زما نوم امان دی.

خوشاله

ستاسو په لیدو ...

ستاسو په لیدو ډیر خوشاله شوم.

مرباين، ستاسو ډیره مننه.

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Lesson 18, Page 30

#12

ور$لم#14

را(زؤ#15

Lesson 18, Page 30

#12

ور$لم#14

را(زؤ#15

؟ید ه2 مون وساتس

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Pashto 1Lesson Nineteen

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��تونستان

زه د ��تونستان یم.

او تاسو؟

7/21/10 lh

Lesson 19, Number One

؟ ئی ېا) مو& د وسات

--- ن)سوب هپ هز .5

.م0یسوا ېك ن)سوب هپ هز .6

روAپ9.مړاوغ للت هت روAپ هز.10؟ید ېرل هرمو8 اد.11

رو#پ

/ ؟ ئو9 ه8 هتلد وسات .7؟ ئو9 ه8 هتلد وسات

مړاوغ للت هز .8





--- ن)سوب هپ هز .5

.م0یسوا ېك ن)سوب هپ هز .6

...

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Pashto 1

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روAپ9.مړاوغ للت هت روAپ هز.10؟ید ېرل هرمو8 اد.11

؟هر+يمول& هوس هود.12

.م5 ې& زاهج هپ هز .13

.مړاوغ للت هت هدوس هز .14







.ئیاو وتAپ هM هریډ وسات .15.ایركش ,ينابرم .16--- نطو 0نومز وساتس .17



؟وش ښوخ .18؟وش ښوخ نطو 0نومز وساتس .19

.می هلاشوخ ریډ هتلد هز ,وا .20





...

31

Pashto 1Lesson Twenty

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آ سالم علیکم.

وعلیکم اسالم.

تلې ده؟

او. سیده الړ شئ.

ډیر لرې نه دی.

�ومره لرې دی؟

زه معلومات نه لرم ...

Lesson 20, Page 33

#3

--- ل'وه رال اد#8

؟هر/يمول* و(#10

Lesson 20, Page 33

#3

--- ل'وه رال اد#8

؟هر/يمول* و(#10

؟هر/يمول* هود ،وی#11

--- <ن>لب نیپس هدیس

...

32

Pashto 1

ته الړ شئ.

تاسو امریکایي یئ؟

او، زه امریکایي یم.

تاسو ې �� وایالئ شئ.

ډیره مننه.

نه، ر�تیا وامئ.

د خدائ په امان.

.11

.12

.13

.14

.15

.16

.17

.18

.19

.20

؟هر/يمول* هود ،وی#11

--- <ن>لب نیپس هدیس

#16

.م@یهوپ @ل @ل

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Pashto 1 · Pashto 1 9 Diacritics Diacritic Name Spelling َ zwar (above letter) ﺭوﺯ zer (below letter) ﺮیﺯ ُpekh (above letter) ښ ٓ mad (only above initial alef) ﺪمَ