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© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
PASSENGER CAR ENGINE OIL
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
INTRODUCTION AND AGENDA
• The Components of a PCEO Additive Package
• Industry and OEM specification for PCEO
• PCEO Formulation Considerations
• Summary
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
OVERARCHING FORMULATION CONSIDERATIONS
• ACC Code of Practice, ATC Code of Practice, API EOLCS guidelines, and ATIEL guideline
• Desired performance level or specifications
• Viscosity grade coverage
• Customer / oil company requirements
• OEM requirements including factory fill or service fill applications
• Basestock availability and quality
• Component and viscosity modifier (VM) technology
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
basestock, 72-89%(m)
additive package, 5-12%(m)
viscosity modifier, 5-15%(m)
pour point depressant, <1%(m)
WHAT GOES INTO A FINISHED PCEO?
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
WHAT GOES INTO A PCEO ADDITIVE PACKAGE?
Component Function Typical Type
Dispersant suspension of soot, sludge, and deposit precursors
PIBSA/PAM
Detergents prevention of rust, corrosion, and deposit adhesion
calcium or magnesium based sulphonates, phenates, and salicylates
Antioxidants prevention of oxidation via radical traps and peroxide decomposition
ZDDP, diphenylamine, hindered phenols, metal and/or sulfur-based
Antiwear agents prevention of surface microwelding and tearing
ZDDP
Friction modifiers reduction of boundary layer friction short-chain organic acids, ‘solid’ lubricants
Antifoamant reduction in foaming tendency and stability polydimethylsiloxane
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
OIL AND ADDITIVE INDUSTRY VALUE CHAIN
Additive Component
Suppliers
Additive Companies
Lubricant Companies
Lubricant Sale
Channels
Vehicle Owners
Integrated Petroleum Companies
Government / Legislators
Engine Builders
Industry Committees
product flow
req
uir
emen
t fl
ow
regulatory bodies
new environmental
legislation
new hardware requires higher
quality oil
new oil specifications
Regulatory setters
Lubricant Supply
Lubricant Users
new additives new oils
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
ORGANISATIONS CLASSIFYING ENGINE PERFORMANCE
• Industry Associations – National
• API – American Petroleum Institute • JASO – Japanese Standard Organization
– International • ILSAC – International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee • ACEA – European Automobile Manufacturers Association
• Vehicle or Original Engine Manufacturers (OEMs), such as: – General Motors (GM) – Volkswagen (VW) – Daimler – Volvo – Scania
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
Additive Companies
Lubricant Companies
Test Procedures
EMA – Engine Manufacturers association (HDD) JAMA – Japanese Automobile Manufacturers Association AAM – Alliance of Automobile Manufacturers ACC – American Chemistry Council ATC – Technical Committee of Petroleum Additive Manufactures in Europe ATIEL – Association Technique de L’Industrie Europeenne des Lubrifiants ASTM – American Society of Testing and Materials CEC – The Coordinating European Council for test development
INDUSTRY GROUPS
Government / Legislators
Engine Builders
Industry Committees
regulatory bodies
new environmental
legislation
Oil specifications
new hardware requires higher
quality oil
ILSAC/JAMA/AAM (PC) EMA (HD)
ACEA (PC and HD) JAMA (PC and HD)
API, ILSAC ACEA JASO
Test Rules: ACC ATC
Base stock and VGRA rules:
API ATIEL JASO
ASTM CEC
JASO
Licenses API
Legend: NA EU Japan PC: Passenger Car HD: Heavy Duty Vehicles
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
SASB
SCSD
SESF
SGSH
SJSL
SMSN
CACB
CC
CD-II
CF-2
CD
CE
CF-4CG-4
CH-4CI-4/4+
CJ-4
CF
HDEO, 4-cycleHDEO, 2-cyclePCEO
9
EVOLUTION OF API ENGINE OIL SPECIFICATIONS
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
ILSAC
10
What is ILSAC?
– International Lubricant Standardization and Approval Committee
– A committee consisting of major US vehicle manufacturers and JAMA formed in 1992
– Chrysler, General Motors (GM), and Ford
– Honda, Isuzu, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Subaru, and Toyota
• Designed to be more responsive and nimble than the Tripartite (API, ASTM, SAE)
What does ILSAC do?
• Set minimum performance standards for gasoline passenger car vehicles, generally more stringent than API requirements
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
EVOLUTION OF ILSAC ENGINE OIL SPECIFICATIONS
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015
GF-1 API SH
GF-2 API SJ
GF-3 API SL
GF-4 API SM
GF-5 API SN
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
API SN AND ILSAC GF-5 OVERVIEW
• API SN designed to:
– Improve deposits control
– Improve sludge control
– Ensure seal compatibility
• API SN-RC (resource conserving) and ILSAC GF-5 provide additional benefits, assisting OEMs in meeting regulatory requirements and providing additional benefits to the end-user: – Emissions system protection (reduced phosphorous and sulfur, and retained
phosphorous requirement)
– Improved fuel economy (Corporate Average Fuel Economy Requirements, CAFE)
– Turbocharger protection
– Engine protection for fuels containing up to 85%(m) ethanol (E85)
• GF-5 mandatory use for API Certification Mark was October 1st 2011
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
ILSAC GF-5 ENGINE TESTS
Parameter Test Engine Description
Oxidation and deposits control
Seq. IIIG 1996 GM 3.8L V6
Aged oil viscosity Seq. IIIGA (or ROBO) 1996 GM 3.8L V6
Phosphorous retention Seq. IIIGB 1996 GM 3.8L V6
Wear control Seq. IVA 1994 Nissan 2.4L I4
Sludge and varnish control Seq. VG 2000 Ford 4.6L V8
Bearing corrosion resistance and shear stability
Seq. VIII Coordinated Lubricants
Research (CLR) 0.7 single cylinder
Fuel economy Seq. VID 2008 GM 3.6L V6
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
SPECIFICATION EVOLUTION – ILSAC GF-4 to ILSAC GF-5
Parameter Units GF-4 GF-5
Fuel Economy
Fuel economy [%] Seq. VIB Seq. VID
Deposits
Seq. IIIG piston deposits [merits] > 3.5 > 4.0
TEOST 33C [mg] < 30 (ex. 0W-20)
Emissions System Compatibility
Seq. IIIGB phosphorus retention [%] > 79
Sludge
Seq. VG Engine Sludge [merits] >7.8 >8.0
Seq. VG Rocker Sludge [merits] >8.0 >8.3
Seq. VG Oil Screen Clogging [%] <20 <15
Other
Used oil low temp. pumpability [cP] Seq. IIIGA Seq. IIIGA or ROBO
E85 emulsion retention [%] =100%
Elastomer compatibility 5 materials
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
ENGINE OIL LICENSING AND CERTIFICATION SYSTEM (EOLCS)
• designed to define, certify, and monitor engine oil performance
• defined as a voluntary licensing and certification program
• assist customers in identifying products by licensing two (2) marks:
– API Service Symbol (i.e. ‘donut’) for:
• API S_ = service categories for cars, vans, and light trucks with gasoline engines
• API C_ = commercial category for heavy-duty trucks and vehicles with diesel engines
– API Certification Mark (i.e. ‘starburst’) for:
• current ILSAC performance level
• ensure compliance by auditing:
– verifying physical and chemical properties of oil with licensing data on file at API
– subjecting a randomized, limited number of products to engine and bench testing
15
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
COMPARISON OF LICENSING MARKS
16
API Service Symbol
‘donut’
API Certification Mark
‘starburst’
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
EOLCS LICENSING
17
• All engine tests must be conducted per the ACC Code of Practice
• Marketer is ultimately responsible for product performance, however they may utilize the following guidelines in lieu of engine testing, when appropriate:
– API Base Oil Interchange (BOI)
– API Viscosity Grade Read-Across (VGRA)
• Marketer must disclose:
– Physical and chemical properties
– Bench test data
– Product traceability code
• Marketer must agree to monitoring and enforcement procedures
• Each viscosity grade and brand requires an individual license
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
ACC CODE OF PRACTICE: WHAT IS IT?
• ACC is the American Chemistry Council, which is involved in a wide spectrum of activity affecting the chemical industry
• For our purposes, the ACC is taken to mean the North American lube additive industry
• It’s Code of Practice is a minimum standard covering lubricant additive validation and reporting
• Code does not . . . – Establish needs or develop tests; set limits; deal with labeling or licensing; after
market testing.
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
ACC CODE OF PRACTICE: MAIN FEATURES
• Engine Testing – Test stands are calibrated, referenced, and monitored with ASTM Test
Monitoring Center (TMC)
– Scheduled tests are pre-registered with monitoring agency (RSI) and can only be run in stands meeting acceptance criteria
– Scheduled tests can be placed at a laboratory of choice, but test stands are randomly assigned
– Test results are severity adjusted then judged against criteria for averaging results
• Additive Package Formulation – Minor formulation modifications are controlled against allowed limits and
criteria (16 detailed sets of guidelines in Appendix H and I of the ACC code
• Results – Results are communicated to customer via a Candidate Data Package
• Compliance – Annual audits
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
BASE OIL INTERCHANGE (BOI) GUIDELINES
• Developed to improve efficiency while maintaining confidence in engine oil performance when interchanging basestocks
• Based on engine test data demonstrating that base stock changes within a defined range have no significant impact on the tests/parameters of interest
• May be quite simple (i.e. no restriction among API groups) or subject to numerous criteria on saturates, sulfur content, viscosity index (VI) and base oil viscosity (BOV)
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
BOI EXAMPLE – SEQUENCE IVA
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
VISCOSITY GRADE READ ACROSS (VGRA) GUIDELINES
• Similar to BOI, developed to improve efficiency • General principles of VGRA include read-across from most difficult to less-difficult
viscosity grades – from high viscosity modifier (VM) treat to low VM treat – from high volatility basestock to low volatility basestocks
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
VGRA EXAMPLE – SEQUENCE IVA
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
EUROPEAN ENGINE OIL QUALITIES – ACEA
• ACEA Sequences
– ACEA A/B & C covers Light Duty service for Passenger Car Diesel and Gasoline
– ACEA E covers Heavy Duty service for Trucks, buses etc…
– Are defined by the OEM grouping ACEA.
– They define a minimum quality level for products for use in ACEA members’ engines
– ACEA performance claims are self-certified
• The conduct of the development program must conform to ATIEL & ATC codes and oil marketers are required to abide by these rules for base oil and viscosity grade interchange.
• The whole system is called EELQMS (European Engine Lubricant Quality Monitoring System), equivalent to EOLCS in US
– Include European tests mainly but also some North American tests mainly on HDD side
– Bench tests include Noack volatility, HTHS, shear stability, Seals
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
– ACEA 2012 introduces additional measures to protect against biofuels
– ACEA 2012 released at the end of 2012
– However there are still some additional engine tests that are being developed
EVOLUTION OF ACEA SPECIFICATION
ACEA 2010
CHEMICAL LIMITS
10TBN for A3/B4-10 0.9% ash min for
A3/B3-10
BENCH TESTS
GFC Oxidation LTPT test
ACEA 2012
ENGINE & BENCH
TEST
OM646Bio test (CEC L-104)
DV6 Medium Dispersivity (CEC L-106)
M271EVO (Sludge control)
DELAYED
Low Temperature Pumpability (CEC L-105-12)
Oxidation bench test (GFC-Lu-43-A-11)
NEW
NEW
DELAYED
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
Sequence issue First allowable use Mandatory for new claims
Oils with this claim may be marketed until
2004 1st November 2004 1st November 2005 31st December 2009
2007 1st February 2007 1st February 2008 23rd December 2010
2008 22nd December 2008 22nd December 2009 22nd December 2012
2010 22nd December 2010 22nd December 2011 22nd December 2014
2012 14th December 2012 14th December 2013 ….
TIMETABLE FOR ACEA PRODUCT CLAIM
• ACEA 2012 is the only current ACEA Sequence, all others are now obsolete
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
SAPS AND LUBRICANTS – CONVENTIONAL (FULL), MID AND LOW SAPS
• SAPS – Sulfated Ash, Phosphorus, Sulphur
• There is no formal definition, but
• Full / Mid / Low generally categorised for PCMO
ACEA specification C1 / C4 C2 / C3 Ax/Bx
Mass % Low SAPS Mid SAPS Conventional SAPS
Sulfated Ash ≤ 0.5 ≤ 0.8 ≥ 0.9
Phosphorous ≤ 0.050 ≤ 0.090 ≥ 0.100
Sulphur ≤ 0.2 ≤ 0.3 ≥ 0.4
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION 28
ACEA A3/B3
Sulfated Ash 0.9 to 1.5
ACEA A3/B4
(ACEA A3/B3 + Direct Injection Diesel Engines)
Sulfated Ash 1.0 to 1.6
ACEA C3 Sulfated Ash ≤ 0.8
Phosphorus ≥ 0.070 to ≤ 0.090
Sulfur ≤ 0.3
ACEA C4
Sulfated Ash ≤ 0.5
Phosphorus ≤ 0.090
Sulfur ≤ 0.2
ACEA A1/B1
Sulfated Ash ≤ 1.3
ACEA A5/B5
Sulfated Ash ≤ 1.6
ACEA C2
Sulfated Ash ≤ 0.8 Phosphorus ≤ 0.090
Sulfur ≤ 0.3
ACEA C1
Sulfated Ash ≤ 0.5
Phosphorus ≤ 0.050
Sulfur ≤ 0.2
ACEA A1/B1
(≥ 2.6 for xW-20)
ACEA SEQUENCES
HTHSV >
3.5
HTHSV >
2.9
HTHSV >
2.6
Basic Performance
Full SAPS
Extended Drain
Basic Performance
Full SAPS
Extended Drain
+ Biodiesel
Basic Performance
Mid SAPS
+ Biodiesel
+ DPF/TWC
Basic Performance
Low SAPS
+ Biodiesel
+ DPF/TWC
Incr
easi
ng
FE p
erfo
rman
ce
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
Engine Tests Performance Measure Comments
PSA TU5JP-L4 Piston deposits, Oxidation 4 cyl, 1.6L gasoline engine
PSA TU3M Valve train wear and scuffing 4 cyl, 1.4L gasoline engine
OM646LA Cam & cylinder wear, bore polishing MB 4 cyl, 2.2L diesel engine
Sequence VG Sludge, Varnish Ford, 4.6L, V-8 gasoline
engine
M271 Sludge MB 4 cyl, 1.8 gasoline engine
VW TDI Piston deposits, ring sticking 4 cyl, 1.9L, diesel engine
PSA DV4TD Soot induced oil thickening 4 cyl, 1.4L, diesel engine
M111 Fuel economy MB 4 cyl, 2.0 gasoline engine
ACEA 2012 A/B/C SEQUENCES ENGINE TESTS
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
FUEL
ECONOMY
Infineum Confidential Information
EUROPEAN OEM SPECIFICATIONS
BMW LL-01
HT
HS
V >
3.5
MB229.5
Full SAPS
A3/B3/B4
A1/B1 - A5/B5
VW502 00 / 505 00
Low SAPS
C4
Mid SAPS
C3
HT
HS
V >
2.9
Renault 0700
Renault 0710
C1 C2
Porsche A40
MB229.3
VW501 01 / 505 00
MB229.51
MB229.31
BMW LL-04
Renault 0720
VW504 00 / 507 00 Porsche C30
Dexos 2
Ford 913C Ford 913D
BMW LL-01 FE BMW LL-12 FE
Ford 917A
Ford 934B
Ford 948B Ford 925B
HT
HS
V >
2.6
PSA B71 2296
PSA B71 2300
PSA B71 2290 PSA B71 2312
BMW LL-14 FE+
MB229.52 MB226.5
MB226.51
VW502 00 / 505 01
Volvo A3/B4
Volvo A5/B5
Volvo RBSO-2AE
PSA MA7 STJLR51.5122
STJLR03.5003
STJLR03.5004
STJLR03.5005
Ford 950A
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
PCEO Formulation Considerations
WHAT’S NEXT?
+ Effects - Effects
Viscosity Modifier
Additive Package
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
FORMULATION CONSIDERATIONS: DETERGENTS
Background Many configurations available including: • salicylates, phenates, and sulphonates • neutral and highly overbased • magnesium and/or calcium
Formulation Considerations
1. Mixture of detergents generally used to provide an balance of attributes
2. Neutral provide detergency for piston cleanliness while overbased provide a source of alkalinity reserve
3. Sulfonates more effective at lower temperature (piston skirt) while phenates more effective at higher temperature (piston crown)
4. Salicylates provide detergency and antioxidant protection, and their low sulfur content enables greater flexibility in restricted formulations
5. Metal variety can affect wear performance 6. Source of ash, a restricted parameter in some applications
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
FORMULATION CONSIDERATIONS: DISPERSANTS
Background Many configurations available including: • high and low molecular weight • chloro or thermal • borated or non-borated
Formulation Considerations
1. concentration and type chosen to provide: • sludge and filter plugging control • piston and engine cleanliness • control of soot-induced oil thickening
2. contributes significantly to additive package and finished oil viscosity, so high treat rates can be detrimental to fuel economy performance
3. detrimental to CCS viscosity 4. chloro-dispersant contains residual chlorine, a restricted
parameter in some applications 5. may be detrimental to compatibility with certain elastomers 6. borated dispersants are beneficial in wear and elastomer
compatibility, at the expense of sludge control efficiency
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
FORMULATION CONSIDERATION: ZDDP
Background Many configurations available including: • high or low molecular weight • primary or secondary
Formulation Considerations
1. provide dual-functionality as both an antioxidant and antiwear component
2. lower molecular weight provides better wear protection while higher molecular weight provides better thermal stability
3. secondary provides better wear protection while primary provides better thermal stability
4. source of ash, a restricted parameter in some applications
5. contribute phosphorous, a controlled parameter for emissions system protection
6. highly efficient and cost-effective
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
FORMULATION CONSIDERATIONS: ANTIOXIDANTS AND FRICTION MODIFIERS
Antioxidants
Background Several options available beyond ZDDP including: • aminic and phenolic • metal- and/or sulfur-based
Formulation Considerations
1. response of oil to oxidation varies significantly by engine test, so a combination of antioxidants typically used to achieve performance
Friction Modifiers
Background Several options available including: • organic • inorganic
Formulation Considerations
1. some are highly surface active and can detrimentally impact wear performance
2. organic FMs may cause stability issues in the additive package or finished oil
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
FORMULATION CONSIDERATIONS: VISCOSITY MODIFIERS
Background Many options available including: • OCP, PMA, styrene/isoprene copolymer • functionalized (dispersant) or non-functionalized
Formulation Considerations
1. exhibit different degrees of temporary and permanent viscosity loss in high-shear operating conditions
2. exhibit different contributions to low temperature performance
3. typically detrimental to engine cleanliness
4. selection of VM may benefit fuel economy
5. VM diluent contributes to finished oil volatility
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
• Summary of the engine tests in current ACEA & API specifications and the associated oil properties which these engine test stresses on are listed in the table below.
FORMULATION FOR KEY INDUSTRY ENGINE TESTS
Properties Relevant Industry Test
Black sludge M271SL, Seq VG
Soot induced oil thickening DV4
Piston cleanliness, ring sticking VW TDI, TU5
Oxidative oil thickening TU5, Seq. IIIG
Valve train wear OM646LA, TU3, Seq IIIG, Seq IVA
Fuel economy M111FE, Seq VID
Bearing corrosion Seq. VIII
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INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
SUMMARY
• PCEO formulation requires careful component and basestock selection to achieve balanced performance in combination engine and bench tests defined by a specification
• Diversity in specification requirements due to diverging OEM needs, engine platforms and consumer preferences cause increased fragmentation of products in the marketplace.
• Marketers must offer oils that meet both industry and OEM
specifications
© INFINEUM INTERNATIONAL LIMITED 2015. All rights reserved.
INFINEUM CONFIDENTIAL INFORMATION
Permission is given for storage of one copy in electronic means for reference purposes. Further reproduction of any material is prohibited without prior written consent of Infineum International Limited. The information contained in this document is based upon data believed to be reliable at the time of going to press and relates only to the matters specifically mentioned in this document. Although Infineum has used reasonable skill and care in the preparation of this information, in the absence of any overriding obligations arising under a specific contract, no representation, warranty (express or implied), or guarantee is made as to the suitability, accuracy, reliability or completeness of the information; nothing in this document shall reduce the user’s responsibility to satisfy itself as to the suitability, accuracy, reliability, and completeness of such information for its particular use; there is no warranty against intellectual property infringement; and Infineum shall not be liable for any loss, damage or injury that may occur from the use of this information other than death or personal injury caused by its negligence. No statement shall be construed as an endorsement of any product or process. For greater certainty, before use of information contained in this document, particularly if the product is used for a purpose or under conditions which are abnormal or not reasonably foreseeable, this information must be reviewed with the supplier of such information. INFINEUM, PARATAC, SYNACTO, VISTONE and the interlocking ripple device are Trade Marks of Infineum International Limited. © Infineum International Limited 2015. All rights reserved