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Passive Voice and NarrationAbstract
I analyzed the whole structure of passive voice with the present use of a language. Stylistically, passive voice is the use of a style of an individual in the use of a language. Passive differentiate the form of a verb that is Transitive verb and intransitive verb. The whole structure of passive is the unit of the language and style in writing. Passive voice is the deep structure and unique style of the user in writing and speaking of language’s concluded that passive is the superb structure of the language in daily use. In daily speaking or writing of a language subject is not agent of the action but object is also doer to the action. Transitivity and use of the object is the important task in deep structure in language use. Language is a discourse unit where there is many actions is taking through language use.
Introduction
Passive is the use language where there is action is done to subject and the doer of the action is unknown to reader’s Two "voices" occur in English grammar: active voice and passive voice. The difference is subtle at first, but it's easy to master once the grammarian understands the basics. Examine the subject and the main verb in the two sentences below: In most other cases, it is better rhetoric to use active voice. It is a better choice for several reasons.
Advantage of Passive Voice
1. Passive voice really is a shortcut to good writing.
2. : Sometimes the passive voice sentence is necessary when the speaker wants to hide the
agent or obscure what occurs.
3. Good writers try to avoid these empty, weak words and replace them with strong words.
4. The agent doing the action might truly be unknown.
5. Passive are used in scientific and technical writing.
6. Passive voice depersonalizes the topic.
7. Passive stress on the object but not subject of the sentence.
8. Most of the newspaper in passive voice.
9. Passive voice is the development in language.
10. Passive voice makes an individual wise in use of language.
11. Passive voice is the deep structure of language as Chamsky said.
Disadvantages of Passive Voice
1 )Active voice sentences are often more concise than passive voice. Expressing the same idea in passive voice frequently takes 30% to 40% more words
(2) Passive voice requires more "weak" words. It uses abstract words like is /am /are /was /were /being /been/has/have/had, the definite article (the), and prepositions like by and of. These are dull and colorless compared to concrete nouns, powerful verbs, and vivid adjectives
3) The passive voice clause can be confusing or unclear, especially in long sentences.
4) Passive voice often leads to awkward or stilted writing, especially in academic arguments in which the student dons a "pseudo-scholarly" tone.
5) Linguistic studies show that native English speakers are better able to remember material they read in active voice than the same material in passive voice. Something about the English speaker's mind remains geared toward a "Subject-Verb-Object" pattern. Passive voice sentences somehow derail that mental process of retention
Data analysis
Human and animals produce sound which is called voice. In grammatical term voice is called diathesis.
Voice is two types according to grammatical rules.
1. Active voice
2. Passive Voice
Passive voice further classified into two types that is
a. Impersonal passive voice and
B.Personal passive voice.
A. Impersonal passive voice
The phrase “It is said” when we are using in our daily speech or writing is called impersonal passive voice. Mostly in news paper, the writer uses this phrase which becomes impersonal passive. E.g.
it is said that women live longer than man.
It is said that children often naughty by nature
b.Personal passive voice.
It presents the agent of the action. The action has done by someone.
General Rules of Active Passive Voice
For making Active Voice sentence to Passive Voice sentence,
1. Object is converted to Subject and
2. Subject is converted to Object.
3. Use By after 3rd Form of Verb.
4. Always. Use 3rd form of Verb in passive.
5. No change a sentence into passive which has intransitive verb.
6. No change a sentence which has Object complement or Adverb of place.
Passive Voice of Present Indefinite Tense
Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb 'Is/Are/Am' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice of Present Indefinite Tense. In Active Voice of Present Indefinite Negative and Interrogative sentences, use of Do/Does is used but for making Passive Voice only helping verbs - 'Is/Are/Am' are used. Helping Verb in Passive Voice is used as per the Subject of the Passive Voice (Object of Active voice which becomes Subject of Passive Voice). If the Subject of Passive Voice is plural, Helping Verb of plurals will be used irrespective of the fact that in Active Voice, the subject was Singular. In case of Negative sentence, 'Not' is added after helping verbs and in case of Interrogative sentence helping verb comes in the
starting of the sentence. In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb is used in Passive Voice
Examples
Active Voice Passive Voice
Do you read English? Is English read by you?
She drives my car. My car is driven by her.
Heena loves saKina. sakina is loved by Heena.
The gardener waters plants every day.
Plants are watered by the gardener every day.
Teachers do not punish students now-a-days.
Students are not punished by teachers now-a-days.
She gives her books to the poor boy.
The poor boy is given books by her.
Do you know him? Is he known by you?
He does not like my advice. My advice is not liked by him.
Do they require my help in emergency?
Is my help required by them in emergency?
John completes the project in time.
The project is completed by John in time.
Fazal gives food to the beggar.
The beggar is given food by Fazal.
salma gives food to the beggar.
The food is given to the beggar by salma.
Passive Voice of Present Continuous Tense
Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb 'Is/Are/Am + Being' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice of Present Continuous Tense. Helping Verb in Passive Voice is used as per the Subject of the Passive Voice (Object of Active voice which becomes Subject of Passive Voice). If the Subject of Passive Voice is plural, Helping Verb of plurals will be used irrespective of the fact that in Active Voice, the subject was Singular. In case of Negative sentence, 'Not + Being' is added after helping verbs and in case of Interrogative sentence helping verb comes in the starting of the sentence and place of 'Being' remains before Verb (3rd form)
In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb is used in Passive Voice.
.
Examples
Active Voice Passive Voice
She is counseling her son. Her son is being counseled by her.
The People are choosing him their leader.
He is being chosen their leader by the people.
She is buying all the books from his school.
All the books are being bought by her from his school.
Aneela is inviting sarwat to sarwat is being invited by Aneela
visit Fida. to visit Fida.
Kamela is not disturbing her father.
Her father is not being disturbed by Kamela.
Carpenter is repairing the table.
The table is being repaired by the carpenter.
Is he doing your job right now?
Is your job being done by him right now?
He is writing his autobiography.
His autobiography is being written by him.
Passive Voice of Present Perfect Tense
Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb 'Has/Have + Been' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice of Present Perfect Tense. Helping Verb in Passive Voice is used as per the Subject of the Passive Voice (Object of Active voice which becomes Subject of Passive Voice). If the Subject of Passive Voice is plural, Helping Verb of plurals will be used irrespective of the fact that in Active Voice, the subject was Singular. In case of Negative sentence, 'Not' is added between 'Has/Have' and 'Been' and in case of Interrogative sentence 'Has/Have' comes in the starting of the sentence and place of 'Been' remains before Verb (3rd form)
In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb is used in Passive Voice.
Examples
Active Voice Passive Voice
Rashed have robbed the new couple.
The new couple has been robbed by the Rashed.
The brave person has saved many lives.
Many lives have been saved by the brave person.
I have driven a tank-truck filled with diesel.
A Tank Truck filled with diesel has been driven by me.
Manan has taught Fida about domestic affairs.
Fida has been taught about domestic affairs by Manan.
She has mopped the floor twice.
The floor has been moped by her twice.
He has finished the work at full speed.
The work has been finished by him at full speed.
He has purchased all materials from Market.
All materials have been purchased by him from Market.
Online shopping has saved lot of time.
Lot of time has been saved by online shopping.
Have you seen the serial on Shir khan?
Has the serial on Shir khan been seen by you?
Has he explained in detail about his behavior to his father?
Has his father been explained in detail about his behavior?
Has he ditched his wife? Has his wife been ditched by him?
Haman has gifted a new car to his mother.
His mother has been gifted a new car by Haman.
Haman has gifted a new car to his mother.
A new car has been gifted by Haman to his mother.
Passive Voice of Past Indefinite Tense
Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb 'Was/Were' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice of Past Indefinite Tense. In Active Voice of Past Indefinite Negative and Interrogative sentences, use of Did is used but for making Passive Voice only helping verbs - 'Was/Were' are used. Helping Verb in Passive Voice is used as per the Subject of the Passive Voice (Object of Active voice which becomes Subject of Passive Voice). If the Subject of Passive Voice is plural, Helping Verb of plurals will be used irrespective of the fact that in Active Voice, the subject was Singular.
In case of Negative sentence, 'Not' is added after helping verbs and in case of Interrogative sentence helping verb comes in the starting of the sentence.
In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb is used in Passive Voice.
Rules
Examples
Active Voice Passive Voice
She killed a snake. A snake was killed by her.
The students did not complete their homework.
Their homework was not completed by the students.
Pakistan helped poor countries in past.
Poor countries were helped by Pakistan in past.
Shahi Afridi opted retirement from cricket.
Retirement from cricket was opted by Shahi Afridi.
Did he make a wise decision? Was a wise decision made by him?
He gave so much to the game. The game was given so much by him.
He deposited school fees of the poor student.
School fees of the poor student were deposited by him.
Rehman drove my car from Mardan to Peshawar in 2000.
My car was driven by Rehman from Mardan to Peshawar in 2000.
Mr Shaukat gave me full respect.
I was given full respect by Mr Shaukat.
Kinat attenabided all seminars in Swabi.
All seminars were attended by Kinat in swabi.
Did he grab good job from Rahat?
Was good job from Rahat grabbed by him?
Passive Voice of Past Continuous Tense
Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb 'Was/Were + Being' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice Past Continuous Tense. Helping Verb in Passive Voice is used as per the
Subject of the Passive Voice (Object of Active voice which becomes Subject of Passive Voice). If the Subject of Passive Voice is plural, Helping Verb of plurals will be used irrespective of the fact that in Active Voice, the subject was Singular. In case of Negative sentence, 'Not + Being' is added after helping verbs and in case of Interrogative sentence helping verb comes in the starting of the sentence and place of 'Being' remains before Verb (3rd form)
In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb is used in Passive Voice.
Rules
Examples
Active Voice Passive Voice
He was taking a big risk. A big risk was being taken by him.
Jahn khan was giving order of his transfer.
Order of his transfer was being given by Jahn khan.
She was teaching him French. He was being taught French by her.
She was appreciating Reeta's support.
Reeta's support was being appreciated by her.
He was not admitting his mistakes.
His mistakes were not being admitted by him.
They were giving their declarations in court.
Their declarations were being given by them in court.
Was the doctor serving patients?
Were patients being served by the doctor?
The labourers were digging a canal.
A canal was being dug by the labourers.
Raja was delivering a message to public.
Public was being delivered a message by Raja.
Raja was delivering a message to public.
A message was being delivered to public by Raja.
The President was giving awards to meritorious students.
Meritorious students were being given awards by the President.
Ameen was obeying orders of his grandmother.
Orders of his grandmother were being obeyed by Ameen.
Passive Voice of Past Perfect Tense
Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb 'Had + Been' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice of Past Perfect Tense. In case of Negative sentence, 'Not' is added between 'Had' and 'Been' and in case of Interrogative sentence 'Had' comes in the starting of the sentence and place of 'Been' remains before Verb (3rd form) In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb is used in Passive Voice.
Examples
Active Voice Passive Voice
Police had rescued number of child labourers.
Number of child labourers had been rescued by Police.
Terrorists had infected drinking water also.
Drinking water also had been infected by terrorists.
The slow hockey game had bored the spectators.
The spectators had been bored by the slow hockey game.
System had made lot many people guilty.
A lot many people had been made guilty by the system.
The corrupt officers had made him a scapegoat.
He had been made a scapegoat by the corrupt officers.
The organization had recruited fifty soldiers.
Fifty soldiers had been recruited by the organization.
He had willingly donated woolen clothes.
Woolen clothes had been donated by him willingly.
My father had established good traditions in my family.
Good traditions had been established by my father in my family.
My father had established good traditions in my family.
In my family, good traditions had been established by my father.
The Chairman's's entry had completely changed the environment.
The environment had been completely changed by the Chairman's entry.
Had he spoken the truth? Had the truth been spoken by him?
Had the robbers robbed passengers in running train?
Had passengers been robbed by robbers in running train?
Had the robbers robbed Had in running train passengers
passengers in running train? been robbed by robbers?
Passive Voice of Future Indefinite Tense
Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb 'Will/Shall + Be' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice of Future Indefinite Tense. In case of Negative sentence, 'Not' is added after helping verbs & before 'Be' and in case of Interrogative sentence helping verb comes in the starting of sentence. In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb is used in Passive Voice.
Examples
Active Voice Passive Voice
She will sign these papers. These papers will be signed by her.
I shall make a table. A table will be made by me.
She will take dinner at 9 pm.
Dinner will be taken by her at 9 pm.
The tailor will alter my shirt tomorrow.
My shirt will be altered by the tailor tomorrow.
She will not allow her maid to clean her room in her absence.
Her maid will not be allowed by her to clean her room in her absence.
She will not believe her maid.
Her maid will not be believed by her.
They will shout slogans during strike period.
Slogans will be shouted by them during strike period.
I will discharge my duties honestly.
My duties will be discharged by me honestly.
Will he not abuse anybody?
Will anybody not be abused by him?
I shall not help selfish persons.
Selfish persons will not be helped by me.
She will seek my advice in all circumstance.
My advice will be sought by her in all circumstances.
She will disclose all the secrets of her brother.
All the secrets of her brother will be disclosed by her.
I will reward my family for making me proud of them.
My family will be rewarded by me for making me proud of them.
Passive Voice of Future Perfect Tense
Rules of Active and Passive voice (mentioned below) shows that helping verb 'Will/Shall + Have + Been' is used with 3rd form of verb for making Passive Voice of Future Perfect Tense. In case of Negative sentence, 'Not' is added between 'Will/Shall' and ' Have Been' and in case of Interrogative sentence 'Will/Shall' comes in the starting of the sentence and place of 'Have + Been' remains before Verb (3rd form) In all types of sentences - Positive, Negative & Interrogative, 3rd form of verb is used in Passive Voice.
Examples
Active Voice Passive Voice
Aneela will have finshied his home work.
His home work will have been finished by Aneela.
Naheeda will have invited you on her birthday.
You will have been invited by Naheeda on her birthday.
He will have switched on the light.
Light will have been switched on by him.
They will have decorated the house for our welcome.
The house will have been decorated by them for our welcome.
The President will have invited the biggest party to form the Government.
The biggest party will have been invited by the President to form the Government.
She will have taken medicines on time.
Medicines will have been taken by her on time.
The judge will have issued orders in our favour.
Orders will have been issued by the judge in our favour.
They will have taken all precautions.
All precautions will have been taken by them.
America will have formulated new policy on terrorism.
New policy on terrorism will have been formulated by America.
Ali will have learnt all alphabets.
All alphabets will have been learnt by Ali.
She will have refused to marry a greedy person.
A greedy person will have been refused by her to marry.
Will the monkeys have damaged our plants?
Will our plants have been damaged by the monkeys?
Will you not have joined again English classes?
Will English classes not have been joined by you again?
Passive Voice of W-Family Sentence
W-family words (Who, Whom, What, Which, When, Why, Where, etc) are used in all types of sentences and normally it comes in the beginning of both (Active & Passive Voice Sentences) and followed by Helping Verbs of the Tense in interrogative sentences. We have learnt changing normal Active Voice sentences to Passive Voice sentence of all types of Tenses. Basic rules will remain same for the sentences of W-family words.
Rules of changing Passive Voice of W-family sentence
Separate W-family word and the rest part of the sentence.
The rest part of the sentence remains a normal sentence. Change it to Passive Voice as per the Rule of Tense of the sentence.
Add the W-family word in the beginning of the changed Passive Voice part Sentence.
All the W-family words remain unchanged except two words - (1) "WHO" is replaced by words "BY WHOM" (2) "WHOM" is replaced by word "WHO" .
Let us take a look
Sentence Forming
What are you writing?
Are you writing?
Present Continuous Tense
Convert Object to Subject + Is/Are/Am + Being + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + Remaining + (.)
'XXX' is being written by you.
What is being written by you?
What did he say?
Did he tell?
Past Indefinite Tense
Convert Object to Subject +Was/Were + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + Remaining + (.)
'XXX' was told by him.
What was told by him?
Which book do you want?
_Book do you want?
Present Indefinite Tense
Convert Object to Subject + Is/Are/Am + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + Remaining + (.)
'XXX' book is wanted by you.
Which book is wanted by you?
When will he lodge an FIR?
Will he lodge an FIR?
Future Indefinite Tense
Convert Object to Subject + Will/Shall + Be + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + Remaining + (.)
'XXX' FIR will be lodged by him.
When an FIR will be lodged by him?
Who has slapped my friend?
Has slapped my friend?
Present Perfect Tense
Convert Object to Subject + Has/Have + Been + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + Remaining + (.)
'XXX' has my friend been slapped.
By whom has my friend been slapped?
Examples
Which car do you drive? Which car is driven by you?
Which film did you like most? Which film was liked most by you?
When will you repay your debts?
When your debts will be repaid by you?
When did he reply your letter? When your letter was replied by him?
What will you discuss with your fiance?
What will your fiance be discussed by you?
What is making him to break the contract?
What is being made to break the contract by him?
What were you suggesting him at this stage?
What was being suggested by you to him?
What has the police recorded in FIR?
What has been recorded in FIR by the police?
Why did they withdraw their support?
Why their support was withdrawn by them?
Why do elected leaders not fulfill the expectations of people?
Why are the expectations of people not fulfilled by the elected leaders?
Why did you disobey your parents?
Why your parents were disobeyed by you.
Passive Voice of Imparatives
A sentence that issues a request or gives a command or expresses a desire or wish is called an Imperative sentence. Imperative sentences are addressed without naming the subject. Hence these sentences are without Subject and starts with the Principal Verb. sentences have different types of emotions - Order, Command, Request, Suggestion and Advise. In Passive Voice of Imperative Sentence, we use different wordings with the Subject as per the emotions of the sentence.
For making Passive Voice, Imperative Sentences are of the following types:
Sentences Containing CommandSentences Containing Order Sentences Containin RequestSentences Containing AdviceSentences Containing Suggestion
Rules
Sentence Containing
Rule of converting Imperative Sentence (Active Voice) to Passive Voice
Command Let + Convert Object to Subject + Be + Verb (3rd form)
Order You are ordered to + Convert Object to Subject + Be + Verb (3rd form)
Request You are requested to + Convert Object to Subject + Be + Verb (3rd form)
Advice You are advised to + Convert Object to Subject + Be + Verb (3rd form)
Suggestion Convert Object to Subject + Should + Be + Verb (3rd form)
One sentence spoken in different situations with different emotions will be changed in Passive Voice differently.
Let us take a look
Passive Voice of 'Open the Window'
Let the window be opened.
You are ordered to open the window.
You are requested to open the window.
You are advised to open the window.
The window should be opened.
Examples
Do this job. Let this job be done.
Teach your son. Let your son be taught.
Control your party men. Your party men should be controlled.
Obey your parents. You are advised to obey your parents.
Don't do this. You are requested not to do this.
Punish the culprits. Let the culprits be punished.
Don't allow anybody to peep inside .
You are ordered not to allow anybody to peep inside.
Pay your fees. Let your fees be paid today.
Please stand up from my seat.
You are requested to stand up from my seat.
Always help the poor. Let the poor be helped always.
Don't smoke. You are advised not to smoke.
Don't disturb her. You are requested not to disturb her.
Don't stare at her again.
You are warned not to stare at her again.
Love your wife. Your wife should be loved.
Get up early. You are requested to get up early.
Be careful. You are advised to be careful.
Passive Voice of Modals
Modals are special Helping Verbs. Modals express the mood of a the verb, such as ability, possibility, necessity or another condition. They are used with a main verb to form a sentence and it remains same whether Subject is singular or plural. Modals are - May, Might, Can, Could, Will, Would, Shall, Should, Must, Ought to. We will learn in detail about Modals separately. Here we will focus on Passive Voice of Modals.Rules of Passive voice of Modals (mentioned below) show that helping verb 'Be' is added after Modals and 3rd form of verb is used for making Passive Voice.
Rules
Sentence Containing
Rule of converting Sentence of Modals (Active Voice) to Passive Voice
Positive Convert Object to Subject + Modals + Be + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + Remaining (if any) + (.)
Negative Convert Object to Subject + Modals + Not + Be + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + Remaining (if any) + (.)
Interrogative Modals + Convert Object to Subject + Be + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + Remaining (if any) + (.)
Examples
You may tell your problem. Your problem may be told by you.
You may ask her name. Her name may be asked by you.
He may read my book. My book may be read by him.
He might not reveal his secrets. His secrets might not be revealed by him.
My mother might not permit me to go on hills.
I might not be permitted by my mother to go on hills.
The patient can drive car. Car can be driven by the patient.
She cannot climb on the hill. The hill cannot be climbed by her.
The leader could not convince his party men.
His party men could not be convinced by the leader.
I could not make compromise. Compromise could not be made by me.
You should warn him about stray dogs.
He should be warned about stray dogs by you.
He should not reject Swati's proposal.
Swati's proposal should not be rejected by him.
She would not allow me. I would not be allowed by her.
Avyan would raise voice in favour of kids.
Voice would be raised by Avyan in favour of kids.
They must protect her husband.
Her husband must be protected by them.
Schools must give holidays. Holidays must be given by schools.
Must you call her? Must she be called by you?
You ought to obey your parents.
Your parents ought to be obeyed by you.
Aman ought to visit Pakistan every year to meet his grand-parents.
Pakistan ought to be visited by Aman every year to meet his grand-parents.
The above examples may clear your doubts.
Your doubts may be cleared by the above examples.
Passive Voice of Infinitive
Rules of Passive Voice of Infinitive - 'TO' show that 'BE' is added after 'To' and 3rd form of verb is used for making Passive Voice.
Rules
Sentence Containing
Rule of converting Sentence of Infinitive 'To' (Active Voice) to Passive Voice
Positive Convert Object to Subject + Is/Are/Am/Was/Were/Has/Have/Had + To + Be + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + (.)
Negative Convert Object to Subject + Is/Are/Am/Was/Were/Has/Have/Had + Not + To + Be + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + (.)
Interrogative Is/Are/Am/Was/Were/Has/Have/Had + Convert Object to Subject + To + Be + Verb (3rd form) + By + Convert Subject to Object + (.)
Examples
Active Voice Passive Voice
I am to do this work. This work is to be done by me.
Your wife is to learn English. English is to be learnt by your wife.
I am to teach her English. English is to be taught to her by me.
Seema had to abstain him from smoking.
He had to be abstained from smoking by Seema.
I have to assist my wife in domestic works.
My wife has to be assisted in domestic works by me .
I was to appreciate her but I forgot.
She was to be appreciated by me but I forgot.
They are to deliver speech in the programme.
Speech is to be delivered in the programme by them.
Is he to select her wedding dress?
Is her wedding dress to be selected by him?
He has to favour his girl friend. His girl friend is to be favoured by him.
He was to give a precious gift to her.
She was to be given a precious gift by him.
He was to give a precious gift to her.
A precious gift was to be given to her by him.
The Chief Minister is to resolve the problems of ordinary persons.
The problems of ordinary persons are to be resolved by the Chief Minister.
Citizens are to support the Government.
The Government is to be supported by the citizens.
Organisations are to tighten the workers.
The workers are to be tightened by organisations.
Now workers are to understand their duty.
Their duty is to be understood by workers now.
We are to help the needy and poor.
The needy and poor are to be helped by us.
Passive Voice of Miscellaneous
We have covered almost all types of Passive Voice sentences. It is observed that Passive Voice sentence emphasize more on action and subject is normally not there. Where subject comes, it is written that the action is done by the subject. e.g. Room has been cleaned. When subject is added then it becomes - Room has been cleaned by her. Importance is on action.
Sometimes at the time of making passive voice of sentences which contains
words -someone / somebody / one's etc, these words are removed e.g. Active voice : Someone has stolen our cycle. Passive voice : Our cycle has been stolen. When such Passive voice sentence is to be converted in Active voice sentence, such words are added again with the Active voice sentence.
'By' is not used with these Verbs In Passive Voice, 'By' is not used with these Verbs. Instead of 'By' appropriate Prepositions of the Verbs are used.
Verb Preposition Verb Preposition
Alarmed At Married With (a girl)
Amazed At Married To ( a boy)
Annoyed At Offended With (a person)
Contained In Offended At (Behaviour)
Displeased With (a person) Pleased With (a person)
Displeased At (Behaviour) Pleased At (Behaviour)
Distinguished With Satisfied With
Known To Shocked At
Lined With Surprised At
Examples
Active Voice Passive Voice
The news alarmed him. He was alarmed at the news.
She knows me. I am known to her.
This bottle contains ink. Ink is contained in this bottle.
His victory is surprising all. All are being surprised at his victory.
His sudden visit has amazed us.
We have been amazed at his sudden visit.
Radha did not annoy with Krishan.
Krishan was not annoyed with Radha.
His behaviour shocked Swati. Swati was shocked at his behaviour.
I satisfied my family. My family was satisfied with me.
Ramesh offended Suman. Suman was offended with Ramesh.
Madhur married to Bhavin. Bhavin was married with Madhur.
The news of his transfer has displeased her.
She has been displeased at the news of his transfer.
Neha pleased Swati. Swati was pleased with Neha.
Examples of Miscellaneous Sentences
Active Voice Passive Voice
Sit down Be seated.
Women like men to flatter them.
Women like to be flattered by men.
One should keep one's promise.
Promise should be kept.
It is time to close the shop. It is time for the shop to be closed.
Someone has broken our table.
Our table has been broken.
Somebody has deceived us badly.
We have been deceived badly.
People laughed at beggars. Beggars were laughed at by people.
I made him sing a song. He was made to sing a song.
People say that he is an honest minister.
It is said that he is an honest minister.
People say that he is an honest minister.
He is said to be an honest minister.
My wife asked me when I would ring her.
I was asked by me wife when I would ring her.
The farmers had ploughed the fields before the rains set in.
The fields had been ploughed by the farmers before the rains set in.
We had reached our destination before it got dark.
Our destination had been reached by us before it got dark.
I shall have read the newspaper before the arrival of the train.
The newspaper will have been read by me before the arrival of the train.
They will have prepared reports before snowfall.
Reports will have been prepared by them before snowfall.
It is time to give the green signal.
It is time for the green signal to be given.
Commonly used Passive Voice sentences (without subject)
Active Voice
English is taught here.
Beggars were given food.
The house was white-washed.
His honesty should be praised.
He was informed timely.
She was beaten.
Victims were rushed to hospital.
My office is to be shifted.
The meeting is being cancelled.
What is done here?
What will be cooked in the evening?
What can be done now?
Why was this table removed from here?
What has been distributed?
When was he murdered?
Everyone had been informed about it.
The curfew has been imposed in the city.
Direct-Indirect Speech
Statement of a speaker or reporter is known as "Speech or Narration". We can report any Speech to another person in two ways:
(i) Report speaker's Speech to another person in the same words. It is known as Direct Speech or Direct Narration. In Direct Narration, the Speech is kept in Inverted Commas "I ...".
(ii) Report speaker's Speech to another person in our own words without changing the meaning of the Speech. It is known as Indirect Speech or Indirect Narration.
Direct-Indirect Speech - Simple Sentences
Example
Direct Speech Aslam said to Salma, "I have broken my toys."
Indirect Speech Aslam told Salma that he had broken his toys.
From the above example, broadly it comes to knowledge that for changing Direct Speech to Indirect Speech, we are to (i) Use a word to join both the parts like 'that' is used here; (ii) Remove Inverted Commas; (iii) Change the Pronoun; and (iv) Change the tense of Reported Speech.
Rule No. 1
First of all see the Reporting Verb. If it is 'say, says, will say or said', in Indirect Speech also it will remain same 'say, says, will say or said'. If 'to' is added with the Reporting Verb then in Indirect Speech it will be changed as per below rule:
(i) Say to - Tell (ii) Says to - Tells (iii) Will say to - Will tell (iv) Said to - Told
When 'to' is added with the Reporting Verb, Object will always be there and in Indirect Speech after 'Tell or Told', Object must come
Rule No. 2
See the Tense of Reported Verb. If Tense of Reported Verb is Past Tense then in Indirect Speech Tense of Reported Speech is changed to Past Tense as per Rule given below:
Reported Speech Tense in Reported Speech Tense in Indirect Speech
Direct Speech
Simple Present Simple Past
Present Indefinite Past Indefinite
Present Continuous Past Continuous
Present Perfect Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Indefinite Past Perfect
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect No change of Tense
Past Perfect Continuous No change of Tense
Will/Shall in Future Tense Would/Should (Should with Pronoun 'I' & 'We' only)
Can Could
May Might
Could/Should/Would/Might No Change
Rule No. 3
When Reporting Verb is of Past Tense, then the following words of Reported Speech are changed as per below:
Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Ago Before
Hence Thence
Here There
Hither Thither
Last night The previous night
Last week The previous week
Next week The following week
Now Then
The day before yesterday The day before the previous day
The last fortnight The previous fortnight.
These Those
This That
Thus So
Today That day
Tomorrow The next day
Tonight That night
Yesterday The previous day
Rule No. 4
If Tense of Reporting Verb is either Present Tense or Future Tense, we do not make change in the Tense of Reported Speech
Rule No. 5
If any Universal Truth, Proverb, Habitual Act, Historical Fact, Unchanged Facts, or Imaginary Condition comes in Reported Speech, then Tense of Reported Speech does not change even if Reported Verb is of Past Tense.
No. 6
In all simple tenses, Comma (,) and Inverted Commas ("...") are removed and word 'That' is used to join both the parts.
No. 7For changing to Indirect Speech, Pronouns of Reported Speech are changed as per "S O N = 1 2 3" Rule.
S = Subject 1 = First Person
O = Object 2 = Second Person
N = No Change 3 = Third Person
If Person of Pronoun of Reported Speech is___
Rule
Change the Person of Pronoun as per Reporting Verb's___
First Person S Subject
Second Person O Object
Third Person N No Change
Examples 1. She says to Sakina, "I will teach you and Aslam."1. She tells Sakina that she will teach her and Aslam.
2. Aslam said to sarwat, "I will give my toys to you."2. Aslam told Sarwat that he would give his toys to her.
3. They said to me, "We have given our share to you"3. They told me that they had given their share to me.
4. We will say to Heena, "You have brought her paintings to show us and your Mom."4. We will tell Heena that she has brought her paintings to show us and her Mom.
5. She said to Manan, "I am in love and I want you to protect me.5. She told Manan that she was in love and she wanted him to protect her.
6. He said, "You did not give me his address."6. He said that he had not given him his address. (Object is not there. Assumed it of 3rd Person)6. He said that I had not given him his address.(Object is not there. Assumed it of Ist Person)
Direct-Indirect Speech - Simple Interrogative Sentences
For the purpose of Direct-Indirect Speech, Interrogative Sentences are divided into two types - (1) W-family Interrogative Sentences and (2) Simple Interrogative Sentences (Other than W-family Sentences).
Simple Interrogative Sentences
The basic rules of changing Direct Speech to Indirect Speech described for simple sentences applies for all types of Sentences. There are certain changes in rules for each type of sentences.
Rule No. 1
In all Interrogative sentences if Reporting Verb is 'say/say to, says/says to, will say/will say to or said/said to', in Indirect Speech also it will be changed to 'ask, asks, will ask or asked'.
Rule No. 2
In all Simple Interrogative sentences, Comma (,) and Inverted Commas ("...") are removed and word 'If' or 'Whether' is used to join both the parts
Rule No. 3
For converting Direct Speech to Indirect Speech of all Interrogative Sentences, the interrogative form of the sentence is changed to Assertive form and Question Mark (?) is replaced with Full Stop (.).
Rule No. 4
At the time of converting Direct Speech to Indirect Speech of all Interrogative Sentences 'Yes/No' Short Answer is also added with the Interrogative Sentences, answer is briefly described in place of simple 'Yes/No'. If answer is 'No', brief answer will be in Negative form and if it is 'Yes', the brief answer will be in Assertive form.
Examples of Simple Interrogative Sentences
Direct She says, "Am I looking gorgeous?"
Indirect She asks whether she is looking gorgeous.
Direct He said, "Am I not looking handsome?"
Indirect He asked whether he was not looking handsome.
Direct Madhur said to Bhavin, "Will you come early today from office?"
Indirect Madhur asked Bhavin whether he would come early that day from office.
Direct Avyan said to Neha, "Can you solve this puzzle?" "No", she said.
Indirect Avyan asked Neha if she could solve that puzzle. She said, She couldn't or She replied in negative.
Direct Suman said to Swati, "Do you know everything about him?" She said, "Yes".
Indirect Suman asked Swati whether she knew everything about him. She said, she did or She replied in affirmative.
Direct Biswas jee said to me, "Have you read the book on Swaami Vivekananda?"
Indirect Biswas jee asked me whether I had read the book on Swaami Vivekananda.
Direct She said to Heena, "Did I not telephone you in the morning?"
Indirect She asked Heena whether she had not telephoned her in the morning.
Direct GM said to me, "Is it fine if you are transferred to Agra?"
Indirect GM asked me whether it was fine if I was transferred to
Agra.
Direct He said to Heena, "Are you serious about our marriage?"
Indirect He asked Heena if she was serious about their marriage.
Direct You said to Shalini, "Do you have trust in God?"
Indirect You asked Shalini whether she had trust in God.
Direct-Indirect Speech - W-Family Interrogative Sentences
In W-Family Interrogative sentences, Comma (,) and Inverted Commas ("...") are removed and no word is used to join both the parts. The word of W-Family does the work to join both the parts. Besides this rule, all the rules described earlier are applicable to W-Family Interrogative Sentences also.
Examples of W-Family Interrogative Sentences
Direct Manjula said to Poonam, "What do you want?"
Indirect Manjula asked Poonam what she wanted.
Direct Boss said to his PA, "Why are you sad today?"
Indirect Boss asked his PA why she was sad that day.
Direct Interviewer said to the candidate, "What are your qualifications?"
Indirect Interviewer asked the candidate what were his
qualifications.
Direct The judge said to Shweta, "Why did you beat your servant?"
Indirect The judge asked Shweta why she had beaten her servant.
Direct The teacher said to the Monitor, "Who was not obeying your orders?"
Indirect The teacher asked the Monitor who had not obeyed his orders.
Direct Arvind said to me, "Why do you compare yourself with the youngsters?"
Indirect Arvind asked me why I compared myself with the youngsters.
Direct Kanika said to Vartika, "When are you visiting Pune?"
Indirect Kanika asked Vartika when she was visiting Pune.
Direct The leader said to public, "What are your expectations from us?"
Indirect The leader asked public what were their expectations from them.
Direct The bus conductor said, "Whose bag is this?
Indirect The bus conductor asked whose bag that was.
Direct Mona said to Charls, "How will you repay the money?"
Indirect Mona asked Charls how he would repay the money.
Direct Dolly said to Reeta, "Why don't you stop here?"
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Indirect Dolly asked Reeta why she did not stop there.
Direct Sneh said to Rajat, "What is your name?"
Indirect Sneh asked Rajat what his name was.
Direct Teacher said to Harsh, "Which is your book?"
Indirect Teacher asked Harsh which his book was.
Direct Dolly said to Vikas, "Who are you?"
Indirect Dolly asked Vikas who he was.
Direct Manager said to clerk, "Why did you come late?"
Indirect Manager asked clerk why he had come late.
Direct Shantur said to Avyan, "Why are you crying?"
Indirect Shantur asked Avyan why he was crying.
Direct I said to her, "When did you see my father?"
Indirect I asked her when she had seen my father.
Direct Visitor said to a shopkeeper, "Where is the AkShardhaam?"
Indirect Visitor asked a shopkeeper where the AkShardhaam is.
Direct He said to her, "Where were you born?"
Indirect He asked her where she was born.
Direct John said to his son, "What have you decided to do now?"
Indirect John asked his son what he had decided to do then.
Direct-Indirect Speech - Imperative Sentences
Rule No. 1
Imperative sentences have different types of emotions - Order, Command, Request, Suggestion and Advise. For changing Direct Speech to Indirect Speech, please see the Reporting Verb and according to the emotion of Reporting Verb, 'Said To' is replaced with words like Requested, Advised,
Ordered, Commanded, Suggested, Warned etc.
Please and Kindly words and use of word 'Do' to emphasise something in Reported Speech are not kept in Indirect Speech as the Reporting Verb's replaced word "Request/Requests/Requested" already contains the same emotion.
Sometimes Tag Question is added with Imperative Sentence. It is also not kept in Indirect Speech.
Rule No. 2
In Imperative sentences, Comma (,) and Inverted Commas ("...") are removed and word 'To' is used to join both the parts.
In negative sentences, 'Do Not' is removed and 'Not To' is used in making Indirect Speech of Imperative Sentences.
Besides these two rules, all the rules described earlier are applicable to Imperative Sentences also.
Examples of Imperative Sentences
Direct The teacher said to Raj, "Stand up on the bench."
Indirect The teacher ordered Raj to stand up on the bench.
Direct She said to her friend, "Do not tell a lie."
Indirect She advised her friend not to tell a lie.
Direct Seema said to her husband, "Do not tell a lie.
Indirect Seema warned her husband not to tell a lie.
Direct She said to Monu, "Please give me a glass of water."
Indirect She requested Monu to give her a glass of water.
Direct Poonam said to Neha, "Have a glass of milk."
Indirect Poonam asked me to have a glass of milk.
Direct The gardener said to children, "Don't pluck the flowers again."
Indirect The gardener warned children not to pluck the flowers again.
Direct Neelam said to her boss, "Please grant me leave for three days."
Indirect Neelam requested her boss to grant her leave for three days.
Direct Captain said, "follow me".
Indirect Captain ordered to follow him.
Direct Doctor said to a patient, "Change your life style and eating habits".
Indirect Doctor suggested a patient to change his life style and eating habits.
Direct The Principal said to students, "Don't make a noise."
Indirect The Principal instructed students not to make a noise.
Direct My neighbour said to me, "Don't park your car in front of my house."
Indirect My neighbour forbade me not to park my car in from of his house.
Direct Harshad Bhai said to me, "Do have a cup of tea please".
Indirect Harshad Bhai requested me to have a cup of tea.
Direct We said to Chetna Ben, "Do tell about your sickness to your family members please."
Indirect We requested Chetna Ben to tell about her sickness to her family members.
Direct She said to me, "Switch off the fan, will you?
Indirect She asked me to switch off the fan.
Direct Arvind said to Joshi, "Send this file to GM, won't you?
Indirect Arvind asked Joshi to send that file to GM.
Direct She said to her neighbour, "Please take care of my son,
will you?
Indirect She requested her neighbour to take care of her son.
Direct Indirect Speech - Sentences with Let
Rule
Like Imperative sentences, use of 'Let' in the sentences of Let has different meaning and in Reporting Verb 'Said To' is replaced according to the notion of the sentence with words like - Proposed, Suggested, Requested, Ordered, Wished, Told, etc.
If the meaning of 'Let Sentence' is a suggestion, proposal or wish then for making Indirect Speech (1) 'Said To' is replaced with 'Proposed To / Suggested To / Wished To', (2) 'Let' is replaced with 'Should'. 'Should' comes after the Pronoun. and (3) 'That' is used to join both the parts of the sentence.
If the meaning of 'Let Sentence' is to allow, order or persuade then for making Indirect Speech (1) 'Said To' is replaced with 'Requested To / Ordered To', (2) 'Let' may remain in the sentence or it may be replaced with 'Allow' and (3) 'To' is used to join both the parts of the sentence.
If condition or supposition comes in 'Let Sentence' then for making Indirect Speech (1) 'Said To' is replaced with 'Told', (2) 'Let' is replaced with 'Might' and (3) 'That' is used to join both the parts of the sentence.
Examples of Sentences with Let
Direct Anushka said to Omav, "Let us go to see a movie."
Indirect Anushka proposed to Omav that they should go to see a movie.
Direct Manjula said to me, "Let us play carom today".
Indirect Manjula proposed to me that we should play carom that day.
Direct She said to her sister, "Let him complete his study first."
Indirect She suggested her sister that he should complete his study first.
Direct He said, "Let us wait a few minutes and try again later".
Indirect He suggested that they should wait a few minutes and try again later.
Direct Kanika said, "Let me take two chocolates".
Indirect Kanika wished that she should take two chocolates.
Direct Jai said to his teacher, "Let me go home early today".
Indirect Jai requested his teacher to let him go early that day. OR Jai requested his teacher to allow him to go early that day.
Direct The Manager said to his PA, "Let the boys come in."
Indirect The Manager ordered the PA to let the boys come in.
Direct Party workers said to the Leader, "Let us do some favour to our supporters".
Indirect Party workers requested to the leader to let them (OR allow them) do some favour to their supporters.
Direct Neeta said to Yogesh, "Let him study even so hard but he cannot
top the class'"
Indirect Neeta told Yogesh that he might study even so hard but he cannot top the class.
Direct He said to Ramesh, "Let him be smart but he cannot excel you.
Indirect He told Ramesh that he might be smart but he cannot excel him.
Direct She said to me, "Let me buy some clothes for Vartika and Avyan."
Indirect She told me to let her buy some clothes for Vartika and Avyan.
Indirect She requested me to allow her to buy some clothes for Vartika and Avyan.
Direct Indirect Speech - Optative Sentences
Optative Sentence indicates a wish, pray or desire. It ends with exclamation mark (!).
Rule no. 1For making Indirect Speech of Optative Sentence, 'Said' of Reporting Verb is changed according to the Optative Word' of Reporting Speech. A list of such words is given below.
Optative words In place of 'Said'
Good Morning! Wished
Good Evening! Wished
Good Afternoon! Wished
Good Night! Bade
Good Bye! Bade
Farewell! Bade
Would that…! Wished
O that…! Wished
O for…! Wished
May/May God Prayed
If…were (only imagination) Wished …Would
Examples of Optative Sentences
Direct He said, "Good morning, Mom!"
Indirect He wished his Mom good morning.
Direct Sachin said, "Good evening, Sir!"
Indirect Sachin respectfully wished the sir good evening. / Sachin respectfully
wished me (you / him / her / them /…) good evening.
Direct Prashant said, "Good night, paapaa!"
Indirect Prashant bade his paapaa good night.
Direct Aman said, "Good bye, friends!"
Indirect Aman bade his friends good bye.
Direct Neha said to him, "Would that you were here at that time!"
Indirect Neha wished that he had been there at that time.
Direct He said, "O that I had the wings of a bird."
Indirect He wished that he had the wings of bird.
Direct She said, "O for a glass of water."
Indirect She wished for a glass of water.
Direct Indirect Speech - Exclamatory Sentences
Sentence that express strong feeling or emotions (like joy, sorrow, surprise, hatred, contempt, etc) are called exclamatory sentences. Exclamatory sentence ends with exclamation mark (!).
Rule no. 1For making Indirect Speech of Exclamatory Sentence, 'Said' of Reporting Verb is changed according to the emotion of the 'Exclamatory Word' of Reporting Speech. A list of such words is given below.
Exclamatory Word Replace 'Said' with
Wow! Exclaimed with joy
What! Exclaimed with surprise
Well done! Exclaimed with applause
Sorry! Exclaimed with regret
Pooh! Exclaimed with contempt
Oh! Exclaimed with surprise / sorrow
Nonsense! Exclaimed with contempt
Hurrah! Exclaimed with joy
How! Exclaimed with surprise / regret
Hear! Applauded ..(Subject of Reporting Verb)..saying
Ha! Exclcaimed with joy
Good God! Exclaimed with surprise
Bravo! Applauded...(Subject of Reporting Verb)..saying
Alas! Exclaimed with sorrow / grief
Aha! Exclaimed with joy
Ah! Exclaimed with sorrow / grief / joy
Same word can depict 'sorrow' or 'joy'. The specific emotion of above mentioned words is to be construed as per sentence. In case there is a desire or wish in the sentence (If I were you, If I were...), 'Said' is replaced with word 'Wished'.
Rule no. 2
The words 'What' & 'How' of Reporting Speech are replaced with words 'Very' Or 'Great'. 'Very' comes before Adjective and 'Great' comes before Noun.
Rule no. 3
In Exclamatory sentences, Comma (,) and Inverted Commas ("...") are removed and word 'That' is used to join both the parts.
Examples of Exclamatory Sentences
Direct Gaurav said, "Hurrah! We have won the match."
Indirect Gaurav exclaimed with joy that they had won the match.
Direct She said in Shimla, "Wow! What a pleasant weather it is."
Indirect She exclaimed with joy in Shimla that it was a very pleasant weather.
Direct The spectators said, "Bravo! A classical goal."
Indirect The spectators applauded him saying that it was a classical goal.
Direct She said, "Oh! I lost my mobile."
Indirect She exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her mobile.
Direct Vartika said, "Oh! Avyan has come from London."
Indirect Vartika exclaimed with surprise that Avyan had come from London.
Direct Pooh said the Principal to Ramesh, "You have again failed in the examination."
Indirect The Principal exclaimed with contempt that Ramesh had again failed in the examination.
Direct Neha said, "Alas! I have lost my diamond bangle."
Indirect Neha exclaimed with sorrow that she had lost her diamond bangle.
Direct He said, "Good God! The fellow has come to life again."
Indirect He exclaimed with surprise that the fellow had come to life again.
Direct She said to her servant, "How foolish you are!
Indirect She exclaimed with surprise that her servant was very foolish.
Direct He said, "Ah! What a beautiful scene."
Indirect He exclaimed with joy that it was a beautiful scene.
Direct Prem jee Bhai said, "Well done! Ramesh."
Indirect Prem jee Bhai exclaimed with applause that Ramesh had done well.
Direct He said, "If I were you, I would have slapped him"
Indirect He wished that he would have slapped him.
Direct She said, "If I were rich, I would have given one bungalow to my daughter"
Indirect She wished that if she had been rich, she would have given one bungalow to her daughter.
Direct Neha said to Poonam, "Congratulations!"
Indirect Neha congratulated Poonam.
Direct Vartu said, "Thank God!"
Indirect Vartu thanked God.
Direct They said to us, "Welcome! Please come in."
Indirect They welcomed us and requested to come in.
Direct She said to me, "Happy New Year!"
Indirect She wished me happy new year.
Direct Madhur said, "Happy Birthday!"
Indirect Madhur wished (me/her/him/you…) happy birthday.
Direct She said, "How foolish I have been!"
Indirect She regretted that she had been very foolish.
Direct The captain said, "Bravo! You have done well, my friends."
Indirect The captain applauded his friends saying that they had done well.
Direct Pooh what a dirty child! said the nurse.
Indirect The nurse exclaimed hatefully that the child was very dirty.
Direct The young lady said, "Alas! my husband is no more."
Indirect The young lady exclaimed with sorrow that her husband was no more.
Direct Indirect Speech - Miscellaneous Sentences
In few sentences, emotions are very important. While converting their Direct Speech to Indirect Speech, word of the same emotion is used in place of 'Said To'.
Examples
Direct Gupta jee said to Avyan, "May you live long!"
Indirect Gupta jee prayed that Avyan might live long.
Direct She said to Poonam, "May God bless you with a son!"
Indirect She prayed that God might bless Poonam with a son.
Direct He said, "If I were a king."
Indirect He wished that he would be a king.
Direct The beggar said, "If I had a ten rupee note!"
Indirect The beggar wished that he would have a ten rupee note.
Direct The Chairman said, "Farewell my friends."
Indirect The Chairman bade his friends' farewell.
Direct The patient said, "Thank you, doctor."
Indirect The patient thanked the doctor.
Direct He said to her, "Rest assured, I shall help you."
Indirect He assured her that he would help her.
Direct Sneh said, "By Heaven, I did not call Surabhi names.
Indirect Sneh swore that she had not called Surabhi names.
Direct He said to me, "Beware of false friends."
Indirect He warned me against false friends.
Direct Meena said, "No I shall not go there."
Indirect Meena refused to go there.
Direct He said, "Fire! Fire! Put out the fire."
Indirect He called aloud to the people to put out the fire.
Direct The farmer said to the fox, "I shall hang you, you rogue."
Indirect The farmer called the fox a rogue and said that he would hang him.
Direct The speaker said, "Ladies & gentlemen, I am at your disposal.
Indirect Addressing the audience the speaker said that he was at their disposal.
Name of person comes in Reporting Speech instead of Reported Verb.
Examples
Direct She said, "Gaurav, I am warning you."
Indirect She told Gaurav that she was warning him.
Direct Bhavin said, "Play with your toys, Vartika."
Indirect Bhavin asked Vartika to play with her toys.
Words 'Sir' and 'Madam' come in Reported Speech.
Examples
Indirect She asked the Madam if she might come in.
Direct He said, "May I introduce myself to you, Sir?"
Indirect He asked respectfully to me (you/him/her/them/…) whether he might introduce himself.
Words 'You see, you know, well, okay' come in Reported Speech.
Examples
Direct Madam sitting on the help desk said, "Well, what can I do for you?"
Indirect Madam sitting on the help desk asked politely what she can do for her.
Direct She said, "Well, it is none of your business."
Indirect She asked politely that it was none of her business.
Direct Okay. The manager said, "I will take care of her case."
Indirect The manager assured that he would take care of her case.
If 'Had to' comes in a sentence, in Indirect Speech it is changed to 'Had had to'
Examples
Direct He said, "The police had to arrest the leader after court order".
Indirect He said that the police had had to arrest the leader after court order.
More than two sentences in Reported Speech.
xamples
Direct Captain said, "He is an enemy. Keep an eye on him."
Indirect Captain said that he was an enemy and added to keep an eye on him.
Direct She said to her husband, "I will not prepare dinner today. I also need a holiday. I will take rest.
Indirect She told her husband that she would not prepare dinner that day and further added that she also needed a holiday and she would take rest.
Direct Kanika said to Avyan, "No. No. You cannot play smart with me. I am a girl of Pune and I am smarter than you.
Some sentences look Interrogative or Negative, but it has an advice or request.
Examples
Direct Her mother said to her, "Why don't you sleep early."
Indirect Her mother advised her to sleep early.
Direct Old lady said, "Could you please move a bit?"
Indirect Old lady asked him to move a bit.
Direct Sweety said to her friend, "Please, please don't fight with him. He is a hooligan"
Indirect Sweety requested her friend not to fight with him and further added that he was a hooligan.
Mr. Syed Alam Lecturer in English Govt. college Peshawar ( Male) and Quaid e Azam College Swabi.
MS in Linguistics from Bacha khan University Charsada.
M.A.(Literature and Applied Linguistic from NUML)
Special English Language Diploma from National University of Modern Language.
( NUML)
B.Ed and M.Ed from university of Peshawar.
Email: [email protected]
Contact No:+923329423721
