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The Past Perfect

andThe past Perfect Progressive

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Past Perfect

Use the past perfect when oneaction in the past happened beforeanother action in the past. Put theearlier action in the past perfectand the later action in the simplepast.

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Past Perfect

had + edIt is used to talk about actions that werecompleted at an unspecified time before

another past action ( at different times). Ihad already done my homework when mymother arrived.

With before, by the time, until and when the verb is in the simple past.

With after the verb is the past perfect

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Past Perfect It is used only when a clearrelationship exists with an event in

simple past time. It indicates thatan action was completed beforeanother one in the past.

When I arrived at the party,everyone had left

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EVER, NEVER (experiences before

a specific past time)YET, STILL, ALREADY (completedbefore a specific past time)

JUST (happened a short timebefore a specific past time)

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Was born gave 1 st got 1 st got 1st hosted talk was in her 1st got own built her starred in film speech radio job TV job show major movie show own studio Beloved

---/-----------------/-------------/------------/----------------/---------------/------------/------------/-----------/-------1954 1957 1971 1973 1983 1985 1986 1988 1998

1. By 1958 Oprah ____________________ her first speech.2. By 1971 she _____________________ her first TV job3. By 1972 she _____________________ her first radio job.4. By 1972 she _____________________ in a major movie.5. By 1985 she _____________________ her own TV show.6. By 1986 she _____________________ in a major movie7. BY 1987 she _____________________ her own studio.8. By 2000 she _____________________ in the film Beloved

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Use because to connect sentences .

1. His car broke down.He took the bus.

________________________________________2. Charlotte was depressed.

She failed her English exam. ________________________________________3. We didn’t eat all day.

We were really hungry. ________________________________________4. We studied hard for three weeks.

We thought the test was easy. __________________________________________5. Neville couldn’t sleep.

He drank several cups of very strong coffee.

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1. He took the bus because his car hadbroken down.2. Charlotte was depressed because she hadfailed her English exam.3. We were really hungry because we hadn’teaten all day.

4. We thought the test was easy because wehad studied hard for three weeks5. Neville couldn’t sleep because he haddrunk several cups of strong coffee.

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Past perfect progressivehad + been + ingIt is used to talk about actions that were inprogress up to another past action or time.I had been doing my homework when shearrived.

It expresses a sense that the action wasongoing and is often used with for, since,all day, all night

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Past Perfect ProgressiveIt tells us about the length of the

action and the specific point when itended. It occurs with since or for tospecify the duration of the action.

I had been playing for two hourswhen I fell and twisted my ankle .

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When the race started, it was raining andthe streets were wet.(It was still raining during the race)

When the race started, it had been rainingand the streets were wet.(It wasn’t raining during the race. It had already stopped)

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Explain the difference in meaning

A. When the phone rang, I was eating.B. When the phone rang, I ate.C. When the phone rang, I had eaten.D. When the phone rang, I was going to eat.E. When the phone rang, I had been eating.

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THE END!