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Liver

The liver is a vital organ present in vertebrates and some other animals. It has a wide range of

functions, including detoxification, protein synthesis, and production of biochemicals

necessary for digestion. The liver is necessary for survival; there is currently no way to

compensate for the absence of liver function long term, although liver dialysis can be used

short term.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_dialysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liver_dialysishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein_synthesishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate


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Esophagus

The esophagus (or oesophagus;

see spelling differences), sometimes known

as the gullet, isan organ in vertebrates which consists of

a musculartube through which food passes

from the pharynx to the stomach.

During swallowing food passes from the

mouth through the pharynx into the

esophagus and travels via peristalsis to the

stomach.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallowinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swallowinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_pharynxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_and_British_English_spelling_differences


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RibIn vertebrateanatomy, ribs (Latin: costae) are the long curved bones which

form the rib cage. In most vertebrates, ribs surround thechest, enabling thelungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by expanding the chest cavity.

They serve to protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the

thorax. In some animals, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and

protection for the entire body.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breathinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrate


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Spleen

The spleen is an organ found in

virtually all vertebrate animals with

important roles in regard to redblood cells and theimmune system.

In humans, it is located in the left

upper quadrant of the abdomen. It

removes old red blood cells and

holds a reserve of blood in case

ofhemorrhagic shock while also

recycling iron.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_iron_metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_iron_metabolismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shock_(circulatory)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immune_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_blood_cellshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)


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StomachIn some animals,

including vertebrates, echinoderms, insects (mid-gut) and molluscs, the stomach is a muscular,

hollow, dilated part of the alimentary canal which

functions as an important organ of the digestive

tract. It is involved in the second phase

ofdigestion, following mastication (chewing). The

stomach is located between the oesophagus andthe small intestine. It secretes protein-

digesting enzymes and strong acids to aid in food

digestion, (sent to it via oesophagealperistalsis)

through smooth muscular contortions (called

segmentation) before sending partially-digested

food (chyme) to the small intestines.The word stomach is derived from

the Latinstomachus which is derived from

the Greek word stomachos, ultimately

from stoma(), "mouth". The wordsgastro-

and gastric (meaning related to the stomach) are

both derived from the Greek word gaster
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinodermhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluschttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentary_canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greek_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smooth_musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peristalsishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enzymeshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oesophagushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masticationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alimentary_canalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musclehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molluschttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Echinodermhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal


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IntestineIn human anatomy,

the intestine (or bowel) is the segment of

the alimentary canal extending from the

pyloric sphincter of the stomach tothe anus and, in humans and other

mammals, consists of two segments,

the small intestine and the large intestine.

In humans, the small intestine is further

subdivided into

the duodenum,jejunum and ileum while

the large intestine is subdivided into

thececum and colon.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ileumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jejunumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duodenumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Large_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_intestinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stomachhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anatomy


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Hepatic artery

The hepatic artery proper (also proper hepaticartery), arises from the common hepatic artery and

runs alongside the portal vein and the common bile

duct to form the portal triad. The hepatic artery

proper gives off a small supraduodenal artery to the

duodenal bulb. Then the right gastric artery comes

off and runs to the left along the lesser curvature ofthe stomach to meet the left gastric artery, which is

a branch of the celiac trunk. It subsequently

bifurcates into the right and left hepatic arteries. Of

note, the right and left hepatic arteries may

demonstrate variant anatomy. A replaced right

hepatic artery may arise from the superiormesenteric artery (SMA) and a replaced left hepatic

artery may arise from the left gastric artery.

The cystic arterygenerally comes off of the right

hepatic artery.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_hepatic_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bile_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bile_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_triadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_gastric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_gastric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_trunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_gastric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_gastric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Celiac_trunkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left_gastric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_gastric_arteryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_triadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bile_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_bile_ducthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_hepatic_artery


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portal vein

The hepatic portal vein is not a true vein,

because it does not conduct blood directly

to the heart. It is a vessel in

the abdominal cavity that drains blood

from the gastrointestinaltract and spleen to capillary beds in

the liver. It is usually formed by the

confluence of the superior

mesenteric and splenic veinsand also

receives blood from the inferior

mesenteric, gastric, and cystic veins. The

hepatic portal vein is a major component

of the hepatic portal system, and it is one

of only two portal venous systems in the

body. The other is the Hypophyseal portal

system.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_mesenteric_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_mesenteric_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_venous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophyseal_portal_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophyseal_portal_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophyseal_portal_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypophyseal_portal_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal_venous_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hepatic_portal_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cystic_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastric_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_mesenteric_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_mesenteric_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Splenic_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superior_mesenteric_veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spleenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tracthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vein


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Gallbladder

In vertebrates the gallbladder (cholecyst, gall bladder) is a

small organ that aids digestion and stores bile produced by

the liver. In humans the loss of the gallbladder is usually

easily tolerated.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humanshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digestionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebrates


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KidneyThe kidneys, organs with several functions,

serve essential regulatory roles in

most animals, including vertebrates and

some invertebrates. They are essential in

the urinary system and also

serve homeostatic functions such as the

regulation ofelectrolytes, maintenance

ofacid-base balance, and regulation ofblood

pressure. They serve the body as a natural

filter of the blood, and remove wastes which

are diverted to the urinary bladder. In

producingurine, the kidneys excrete wastessuch as urea and ammonium; the kidneys also

are responsible for the reabsorption

ofwater, glucose, and amino acids. The

kidneys also

produce hormones including calcitriol, renin,

and erythropoietin.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-base_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitriolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erythropoietinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reninhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcitriolhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hormonehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amino_acidhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucosehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ammoniumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_bladderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_pressurehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-base_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-base_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid-base_balancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrolytehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homeostasishttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)


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Abdominal aorta

The abdominal aorta is the largest

artery in the abdominal cavity. Aspart of the aorta, it is a direct

continuation of the descending

aorta (of the thorax)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descending_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descending_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descending_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Descending_aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aortahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdominal_cavity


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Ovarian Blood VesselsSupply ovary with blood

containing hormonesnecessary for ovarian

function.


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lobe of liverlobe (posterior hepatic segment I, Spigelian lobe) is situated upon

the postero-superior surface of the liver on the right lobe of the liver,opposite the tenth and eleventh thoracic vertebrae. It is bounded on

the left side by the physiological division of the liver called

the ligamentum venosum.

It is bounded, below, by the porta; on the right, by the fossa for

the inferior vena cava; and, on the left, by the fossa for the ductus

venosus.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_lobe_of_the_liverhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_vertebraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligamentum_venosumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_venosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_venosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_venosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ductus_venosushttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligamentum_venosumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thoracic_vertebraehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_lobe_of_the_liver


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Inferior vena cava

The inferior vena cava (or IVC),also known as the posterior vena

cava,[1] is the large vein that carries

de-oxygenated blood from the

lower half of the body into

the right atrium of the heart.

It is posterior to the abdominal

cavity and runs alongside of

the vertebral column on its right

side (i.e. it isa retroperitoneal structure). It

enters the right atrium at the lower

right, back side of the heart.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cavahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posteriorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitonealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroperitonealhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertebral_columnhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posteriorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hearthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right_atriumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bloodhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferior_vena_cava

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