Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
E. Gramer· F. Grehn (Eds.)
Pathogenesis and Risk Factors of Glaucoma
Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Barcelona Ha,ng Kong London Milan Paris Singapore Tokyo
E. Gramer· F. Grehn (Eds.)
Pathogenesis and Risk Factors of Glaucoma
With 93 Figures, some in Color, and 50 Tables
Springer
Professor Dr. med. Dr. jur. Eugen Gramer Professor Dr. med. Dr. he. Franz Grehn
Bayerisehe Julius-Maximilians-Universitat Wiirzburg Augenklinik im Koptklinikum Josef-Sehneider-StraBe 11 97080 Wiirzburg, Germany
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pathogenesis and risk factors of glaucoma / ed.: E. Gramer; F. Grehn. - Berlin; Heidelberg; New York; Barcelona; Hong Kong; London; Milan; Paris; Singapore; Tokyo : Springer 1999 ISBN-13: 978-3-642-64302-6 e-ISBN-13 978-3-642-60203-0 DOl 10.1007/978-3-642-60203-0
This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved, whether the whole or part of the materials is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilm or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the German Copyright Law of September 9, 1965, in its current version, and permission for use must always be obtained from Springer-Verlag. Violations are liable for prosecution under the German Copyright Law.
© Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1999
Sofkover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1999
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
Product liability: The publisher cannot guarantee the accuracy of any information about dosage and application contained in this book. In every individual case the user check such information by consulting the relevant literature.
Production: PRO EDIT GmbH, 69126 Heidelberg, Germany Cover design: design & production, 69121 Heidelberg, Germany Typesetting: Mitterweger Werksatz, 68723 Plankstadt, Germany SPIN: 10725717 24/3135-5432 1 0 - Printed on acid-free paper
Preface
The pathogenesis and risk factors of glaucoma were the subject of a closed international Glaucoma Symposium of the University Eye Hospital, Wuerzburg, held in the castle of Friedrichsruhe in Friedrichsruhe, Germany, from 3-5 September, 1998.
This volume contains 25 contributions presented at the symposium by well-known glaucoma experts from different countries. New insights into the pathomechanisms of glaucomas, glaucoma detection and causal treatment of risk factors were discussed. At this symposium and the social events there was a lively exchange of scientific knowledge between participants who came from many different countries, all with a common interest in glaucoma. We would like to thank all speakers for making the long journeys to Germany and for their contributions which serve to update the present state of knowledge and provide the basis for further glaucoma research.
This book ties together current topics such as compliance with medical therapy, wound healing, genetic risk factors, gene therapy, optic nerve damage in relation to visual field loss, disc hemorrhages, intraocular pressure, low blood pressure, retinal ischemia, and treatment of causal factors of glaucoma. The reader thus is given to participate and profit from the new information on many aspects of glaucoma.
We thank CHIBRET Pharmazeutische GmbH, Haar, Germany, and especially Harald Schwarz for their help in organizing this meeting and for their financial support of the symposium, the social program and the publication of the proceedings.
Wuerzburg, July 1999 Eugen Gramer· Franz Grehn
Participants of the closed international glaucoma symposium "Pathogenesis and Risk Factors of Glaucoma':
3-5 September 1998 in FriedrichsruhelGermany
Contents
Chapter 1. Ophthalmology's Contributions to Clinical Research and Glaucoma -Study Designs Utilized in Journal Publications During the Last Decade D. Minckler, R. Varma, A. Dawson, S. Nixon, S. Donnelly, and L. Labree
Chapter 2. Glaucoma - The Metamorphosis of the Content of a Term During the Course of Time ............................................. 10 B. P. Gloor
Chapter 3. Lack of Knowledge About Glaucoma: A Possible Risk Factor for Blindness from the Disease ...................... 22 N. Pfeiffer
Chapter 4. Compliance with Medical Therapy in Chronic Glaucoma .......... 25 1. Goldberg
Chapter 5. Mechanisms of Glaucoma Development in Pseudo exfoliation Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 34 U. SchlOtzer-Schrehardt, M. Kiichle and G. o. H. Naumann
Chapter 6. Wound Healing and Scarring of the Developing Filtering Bleb -A Major Challenge in Glaucoma Surgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 50 F. Grehn, G. Picht, U. Welge Liissen, and E. Liitjen-Drecoll
Chapter 7. Neurotransmitter Receptors as Potential Targets of Glaucoma Pathogens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 57 C. M. Becker
Chapter 8. Genetic Risk Factors for Glaucoma ............................. 67 J. Hetherington
Chapter 9. Molecular Genetics of Glaucoma ............................... 76 H.-J. Garchon
Chapter 10. The TIGR Gene: Prospects for Understanding Glaucoma Mechanisms and Environmental/Genetic Interactions .................................. 85 J. R. Polansky, D. J. Fauss and C. C. Zimmerman
Chapter 11. Gene Therapy for Glaucoma: Anterior and Posterior Segments Targets, Delivery Systems, Constraints. . . . . .. 93 X. Liu, C. R. Brandt, B. T. Gabelt, and P. L. Kaufmann
VIII Contents
Chapter 12. Morphology of the Trabecular Meshwork ....................... 101 E. Liitjen-Drecoll
Chapter 13. Contractility of the Trabecular Meshwork: A Target for Treatment of Glaucoma? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 108
M. Wiederholt, H. Thieme, J. u. Nass, and F. Stumpff
Chapter 14. The Actin Cytoskeleton and Aqueous Outflow .................. 117 B. Tian, J. A. Peterson, B. T. Gabelt, B. Geiger, and P. L. Kaufmann
Chapter 15. Glaucoma Screening: A Vehicle for Continuing Medical Education .............................. 123 R. P. Mills
Chapter 16. Disc Damage as a Prognostic and Therapeutic Consideration in the Management of Patients with Glaucoma ............................ 135 G. L. Spaeth, S. Hwang and M. Gomes
Chapter 17. Disc Hemorrhage as a Risk Factor for Progression of Normal-Tension Glaucoma ........................................... 145 Y. Kitazawa, T. Yamamoto and K. Ishida
Chapter 18. What is the Potential for Optic Disc Imaging in the Management of POAG? ........................................... 155 R. A. Hitchings
Chapter 19. Early Detection of Paracentral Defects: Implications for Neuroprotection in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma .......... 157 I. Bodis-Wollner
Chapter 20. A New Unification Hypothesis of the Pathogenesis of Glaucomas Based on Clinical Studies on Disc Appearance in Relation to the Stage of Visual Field Loss in Different Types of Glaucoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 170 E. Gramer and G. Gramer
Chapter 21. The Intraocular Pressure as a Continuous Risk Factor for Glaucoma ......................................................... 204 C. E. Traverso
Chapter 22. Target Pressures in Glaucoma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 209 T. Zeyen
Chapter 23. Relationship Between Transient or Permanent Low Blood Pressure and Glaucoma ........................................................ 213 A. Bechetoille and H. Bresson-Dumont
Chapter 24. Retinal Ischemia as a Risk Factor for Secondary Glaucoma and Its Clinical Consequences ........................................... 217 1\:. U. Bartz-Schmidt, A. Psichias, G. Thumann, K. Heimann, and G. K. Krieglstein
Chapter 25. Specific Treatment of Causal Factors in Glaucoma ............... 233 J. Thygesen
Subject Index ......................................................... 241
List of Contributors
Bartz-Schmidt, K. U., Dr. Priv.-Doz. Universitats-Augenklinik, Joseph-Stelzmann-StraGe 9, 50931 Kaln, Germany
Bechetoille, A., Prof. Director, Service d'Ophthalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, D' Angers 4, rue Larrey, 49033 Angers Cedex 01, France
Becker, C. M., Prof. Dr. Institut fUr Biochemie, Lehrstuhl I der Universitat Erlangen, FahrstraGe 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
Bodis-Wollner, 1., M.D., D.Sc. Professor of Neurology and Ophthalmology State University of New York, Department of Neurology, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 213, Brooklyn, NY ll203, USA
Brandt, C. R., Ph.D. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences and Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave F4/336, Madison, WI 53792-3220, USA
Bresson-Dumont, H., M.D. Service d'Ophthalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire, D' Angers 4, rue Larrey, 49033 Angers Cedex 01, France
Dawson, A. University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
Donnelly, S. University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
Fauss, D. J. University of California, Department of Ophthalmology, 10 Kirkham St, Box 0130, Room K 301, San Francisco, CA 94ll43, USA
Gabelt, B. T., M.S. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave F4/336, Madison, WI 53792-3220, USA
x List of Contributors
Garchon, H.-J., M.D. Ph.D. Hopital Necker, Department of Human Genetics, 161, rue de Sevres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France
Geiger, B., M.D. Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel 76100
Gloor, B., Prof. Dr. Direktor der Universitats-Augenklinik, Universitatsspital, FrauenklinikstraBe 24, 8091 Ziirich, Switzerland
Goldberg, I., M.D., M.B., B.S. (Syd), FRACO, FRACS Director, Glaucoma Service, Department of Ophthalmology, Prince of Wales Hospital and University of New South Wales, 187 Macquarie Street, Sydney, NSW 2000 Australia
Gomes, M., M.D. Wills Eye Hospital, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
Gramer, E., Prof. Dr. Dr. Universitats-Augenklinik, Josef-Schneider-StraBe 11, 97080 Wiirzburg, Germany
Gramer, G. An den Miihltannen 16,97080 Wiirzburg, Germany
Grehn, F., Prof. Dr. Dr. h.c. Direktor der Universitats-Augenklinik, Josef-Schneider-StraBe 11, 97080 Wiirzburg, Germany
Heimann, K., Prof. Dr. Universitats-Augenklinik, Joseph-Stelzmann-StraBe 9, 50931 Kaln, Germany
Hetherington, J., M.D., FACS Professor of Ophthalmology, University of California Medical, Center K-301, University of California, Box 0352, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Hitchings, R., M.D. Professor of Ophthalmology, Director of Research, Moorfields Eye Hospital, City Road, London ECl V2PD, UK
Hwang, S. Wills Eye Hospital, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
Ishida, K., M.D. Gifu University, School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-Machi, Gifu 500, Japan
Kaufmann, P.L., M.D. Professor of Ophthalmology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave F4/336, Madison, WI 53792-3220, USA
Kitazawa, Y., M.D., Ph.D. Professor of Ophthalmology and Chairman, Gifu University, School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-Machi, Gifu 500, Japan
Krieglstein, G. K., Prof. Dr. Direktor der Unversitats-Augenklinik, Joseph-Stelzmann-StraBe 9, 50931 Kaln, Germany
Kiichle, M., Prof. Dr. UniversiHits-Augenklinik Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
List of Contributors
Labree, L. University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
Liu, X., M.D. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave F4/336, Madison, WI 53792-3220, USA
Lutjen-Drecoll, E., Prof. Dr. Vorstand des Anatomischen Instituts, Lehrstuhl II der Universitat Erlangen, UniversitatsstraBe 19,91054 Erlangen, Germany
Mills, R. P., M.D. Professor of Ophthalmology and Chairman, University of Washington School of Medicine, Mailstop RHO, Box 356485, Seattle, WA 98195-6485, USA
Minckler, D. S., M.D. Professor of Ophthalmology and Director Glaucoma Service, University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
Nass, J. u. Institut fur Klinische Physiologie, Universitats-Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universitat Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
Naumann, G. O. H., Prof. Dr. Direktor der Universitats-Augenklinik Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
Nixon, S. University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
Peterson, J. A., B.S. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave F4/336, Madison, WI 53792-3220, USA
Pfeiffer, N., Prof. Dr. Direktor der Universitats-Augenklinik, LangenbeckstraBe 1,55131 Mainz, Germany
Picht, G., Dr.
XI
Universitats-Augenklinik, Josef-Schneider-StraBe 11, 97080 Wurzburg, Germany Polansky, J. R., M.D.
University of California, Department of Ophthalmology, 10 Kirkham St, Box 0130, Room K 301, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
Psichias, A., Dr. Unviersitats-Augenklinik, Joseph-Stelzmann-StraBe 9, 50931 Koln, Germany
Schlotzer-Schrehardt, u., Dr. Priv.-Doz. Universitats-Augenklinik Erlangen, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
Spaeth, G. L., M.D. Professor of Ophthalmology, Director Glaucoma Service, Wills Eye Hospital, 900 Walnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
XII List of Contributors
Stumpff, F., Dr. Institut fUr Klinische Physiologie, Universitats-Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universitat Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
Thieme, H., Dr. Institut fUr Klinische Physiologie, Universitats-Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universitat Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
Thumann, G., Dr. Universitats-Augenklinik, Joseph-Stelzmann-Strage 9, 50931 Kaln, Germany
Thygesen, J., M.D. Professor of Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology 2061, Copenhagen, University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Blegdamsvej 9,2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
Tian, B., M.D. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Clinical Science Center, 600 Highland Ave, F4/336, Madison, WI 53792-3220, USA
Traverso, C.E., Prof., M.D. Department of Ophthalmology, Universita di Genova, San Martino Pad 9, 16132 Genova, Italy
Varma, R., M.D. University of Southern California, School of Medicine, Department of Ophthalmology, Doheny Eye Institute, 1450 San Pablo Street, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
Welge LUssen, u., Dr. Anatomisches Institut, Lehrstuhl II der Universitat Erlangen, Universitatsstrage 19, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
Wiederholt, M., Prof. Dr. Direktor des Instituts fUr Klinische Physiologie, Institut fUr Klinische Physiologie, Universitats-Klinikum Benjamin Franklin, Freie Universitat Berlin, Hindenburgdamm 30, 12200 Berlin, Germany
Yamamoto, T., M.D. Gifu University, School of Medicine, 40 Tsukasa-Machi, Gifu 500, Japan
Zeyen, T., M.D. Ph.D. Director Glaucoma Service, Middelheim Hospital, Lindendreef 1, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
Zimmerman, C. c., M.D. University of California, Department of Ophthalmology, 10 Kirkham St, Box 0130, Room K 301, San Francisco, CA 941143, USA
