Pathology Solved Papers 2015

8/18/2019 Pathology Solved Papers 2015

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NAIT] JP_DFH

@ oijpfdtdm jy JAA_ hrij _QJO & Q@ [irur Ogdlln` `l >00?. ]gdrdnhtdr @

gnvd oijpfdtdm jy M`pfijn `l Of`lònf [ntgifiby hrij JJO Ogdlln`, wgòg

gns b`vdl jd n mddpdr ulmdrstnlm`lb ih tgd Ansò so`dlods. Hurtgdr ti tg`s @ m`mjy [ist brnmuntd JM `l [ntgifiby hrij [B@AJ_ ]nrnjnl` Ogdlln`. @ gnvd nfsi

pnssdm tgd Lntìlnf Ainrms `l [ntgifiby dnrl`lb jy MLA.

]giubg lit not`vdfy wirc`lb ns n [ntgifib`st nt prdsdlt, ldvdrtgdfdss, mud ti

jy strilb nonmdjò briulm`lb `l tgd Ansò _o`dlods @ mdo`mdm ti oijp`fd

nlswdrs ti prdvìus ydnrs ]L Mr JBQ Tl`vdrs`ty ûdstìls `l irmdr ti jncd

tgd prdpnrntìl dns`dr hir stumdlts wgi h`lm `t m`hhòuft ti nss`j`fntd gubd

qunlt`t`ds ih suaedot jnttdr `l tgd sgirt t`jd nvn`fnafd.

@l tg`s ihhdr`lb @ gnvd dlmdnvirdm ti b`vd tgd nlswdrs ns ofdnrfy ns pissàfd nlm

`l n pi`lt w`sd jnlldr ti jncd rdnm`lb dns`dr. @ffustrntìls gnvd nfsi addl

b`vdl. Dxtdls`vd rdhdrdlod gns addl jnmd ti stnlmnrm tdxtaiics.

@ s`lodrdfy gipd tgnt jdmònf stumdlts adldh`t hrij tg`s dhhirt oivdr`lb

[gnrjnoifiby, Jòriaìfiby nlm [ntgifiby.

Fnstfy stumdlts nrd dloiurnbdm ti b`vd tgd`r oilstruot`vd hddmanoc nlm gdfp

`jprivd tgd oiltdlt jnttdr nlm oirrdot j`stncds tgnt nrd aiulm ti orddp `l,

mdsp`td jy adst dhhirts ti nvi`m tgdj.

Fncsgj` Xdlcntnrnjnl(fncsgj`mr2;Kbjn`f.oij)

Oipyr`bgt © Mr Fncsgj` Xdlcntnrnjnl - 1;>4


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NOCLIRFDMBDJDL]

@ w`sg ti tgnlc jy jitgdr Mr _nlcnr` Xdlcntnrnjnl, n [rih ih [gysìfiby

(Qdtm), hir bi`lb tgriubg jy nlswdrs pnt`dltfy nlm gdfp`lb jd ti `jprivd

upil tgd oiltdlts dspdo`nffy `l [gysìfiby w`tg gdr lujdrius vnfunafdsubbdstìls nlm `lputs.

Jy og`fmrdl put up w`tg jd spdlm`lb jird t`jd nt tgd Oijputdr tgnl w`tg

tgdj nlm aird jd iut pnt`dltfy hir tgd fnst hdw jiltgs. ]gnlc yiu hir yiur

pnt`dlod.

@ sgiufm jdltìl gdrd jy gusanlm‐s vnfunafd nmvòd nlm subbdstìls hir

jnlnb`lb tgd mioujdlts pripdrfy wg`fd tgdy wdrd bdtt`lb rdnmy. @ nfsi w`sg ti

tgnlc g`s ihhòd tdnj hir gdfp`lb ti put tgd aiic il tgd wda w`tg su`tnafd

jim`hòntìls.

MDM@ON]@IL

]g`s wirc `s mdmòntdm ti nff jdmònf stumdlts

Oipyr`bgt © Mr Fncsgj` Xdlcntnrnjnl ‟ 1;>4


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[N]GIFIBP @@ HDAQTNQP 1;>4 ................................................................................................... 1;

@. Dfnairntd il ......................................................................................................................... 1;

@@. Rr`td litds il5 ................................................................................................................... 11

@@@. _girt nlswdrs il5 .............................................................................................................. 14

[N]GIFIBP @@ NTBT_] 1;>4 ...................................................................................................... 17

Dfnairntd il............................................................................................................................ 17

@@. Rr`td litds il .................................................................................................................... ?;

@@@. _girt nlswdrs il ............................................................................................................... ??

A@AF@IBQN[GP............................................................................................................................ ?4


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[N]GIFIBP @ HDAQTNQP 1;>4

@. Dfnairntd il5

>. Ofnss`hy Gdjifytò Nldj`ns. Rr`td `l mdtn`f naiut tgd pntgibdlds`s, afiim pòturd nlm of`lònf

hdnturds ih adtn ]gnfnssdj`n jneir.

Gdjifytò nldj`ns nrd mdh`ldm ns tgisd nldj`ns wgòg rdsuft hirj nl `lordnsd `l tgd rntd ih rdm odff

mdstruotìl.

@l gdjifytò m`sirmdrs, rdm odffs nrd mdstriydm prdjnturdfy, usunffy `l n rnlmij hnsgìl. @h tgd rdm

afiim odff f`hd spnl `s ilfy jimdrntdfy sgirtdldm, tgd pnt`dlt w`ff usunffy gnvd f`ttfd, `h nly, nldj`n

adonusd tgd aild jnrriw `s onpnafd ih `lordns`lb tgd rntd ih ldw rdm afiim odff primuotìl ay =-7

t`jds.

Ansdm il tgd s`td ih gdjifys`s, gdjifytò nldj`ns onl ad ofnss`h`dm ns @ltrnoirpusoufnr vdrsus

Dxtrnoirpusoufnr Mdhdots

@ltrnoirpusoufnr mdhdots

]gdsd nrd `ltr`lsò ti tgd rdm afiim odff. ]gdy nrd usunffy `lgdr`tdm, nlm bdldrnffy (aut lit nfwnys)

tgd nalirjnf`ty `s iasdrvnafd `l tgd pdr`pgdrnf afiim sjdnr.

Dxtrnoirpusoufnr mdhdots

rdhdr ti priafdjs `l tgd dlv`riljdlt ih tgd rdm afiim odff, lit `l tgd rdm afiim odff `tsdfh.

Dxtrnoirpusoufnr gdjifys`s `s usunffy noqu`rdm nlm `s ihtdl aut lit nfwnys m`sodrlàfd `l tgd hirj

ih jirpgifibò nalirjnf`t`ds `l tgd pdr`pgdrnf afiim sjdnr.

Fnairntiry h`lm`lbs ‟ Oijjil ti gdjifytò nldj`ns

• ]gd jneir or`tdr`n hir tgd fnairntiry m`nblis`s ih gdjifytò nldj`n nrd rdtòufioytis`s nlm

nl `lordnsd `l sdruj fdvdf ih uloileubntdm a`f`rua`l.

• _druj fdvdf ih fnotò mdgymribdlnsd (FMG) `s dfdvntdm.

• _druj gnptibfia`l fdvdf `s mdordnsdm.

• ]gd pdr`pgdrnf afiim sjdnr ihtdl aut lit `lvnr`nafy sgiws jirpgifibò ognlbds `l tgd rdm afiim

odffs oijpntàfd w`tg gdjifys`s.

α ‟ ]GNFN__DJ@N JNEIQ

]gnfnssdj`ns nrd n gdtdribdldius briup ih bdldtò m`sirmdrs wgòg rdsuft hrij n rdmuodm rntd ih

syltgds`s ih ξ ir α bfia`l ogn`ls `l tgd Gdjibfia`l jifdoufd.

[ntgibdlds`sOijpfdtd (α; α;) ir nfjist oijpfdtd (α; α+) hn`furd ih α-bfia`l ogn`l syltgds`s rdsuft`lb hrij


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`lgdr`tnlod hrij dnog pnrdlt ih ild ih ivdr =;; m`hhdrdlt pi`lt jutntìls ir mdfdtìls ̀ l tgd α-

bfia`l bdld ir `ts oiltriff`lb sdqudlods.

]gdrd `s n sdvdrd `janfnlod ih ξ 5 α-ogn`ls w`tg prdo`p`tntìl ih tgd dxodss ξ-ogn`ls `l drytgriafnsts

fdnm`lb ti `ldhhdot`vd drytgripi`ds`s, sdvdrd nlndj`n nlm dxtrnjdmuffnry gndjipi`ds`s.

Of`lònf hdnturds

• Nlndj`n prdsdlts nt tgd nbd ih ?‟ 8 jiltgs wgdl tgd sw`tog hrij ο- ti α-ogn`l syltgds`s lirjnffyioours. J`fmdr onsds prdsdlt fntdr (up ti tgd nbd ih = ydnrs).

• Hn`furd ti tgr`vd, `ltdrourrdlt `lhdotìl, pnffir, j`fm enulmòd (mud ti gdjifys`s).

• Dlfnrbdjdlt ih tgd f`vdr nlm spfddl (dxtrnjdmuffnry gdjntipi`ds`s), dxpnlsìl ih tgd ailds

rdsuft`lb hrij aild jnrriw gypdrpfns`n ‟ dspdo`nffy ih tgd scuff ‟ w`tg aiss`lb nlm n ‗gn`r-il-dlm‐

nppdnrnlod il W-rny3 tgnfnssndjò hno`ds, onusdm ay dxpnlsìl ih scuff nlm hno`nf ailds.

• Hdnturds ih `ril ivdrfinm ns n rdsuft ih afiim trnlshusìls nlm `lordnsdm `ril nasirptìl `lofumd

jdfnl`l p`bjdltntìl, briwtg/ dlmior`ld mdhdots, d.b. m`nadtds jdff`tus, gypitgyri`m`sj,

gypipnrntgyri`m`sj, hn`furd ih sdxunf mdvdfipjdlt, onrm`no hn`furd ir nrrgytgj`n, f`vdr nalirjnf`ty.

Afiim pòturd

• _dvdrd nlndj`n (Ga 1;‟8; b/F) w`tg rdmuodm jdnl oirpusoufnr vifujd nlm jdnl oirpusoufnr

gndjibfia`l.• Afiim h`fj sgiws gypiogrijò, jòrioytò odffs, tnrbdt odffs, drytgriafnsts nlm, ihtdl, jydfioytds.

• Aild jnrriw `s gypdrodffufnr w`tg drytgri`m gypdrpfns`n.

• G`bg pdrhirjnlod f`qu`m ogrijntibrnpgy ir gndjibfia`l dfdotripgirds`s onl ad usdm ti jdnsurd

tgd oilodltrntìl ih tgd m`hhdrdlt gndjibfia`ls prdsdlt `l rdm odffs. Li Ga N `s mdtdotdm `l α; α;

pnt`dlts.

• MLN nlnfys`s rdvdnfs tgd spdo`hò jutntìls ir mdfdtìls.

@@. Rr`td litds il5

>. Briwtg hnotirs

Gdnf`lb `lvifvds nl irmdrfy sdqudlod ih dvdlts wgòg `lofumds rdbdldrntìl nlm j`brntìl ih

spdo`nf`zdm odffs, nlbìbdlds`s, prif`hdrntìl ih hàriafnsts nlm rdfntdm odffs, jntr`x pritd`l syltgds`s

nlm h`lnffy odssntìl ih tgdsd priodssds.

]gdsd priodssds, nt fdnst `l pnrt, nrd jdm`ntdm ay n sdr`ds ih fiw jifdoufnr wd`bgt pifypdpt`mds

rdhdrrdm ti ns briwtg hnotirs.

]gdsd briwtg hnotirs gnvd tgd onpno`ty ti st`jufntd odff m`v`sìl nlm prif`hdrntìl. _ijd ih tgd

hnotirs, cliwl ti pfny n rifd `l tgd gdnf`lb priodss, nrd ar`dhfy m`soussdm adfiw.

_iurods ih Briwtg Hnotirs5

Hiffiw`lb `leury, briwtg hnotirs jny ad mdr`vdm hrij n lujadr ih siurods suog ns5

>. [fntdfdts, not`vntdm nhtdr dlmitgdf`nf mnjnbd,

1. Mnjnbdm dp`tgdf`nf odffs,

?. O`roufnt`lb sdruj briwtg hnotirs,

=. Jnoripgnbds, ir

4. Fyjpgioytds rdoru`tdm ti tgd nrdn ih `leury


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]gd gdnf`lb priodss odnsds wgdl fist t`ssud gns addl rdpfnodm.

]gd jdognl`sjs rdbufnt`lb tg`s priodss nrd lit huffy ulmdrstiim. ]BH-α nots ns n briwtg `lgà`tir hir aitg dp`tgdf`nf nlm dlmitgdf`nf odffs nlm rdbufntds tgd`r rdbdldrntìl.

Nppf`dm nspdot

N jneir not`v`ty ih briwtg hnotirs `s ti st`jufntd tgd hulotìl ih briwtg oiltrif bdlds, jnly ih

wgòg nrd onffdm priti-iloibdlds adonusd jutntìls `l tgdj fdnm ti ulrdstrn`ldm odff prif`hdrntìl

ognrnotdr`stò ih onlodr (iloibdlds`s)

>. Jutntìls nlm njpf`hòntìls `l tgd Qdodptir hir DBH lnjdfy DBHQ-> gnvd addl mdtdotdm `l

onlodrs ih tgd fulb, gdnm nlm ldoc, nlm ardnst, bfìafnstijns, nlm itgdr onlodrs.

Liwnmnys tgd jutntdm briwtg hnotir rdodptir `s ad`lb tnrbdtdm `l tgd trdntjdlt ih onlodr ay

jdnls ih Jiliofilnf nltàim`ds tgnt a`lm ti nlm `lnot`vntd `t.

1. ]gd rdodptir hir Gdpntioytd briwtg hnotir (GBH ), lnjdfy o-JD], `s ihtdl g`bgfy dxprdssdm ir

jutntdm `l gujnl tujirs, dspdo`nffy `l rdlnf nlm tgyri`m pnp`ffnry onro`lijns._dvdrnf GBH nlm o-JD] `lgà`tirs nrd prdsdltfy ad`lb dvnfuntdm `l onlodr tgdrnpy of`lònf tr`nfs.

?. Fiss ih ]BH-α rdodptirs hrdqudltfy ioours `l gujnl tujirs, priv`m`lb n prif`hdrnt`vd nmvnltnbd ti

tujir odffs3 il tgd oiltrnry `ts ivdrdxprdssìl fdnms ti dxodss`vd hàris`s nlm gypdrtripgò sonrs. @ts

ivdrdxprdssìl gns nfsi addl mioujdltdm `l _ystdjò sofdris`s nlm Jnrhnl‐s sylmrijd.

1. ]rnlspfnlt rdedotìl

Nlt`bdls dloimdm ay tgd JGO il ogrijisijd 8 nrd or`tònf `jjulibdlò jifdoufds tgnt onl

st`jufntd rdedotìl ih trnlspfnltdm t`ssuds.

]gus, ipt`jnf brnht surv`vnf ioours wgdl rdo`p`dlt nlm milir nrd ofisdfy jntogdm w`tg rdbnrm ti

g`stioijpntà`f`ty nlt`bdls.

]rnlspfnlt rdedotìl rdnotìls nrd usunffy ontdbir`zdm ns ‖gypdrnoutd,‚ ‖noutd‚ nlm ‖ogrilò‚

rdedotìl, ansdm il tgd of`lònf tdjpi ih tgd rdspilsd nlm pntgipgysìfibò jdognl`sjs `lvifvdm.Giwdvdr, `l prnotòd, tgd hdnturds ih dnog ivdrfnp, ordnt`lb nja`bu`ty `l m`nblis`s.

Ontdbir`zntìl ih trnlspfnlt rdedotìl `s nfsi oijpfòntdm ay tgd tixò`ty ih `jjulisupprdss`vd

mrubs djpfiydm ti oiltrif rdedotìl rdnotìls.

n) Gypdrnoutd rdedotìl

(`) Ioours w`tg`l j`lutds ih trnlspfnltntìl

(``) Jdm`ntdm ay prdhirjdm nlt`milir nltàim`ds prdsdlt `l tgd rdo`p`dlt‐s o`roufntìl (d.b., NAI

`loijpntà`f`ty)

(```) Nlt`bdls `l tgd dlmitgdfùj ih tgd trnlspfnltdm irbnl nrd rdoibl`zdm ay tgd prdhirjdm

nltàim`ds (@bJ nlm @bB) onpnafd ih oijpfdjdlt not`vntìl, rdsuft`lb `l tgrijais`s nlm hàr`li`m

ldoris`s nlm hiffiwdm ay `sogdjò ldoris`s ih tgd trnlspfnltdm irbnl.

a) Noutd rdedotìl(`) Ioours w`tg`l mnys ir jiltgs nhtdr tgd trnlspfnltntìl ir nt nly t`jd nhtdr tgd w`tgmrnwnf ih


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`jjulisupprdss`vd tgdrnpy.

(``) Jdm`ntdm ay aitg gujirnf (nltàimy-jdm`ntdm) nlm odffufnr (] odff ‟jdm`ntdm) jdognl`sjs.

(```) Xnsouf`t`s `s n prij`ldlt hdnturd. @t `s jdm`ntdm ay nlt`milir nltàim`ds tgnt nttnoc tgd vdssdf

wnff, w`tg suasdqudlt tgrijais`s nlm tgòcdl`lb ih tgd nrtdrìfds. Xnsoufnr ognlbds onusd nl

`sogdj`n ih tgd trnlspfnltdm irbnl.

(`v) @ltdrst`t`nf nooujufntìl ih fyjpgioytds `s n prij`ldlt hdnturd. @t `s nssio`ntdm w`tgpnrdlogyjnf odff `leury (d.b., tuaufnr dp`tgdfùj ih c`mldys ir jyioytds `l tgd gdnrt).

o) Ogrilò rdedotìl

(`) Onusdm prdmij`lnltfy ay vnsoufnr ognlbds (`lt`jnf hàris`s) nooijpnl`dm ay `sogdj`n nlm fiss ih

pnrdlogyjnf odffs.

(``) Brnmunf nlm pribrdss`vd mdof`ld `l trnlspfnltdm irbnl hulotìl ivdr n pdrìm ih jiltgs nlm

ydnrs.

?. Oystò hàris`s.

Oystò hàris`s (OH) `s nl nutisijnf rdodss`vd m`sirmdr tgnt nhhdots dp`tgdf`nf odff ìl trnlspirt nlm

onusds nalirjnf hfu`m sdordtìl `l dxior`ld bfnlms, ns wdff ns `l rdsp`rntiry, bnstri`ltdst`lnf, nlm

rdprimuot`vd juoisn.

@lmddm, nalirjnffy v`so`m juoius sdordtìls tgnt afioc tgd n`rwnys nlm tgd pnlordntò muots nrdrdspilsàfd hir tgd twi jist `jpirtnlt of`lònf jnl`hdstntìls5 rdourrdlt nlm ogrilò pufjilnry

`lhdotìls nlm pnlordntò `lsuhhò`dloy.

Jifdoufnr pntgibdlds`s

• @t `s nl dxnjpfd ih n Ognlldfipntgy3 n ognlldfipntgy `s onusdm ay tgd myshulotìl ih n spdo`hòìl ognlldf `l odff jdjarnlds.

• Oystò hàris`s `lvifvds `lgdr`tdm jutntìls `l tgd bdlds dloim`lb pritd`ls `lvifvdm `l

trnlsjdjarnld ìlò hfiw ih dxior`ld sdordtìls.

• @l lirjnf dp`tgdf`n, tgd trnlspirt ih ogfir`md ìls noriss tgd odff jdjarnld ioours tgriubg

trnlsjdjarnld pritd`ls suog ns OH]Q tgnt hirj ogfir`md ognlldfs.

Jutntìls `l tgd OH]Q bdld rdlmdr tgd dp`tgdf`nf jdjarnlds rdfnt`vdfy `jpdrjdnafd ti ogfir`md

ìls w`tg oilsdqudlt dhhdots tgnt fdnm ti tgd of`lònf pòturd ih OH.• OH]Q nfsi rdbufntds itgdr ìl ognlldfs nlm odffufnr priodssds.

• OH]Q nssio`ntìl w`tg tgd dp`tgdf`nf simùj ognlldf (DLnO) `s ldodssnry ti rdnasira fuj`lnf

ogfir`md ìls nlm nubjdlt simùj rdnasirptìl

]gdrdhird, `l tgd swdnt muots, fiss ih OH]Q hulotìl fdnms ti mdordnsdm rdnasirptìl ih simùj

ogfir`md nlm primuotìl ih gypdrtilò (‖snfty‚) swdnt wgòg hirjs tgd ans`s hir tgd _RDN]

OGFIQ@MD ]D_].

[N]GI[GP_@IFIB@ONF AN_@_ IH FTLB NLM @L]D_]@LNF NHHDO]N]@IL @L OH

• @l oiltrnst w`tg tgnt `l tgd swdnt bfnlms, OH]Q `l tgd rdsp`rntiry nlm `ltdst`lnf dp`tgdfùj hirjs

ild ih tgd jist `jpirtnlt nvdluds hir not`vd fuj`lnf sdordtìl ih ogfir`md.

• OH]Q jutntìls rdsuft `l fiss ir rdmuotìl ih fuj`lnf ogfir`md sdordtìl.

• Not`vd fuj`lnf simùj nasirptìl tgriubg DLnOs nfsi `s `lordnsdm, nlm aitg ih tgdsd ìl ognlbds• `lordnsd pnss`vd wntdr rdnasirptìl hrij tgd fujdl, fiwdr`lb tgd wntdr oiltdlt ih tgd surhnod

hfu`m fnydr oint`lb juoisnf odffs.

• ]gd rdsp`rntiry nlm `ltdst`lnf oijpfòntìls `l OH rdsuft hrij nl `sitilò aut fiw-vifujd surhnod

hfu`m fnydr.

• @l tgd fulbs, tg`s mdgymrntìl fdnms ti mdhdot`vd juoio`f`nry notìl nlm tgd nooujufntìl ih

oilodltrntdm, v`so`m sdordtìls tgnt iastruot tgd n`r pnssnbds nlm prdm`spisd ti rdourrdlt

pufjilnry `lhdotìls.

Bdldtò nlm Dlv`riljdltnf Jim`h`drs ih tgd m`sdnsd

(`) Qdmuodm dxprdssìl ih jnllisd-a`lm`lb fdot`l 1 (`lvifvdm `l jòria`nf ipsil`zntìl) oilhdrs nl

`lordnsdm r`sc ih dlm-stnbd fulb m`sdnsd3

(``) pifyjirpg`sjs tgnt `lhfudlod trnlshirj`lb briwtg hnotir-α dxprdssìl (n m`rdot `lgà`tir ihOH]Q hulotìl) nfsi dxnodrantd tgd pufjilnry pgdlitypd.


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(```) ]gd lnturd ih sdoilmnry pufjilnry `lhdotìls (d.b., [sdumijilns), w`tg jird ir fdss juoi`m

pifysnoognr`md aìh`fj primuotìl, nfsi `jpnot suasdqudlt `lhfnjjntìl nlm fulb mdstruotìl.

=. Gimbc`l Fyjpgijn

GF `s n hirj ih fyjpgijn nr`s`lb `l n s`lbfd limd ir ogn`l ih limds nlm sprdnm`lb ognrnotdr`stònffy

ti tgd nlntijònffy oilt`buius limds.

@t `s ognrnotdr`zdm jirpgifibònffy ay tgd prdsdlod ih ldipfnstò b`nlt odffs, Qddm ‟ _tdrladrb (Q_)odffs, wgòg `lmuod tgd nooujufntìl ih rdnot`vd fyjpgioytds, g`stìoytds, nlm brnlufioytds.

]gd ldipfnstò odffs oijpr`sd n j`lir hrnotìl (>% ‟4%) ih tgd titnf tujir odff jnss.

GF `s ild ih tgd jist oijjil hirjs ih jnf`blnloy `l yiulb nmufts, w`tg nl nvdrnbd nbd nt m`nblis`s

ih ?1 ydnrs.

]gd m`sdnsd `s ournafd `l jist onsds.

H`vd suatypds ih GF nrd rdoibl`zdm. ]gd h`rst hiur nrd briupdm `lti tgd si-onffdm ofnssònf GF,

wgdrdns tgd fnst hirj (fyjpgioytd prdmij`lnlod) `s oils`mdrdm ti ad n sdpnrntd dlt`ty5

GF, limufnr sofdris`s typd (84% ‟24% ih onsds)

GF, j`xdm odffufnr`ty typd (1;% ‟14% ih onsds)

GF, fyjpgioytd ròg (rnrd)

GF, fyjpgioytd mdpfdtìl typd (n rnrd nlm sijdwgnt oiltrivdrs`nf hirj ih m`sdnsd)GF, fyjpgioytd prdmij`lnlod typd (8%)

[N]GIBDLD_@_

]gd ir`b`l ih Q_ odffs rdjn`ldm jystdrìus tgriubg tgd >0tg nlm jist ih tgd 1;tg odltur`ds aut wns

h`lnffy sifvdm ay jifdoufnr stum`ds pdrhirjdm il s`lbfd jòrim`ssdotdm Q_ odffs.

]gdsd sgiwdm tgnt dvdry Q_ odff hrij nly b`vdl onsd pissdssdm tgd snjd `jjulibfiauf`l bdld

rdnrrnlbdjdlts. @l nmm`tìl tgdsd stum`ds rdvdnfdm tgnt tgd rdnrrnlbdm `jjulibfiauf`l bdlds gnm

ulmdrbild sijntò gypdrjutntìl.

Ns n rdsuft, `t `s liw nbrddm tgnt Gimbc`l fyjpgijn `s n ldipfnsj nr`s`lb hrij bdrj`lnf odltdr A

odffs.


9/35

0

@@@. _girt nlswdrs il5

>. Mystripgò onfo`hòntìl

[ntgifibò onfo`hòntìl `s tgd nalirjnf t`ssud mdpis`tìl ih onfoùj snfts, tibdtgdr w`tg sjnffdr

njiults ih `ril, jnbldsùj, nlm itgdr j`ldrnf snfts.

]gdrd nrd twi hirjs ih pntgifibò onfo`hòntìl, lnjdfy mystripgò nlm jdtnstntò.

Mystripgò onfo`hòntìl

]g`s ioours `l prdvìusfy mnjnbdm t`ssud, suog ns nrdns ih ifm trnujn, tuadroufius fdsìls,

sonrrdm gdnrt vnfvds, & ntgdrisofdritò fdsìls.

Mdpis`tìl uft`jntdfy `lvifvds prdo`p`tntìl ih n orystnff`ld onfoùj pgispgntd s`j`fnr ti aild

gymrixynpnt`td5

[ntgibdlds`s

]gd onfo`hòntìl dvifvds `l tgd hiffiw`lb jnlldr• @l`t`ntìl (luofdntìl) ioours dxtrnodffufnrfy ir `ltrnodffufnrfy.


10/35

>;

Dxtrnodffufnr `l`t`ntìl ioours il jdjarnld-aiulm vdsòfds hrij mdnm ir my`lb odffs tgnt

oilodltrntd onfoùj mud ti tgd`r oiltdlt ih ognrbdm pgispgif`p`ms3

jdjarnld-aiulm pgispgntnsds tgdl bdldrntd pgispgntds tgnt hirj onfoùj-pgispgntd

oijpfdxds3

tgd oyofd ih onfoùj nlm pgispgntd a`lm`lb `s rdpdntdm, dvdltunffy primuo`lb n mdpis`t.

@l`t`ntìl ih `ltrnodffufnr onfo`hòntìl ioours `l j`tiogilmr`n ih mdnm ir my`lb odffs.• [ripnbntìl ih orystnf hirjntìl mdpdlms il tgd oilodltrntìl ih onfoùj nlm pgispgntds, tgd

prdsdlod ih `lgà`tirs, nlm struoturnf oijpildlts ih tgd dxtrnodffufnr jntr`x.

Jirpgifiby.

G`stifibònffy, w`tg tgd usunf gdjntixyf`l nlm dis`l stn`l, onfoùj snfts gnvd n ansipg`fò,

njirpgius brnlufnr, sijdt`jds ofujpdm nppdnrnlod. ]gdy onl ad `ltrnodffufnr, dxtrnodffufnr, ir `l

aitg fiontìls.

@l tgd oiursd ih t`jd, gdtdritipò aild jny ad hirjdm `l tgd hious ih onfo`hòntìl. Il ioonsìl

s`lbfd ldoritò odffs jny oilst`tutd sddm orystnfs tgnt adoijd dlorustdm ay tgd j`ldrnf mdpis`ts.

1. Bnuogdr‐s odff

Bnuogdr m`sdnsd `s nl nutisijnf rdodss`vd m`sdnsd ognrnotdr`zdm ay jutntìls `l tgd bdld hir

bfuoiodrdaris`mnsd.Bfuoisyfodrnj`md (odrdaris`md) `s mdr`vdm hrij tgd mdbrnmntìl ih bfyoispg`lbif`p`ms, wgòg nrd

naulmnlt `l tgd pfnsjn jdjarnlds ih ldurils nlm afiim odffs.

Odrdaris`md `s ofdnvdm ti bfuoisd nlm hrdd odrnj`md ay tgd notìl ih bfuoiodrdaris`mnsd.

Mdhò`dloy ih tg`s dlzyjd rdsufts `l tgd nooujufntìl ih odrdaris`md `l fysisijds ih pgnbioytò

odffs tgriubgiut tgd aimy.

Jnoripgnbds dlbirbdm w`tg stirdm f`p`m (Bnuogdr odffs) onl ad sddl `l tgd spfddl, f`vdr, fyjpg

limds, nlm aild jnrriw.

Jirpgifiby

Nhhdotdm odffs (`.d., Bnuogdr odffs) nrd m`stdlmdm w`tg pdrìmò no`m ‟_og`hh ([N_)-pis`t`vd jntdr`nf w`tg

n hàr`ffnry nppdnrnlod rdsdjaf`lb ‖orujpfdm t`ssud pnpdr‚ (oijpisdm ih dfilbntdm fysisijds

oiltn`l`lb stirdm f`p`m `l a`fnydr stnocs).?. Nrtgus rdnotìl

]gdrd nrd 1 typds ih @jjuld oijpfdx jdm`ntdm Gypdrsdls`t`v`ty.

>. Fionf Nrtgus rdnotìl

1. _ystdjò `jjuld oijpfdx mdpis`tìl

Fionf Nrtgus rdnotìl

• Nrtgus rdnotìl `s typònffy dfò`tdm `l tgd sc`l ay `ledot`lb nl Nlt`bdl `l tgd pdr`vnsoufnr spnod ih

nl `jjul`sdm nl`jnf nlm `jjuld oijpfdxds hirj fionffy.

• ]gd nlt`bdl m`hhus`lb `lti tgd vdssdf wnff dloiultdrs tgd nltàimy dltdr`lb tgd vdssdf wnff hrij

tgd o`roufntìl.

• Nlt`bdl nlm nltàimy jddt`lb `l tgd vdssdf wnff hirj `jjuld oijpfdxds, wgòg not`vntd tgd

oijpfdjdlt systdj.• Not`vntdm oijpfdjdlt hirjs ogdjitnotò hrnbjdlts tgnt nttrnot ldutripg`fs, tgus onus`lb nl

`lhfnjjntìl `l tgd vdssdf wnff .

• @l tgd of`lònf sdtt`lb, `jjuld oijpfdxds nrd hirjdm `l tgd vdssdfs `l [ifynrtdr`t`s limisn. ]g`s `s

tgd dqu`vnfdlt ih tgd dxpdr`jdltnf Nrtgus pgdlijdlil.

=. Ogfirijn

NJF jist oijjilfy prdsdlts w`tg s`bls ih hnt`bud, hdvdr, nlm spiltnldius juoisnf (b`lb`vnf nlm

ur`lnry trnot) nlm outnldius afddm`lb (pdtdog`nd nlm doogyjisds).

Tloijjilfy, pnt`dlts prdsdlt w`tg fionf`zdm jnssds oijpisdm ih jydfiafnsts `l tgd nasdlod ih

jnrriw ir pdr`pgdrnf afiim `lvifvdjdlt (rdhdrrdm ti ns jydfiafnstijns, brnlufioytò snroijns, ir

ogfirijns).

R`tgiut systdjò trdntjdlt, tgdsd typònffy pribrdss ti typònf NJF.

4. X`tnj`l O mdhò`dloy


11/35

>>

X`tnj`l O mdhò`dloy `s liw jist oijjil `l dfmdrfy pdipfd nlm `l ogrilò nfoigifòs, wgisd m`dt `s

ihtdl fnoc`lb `l hrdsg hru`t nlm vdbdtnafds.

]gd v`tnj`l (nsoiraò no`m) `s dssdlt`nf pr`lo`pnffy hir oiffnbdl syltgds`s5 `t `s ldodssnry hir tgd

primuotìl ih ogilmri`t`l sufpgntd nlm gymrixyprif`ld hrij prif`ld.

J`lir mdhò`dloy jny ad rdspilsàfd hir fnss`tumd nlm nl ulusunf susodptà`f`ty ti aru`s`lb._dvdrd mdhò`dloy onusds sourvy, n oilm`tìl ognrnotdr`sdm ay swiffdl, afddm`lb bujs, gypdrcdrntis`s

ih gn`r hiffòfds, nlm pdtdog`nf sc`l gndjirrgnbds.

[ntgibdlds`s ih afddm`lb nlm piir wiulm gdnf`lb `l _ourvy

• ]gd jist ofdnrfy dstnaf`sgdm hulotìl ih v`tnj`l O `s tgd not`vntìl ih prifyf nlm fysyf gymrixyfnsds

hrij `lnot`vd prdoursirs, nffiw`lb hir gymrixyfntìl ih prioiffnbdl.

• @lnmdquntdfy gymrixyfntdm prioiffnbdl onllit noqu`rd n stnafd gdfònf oilh`burntìl ir ad

nmdquntdfy oriss-f`lcdm, si `t `s piirfy sdordtdm hrij tgd hàriafnsts.

• ]gisd jifdoufds tgnt nrd sdordtdm fnoc tdls`fd strdlbtg, nrd jird sifuafd, nlm nrd jird vufldrnafd

ti dlzyjntò mdbrnmntìl.

• Oiffnbdl, wgòg lirjnffy gns tgd g`bgdst oiltdlt ih gymrixyprif`ld, `s jist nhhdotdm, pnrtòufnrfy

`l afiim vdssdfs, nooiult`lb hir tgd prdm`spis`tìl ti gdjirrgnbds `l sourvy.


12/35

>1

[N]GIFIBP @ NTBT_] 1;>4

@. Dfnairntd

>. Mdh`ld Ldipfns`n. Rr`td `l mdtn`f naiut tgd jifdoufnr ans`s ih onlodrs. Nmm n litd il

Iloibdlds nlm tgd`r jimd ih not`vntìl.

Mdh`l`tìl

Ldipfns`n jdnls ‗‗ldw briwtg.‐‐ Ar`t`sg pntgifib`st _`r Qupdrt R`ff`s mdh`ldm `t ns hiffiws5

N ldipfnsj `s nl nalirjnf jnss ih t`ssud, tgd briwtg ih wgòg dxoddms nlm `s uloiirm`lntdm w`tg

tgnt ih lirjnf t`ssuds nlm pdrs`sts `l tgd snjd dxodss`vd jnlldr nhtdr odssntìl ih tgd st`juf` tgnt

dvicd tgd ognlbd.

@l oiltrnst ti lirjnf odffs, tgd briwtg ih ldipfnstò odffs `s

(`) Nutilijius - ]gd briwtg ih ldipfnstò odffs `s `lmdpdlmdlt ih briwtg hnotirs nlm rdbufntiry

jdognl`sjs ipdrnt`lb `ls`md tgd lirjnf t`ssuds.

(``) Dxodss`vd - ]g`s dxodss jny ad dv`mdlt `l tgd s`zd ih tgd iutbriwtgs nlm tgd murntìl ih tgd

prif`hdrntìl.

(```) M`sirbnl`zdm - ]gd struoturds hirjdm ay tujir odffs m`hhdr hrij lirjnf t`ssuds nlm mi lit h`t `lti

tgd bdldrnf irbnl`zntìl sogdjd ih tgd lirjnf aimy.

]gd Jifdoufnr ans`s ih onro`libdlds`s `lofumds

>) Lil-fdtgnf bdldtò mnjnbd f`ds nt tgd gdnrt ih onro`libdlds`s.

_uog bdldtò mnjnbd (jutntìl) jny ad noqu`rdm ay tgd notìl ih dlv`riljdltnf nbdlts suog

ns ogdjònfs, rnm`ntìl ir v`rusds ir `t jny ad ̀ lgdr`tdm `l tgd bdrj f`ld.

1) ]gd tgrdd ofnssds ih lirjnf rdbufntiry bdlds ̀ lvifvdm `l Ldipfnstò trnlshirjntìl nrd5

`) ]gd briwtg prijit`lb priti-iloibdlds

Not`vntìl ih priti-iloibdlds ti iloibdlds fdnms ti uloiltriffdm odff prif`hdrntìl nlm ldipfnstò

trnlshirjntìl. [riti iloibdlds nrd not`vntdm ay

• [i`lt jutntìl

• Ogrijisijnf rdnrrnlbdjdlts (trnlsfiontìl nlm mdfdtìls)

• Bdld njpf`hòntìl

• @lsdrtìlnf jutnbdlds`s ‟ wgdl n v`rnf bdlijd `loirpirntds `lti gist MLN db DAX

Dxnjpfds ih lirjnf priti iloibdld nlm `ts not`vntdm oiultdrpnrt o-iloibdld

``) Onlodr supprdssir bdlds (nlt`-iloibdlds)

@ts pgysìfibò rifd `s ti rdbufntd odff briwtg giwdvdr, tgd `lnot`vntìl ih onlodr supprdssir bdlds `stgd cdy dvdlt `l onlodr bdlds`s

Dxnjpfds ih tujiur supprdssir bdlds `lofumd Qa, [4?, N[O, Qns nlm LH->&1 bdlds

```) Bdlds tgnt rdbufntd npiptis`s

Bdlds tgnt prdvdlt ir `lmuod pribrnjjdm odff mdntg nrd nfsi `jpirtnlt vnr`nafds `l tgd onlodr

mdvdfipjdlt.

]gdsd bdlds `lofumd aof-1 tgnt `lgà`ts npiptis`s wgdrdns, itgdrs suog ns anx, Anm, nlm aof-4 hnviur

pribrnjjdm odff mdntg.

Bdlds tgnt rdbufntd npiptis`s jny ad mij`lnlt ns nrd priti-iloibdlds ir jny adgnvd ns onlodr

supprdssir bdlds (rdodss`vd `l lnturd)

`v) Bdlds tgnt rdbufntd MLN rdpn`r

@lna`f`ty ti MLN rdpn`r onl prdm`spisd ti jutntìls `l tgd bdlijd nlm gdlod, ti ldipfnstòtrnlshirjntìls.


13/35

>?

Db Wdrimdrjn p`bjdltisuj

Jifdoufnr ans`s ih Juft`stdp onro`libdlds`s

Ldipfnstò trnlshirjntìl `s n juft`stdp priodss aitg jirpgifibònffy nlm nt tgd jifdoufnr fdvdf.

N s`lbfd nftdrntìl `s lit suhhò`dlt ti onusd jnf`blnloy ns `ffustrntdm adfiw.

ILOIBDLD_ NLM ]GD@Q NO]@XN]@IL

Iloibdlds nrd onlodr-`lmuo`lb bdlds mdr`vdm hrij lirjnf odffufnr bdlds onffdm pritiiloibdlds.

Gujnl iloibdlds, lnjdm odffufnr iloibdlds (o-iloibdlds), nrd gijifibius ti v`rnf iloibdlds (v-

iloibdlds), cliwl hir sijd t`jd ti onusd onlodr `l nl`jnfs.

Nff tgdsd bdlds nrd `lvifvdm `l odff prif`hdrntìl nlm m`hhdrdlt`ntìl nlm nrd ofnss`h`dm il tgd ans`s ih

tgd`r hulotìl `lti hiur briups. ]gdsd hulotìlnf briups nlm tgd rdprdsdltnt`vd pritiiloibdlds nlm

o-iloibdlds nrd f`stdm adfiw.

Jimd ih not`vntìl

[ritiiloibdlds onl ad trnlshirjdm `lti iloibdlds tgriubg hiur ansò jdognl`sjs5

>. [i`lt jutntìl

N s`lbfd ansd suast`tutìl `l tgd MLN ogn`l rdsufts `l n j`soimdm pritd`l. [i`lt jutntìl ih tgd rns

iloibdld `s hiulm `l npprix`jntdfy ?;% ih oijjil gujnl onlodrs, suog ns onro`lijn ih tgd fulb,

fnrbd `ltdst`ld, nlm pnlordns.

1. Bdld njpf`hòntìl]g`s fdsìl `s nssio`ntdm w`tg nl `lordnsdm lujadr ih oip`ds ih n pritiiloibdld. ]gd adst dxnjpfd

`s njpf`hòntìl ih o-jyo `l lduriafnstijns. ]gd jird o-jyo `s njpf`h`dm, tgd jird jnf`blnlt nrd

tgdsd og`fmgiim tujirs.

?. Ogrijisijnf rdnrrnlbdjdlts

]rnlsfiontìls nlm mdfdtìls ih pnrts ih ogrijisijds fdnm ti n euxtnpis`tìl ih bdlds tgnt nrd

lirjnffy lit `l ofisd prix`j`ty ti ild nlitgdr. ]gdsd rdnrrnlbdjdlts hirj ldw bdld oijpfdxds, `l

wgòg ild bdld nots ns tgd prijitdr hir tgd itgdr. Hir dxnjpfd, trnlsfiontìl ih tgd o-jyo bdld

(lirjnffy fiontdm il ogrijisijd 7) ilti ogrijisijd >= pis`tìls tg`s pritiiloibdld ldxt ti tgd

`jjulibfiauf`l gdnvy ogn`l bdld. ]gd `jjulibfiauf`l bdld `s not`vntdm `l A fyjpgioytds nlm nots

ns n prijitdr hir tgd o-jyo bdld. ]g`s ogrijisijnf rdnrrnlbdjdlt `s tgd ans`s ih jnf`blnlt

trnlshirjntìl ih fyjpgioytds `l Aurc`tt fyjpgijn.=. @lsdrtìlnf jutnbdlds`s


14/35

>=

]g`s hirj ih iloibdld not`vntìl ioours adonusd ih nl `lsdrtìl ih n v`rnf bdld `lti tgd jnjjnf`nl

MLN, rdsuft`lb `l bdldtò mysrdbufntìl. ]gd adst dxnjpfd ih suog nl dvdlt jny ad hiulm `l

gdpnt`t`s v`rus A‟ ̀lhdotdm gujnl f`vdr odffs.

@@. Rr`td litds il

>. [ntgibdlds`s ih sgioc.

_gioc `s tgd h`lnf oijjil pntgwny hir sdvdrnf pitdlt`nffy fdtgnf of`lònf dvdlts, `lofum`lb sdvdrd

gdjirrgnbd, dxtdls`vd trnujn ir aurls, fnrbd jyionrm`nf `lhnrotìl, jnss`vd pufjilnry djaif`sj,

nlm jòria`nf sdps`s.

_gioc `s ognrnotdr`zdm ay systdjò gypitdlsìl mud d`tgdr ti rdmuodm onrm`no iutput ir ti rdmuodm

dhhdot`vd o`roufnt`lb afiim vifujd.

]gd oilsdqudlods nrd `jpn`rdm t`ssud pdrhusìl nlm odffufnr gypix`n. Nt tgd iutsdt tgd odffufnr

`leury `s rdvdrsàfd3 giwdvdr, prifilbdm sgioc dvdltunffy fdnms ti `rrdvdrsàfd t`ssud `leury tgnt ihtdl

privds hntnf.

]gd onusds ih sgioc hnff `lti tgrdd bdldrnf ontdbir`ds

• Onrmìbdlò sgioc rdsufts hrij fiw onrm`no iutput mud ti jyionrm`nf pujp hn`furd. ]g`s onl admud ti `ltr`lsò jyionrm`nf mnjnbd (`lhnrotìl), vdltròufnr nrrgytgj`ns, dxtr`lsò oijprdssìl

(onrm`no tnjpilnmd, ir iuthfiw iastruotìl (d.b., pufjilnry djaif`sj).

• Gypivifdjò sgioc rdsufts hrij fiw onrm`no iutput mud ti tgd fiss ih afiim ir pfnsjn vifujd,

suog ns onl ioour w`tg jnss`vd gdjirrgnbd ir hfu`m fiss hrij sdvdrd aurls.

• _dptò sgioc rdsufts hrij vnsim`fntìl nlm pdr`pgdrnf piif`lb ih afiim ns pnrt ih n systdjò

`jjuld rdnotìl ti anotdr`nf ir hulbnf `lhdotìl. @ts oijpfdx pntgibdlds`s `s m`soussdm adfiw

[N]GIBDLD_@_ IH _D[]@O _GIOC

• @t `s liw dstnaf`sgdm tgnt sdptò sgioc onl ad onusdm ay fionf`zdm `lhdotìl dvdl w`tgiut

sprdnm `lti tgd afiimstrdnj.

Jist onsds ih sdptò sgioc nrd liw onusdm ay Brnj-pis`t`vd anotdr`n, hiffiwdm ay Brnj-ldbnt`vd

anotdr`n nlm hulb`.• Jira`m`ty nlm jirtnf`ty `l sdps`s nrd oilsdqudlods ih t`ssud gypipdrhusìl nlm juft`-irbnl

myshulotìl mdsp`td `l`t`nffy prdsdrvdm ir dvdl `lordnsdm onrm`no iutput.

]g`s `s mud ti systdjò vnsim`fntìl nooijpnl`dm ay w`mdsprdnm dlmitgdf`nf odff (DO) not`vntìl nlm

`leury, fdnm`lb ti n gypdroinbufnafd stntd nlm M@O.

]gdrd nrd nfsi systdjò jdtnaifò ognlbds tgnt supprdss lirjnf odffufnr hulotìl.

• ]gd pntgibdlds`s ih sdps`s `s n oija`lntìl ih m`rdot jòria`nf `leury nlm not`vntìl, nlm gist

`lhfnjjntiry rdspilsds

N. @lhfnjjntiry jdm`ntirs5

Jòria`nf odff wnff oijpildlts not`vntd fducioytds nlm DO v`n tiff-f`cd rdodptirs nlm itgdr rdodptirs

ih `llntd `jjul`ty. Not`vntìl tr`bbdrs rdfdnsd ih `lhfnjjntiry oytic`lds, pristnbfnlm`ls, rdnot`vd

ixybdl spdo`ds, nlm pfntdfdt not`vnt`lb hnotir .Oinbufntìl nlm oijpfdjdlt onsonmds nrd nfsi m`rdotfy not`vntdm, wgòg onl, `l turl, mr`vd

nmm`tìlnf `lhfnjjntiry rdspilsds.

A. Dlmitgdf`nf odff not`vntìl nlm `leury5

DO not`vntìl fdnms ti nl nmgds`vd, prioinbufnlt DO pgdlitypd w`tg jnrcdmfy `lordnsdm tgrijaitò

nlm afddm`lb tdlmdlo`ds (M@O `l up ti 4;% ih onsds), ns wdff ns vnsim`fntìl nlm `lordnsdm

pdrjdna`f`ty.

]gd primuotìl ih itgdr dlmitgdf`nf nltòinbufnlt hnotirs, suog ns t`ssud hnotir pntgwny `lgà`tir,

tgrijaijimuf`l, nlm pritd`l O, `s nfsi m`j`l`sgdm .

Not`lb `l oilodrt, tgdsd dhhdots prijitd tgd systdjò mdpis`tìl ih hàr`l-ròg tgrija` `l sjnff

vdssdfs, tgus dxnodrant`lb t`ssud gypipdrhusìl.

@l huff-afiwl m`ssdj`lntdm `ltrnvnsoufnr oinbufntìl (M@O), tgdrd `s nfsi oilsujptìl ih ofitt`lbhnotirs nlm pfntdfdts, fdnm`lb ti oiloij`tnlt gdjirrgnbd.


15/35

>4

]gd fiisdldm DO eulotìls adoijd fdncy, rdsuft`lb `l tgd nooujufntìl ih pritd`l-ròg dxumntds nlm

dmdjn tgriubgiut tgd aimy.

Dxprdssìl ih vnsinot`vd `lhfnjjntiry jdm`ntirs tibdtgdr w`tg `lordnsdm LI primuotìl, fdnms ti

systdjò rdfnxntìl ih vnsoufnr sjiitg jusofd, primuo`lb gypitdlsìl nlm hurtgdr rdmuotìls `l

t`ssud pdrhusìl.

O. Jdtnaifò nalirjnf`t`ds5

@lsuf`l rds`stnlod nlm gypdrbfyodj`n nrd ognrnotdr`stò ih tgd sdptò stntd, nttràutnafd ti

`lhfnjjntiry oytic`lds nlm tgd dnrfy primuotìl ih strdss-`lmuodm girjilds suog ns bfuonbil,

briwtg girjild, nlm oirt`sif. R`tg t`jd, nmrdlnf `lsuhhò`dloy jny supdrvdld.

M. @jjuld supprdssìl5

]gd gypdr`lhfnjjntiry stntd `l`t`ntdm ay sdps`s onl not`vntd pitdlt oiultdr-rdbufntiry`jjulisupprdss`vd jdognl`sjs.

D. Irbnl myshulotìl5

Gypitdlsìl, dmdjn, nlm sjnff vdssdf tgrijais`s nff rdmuod ixybdl nlm lutr`dlt mdf`vdry ti t`ssuds3

tgd odffufnr jdtnaif`sj `l vnrìus t`ssuds `s nfsi mdrnlbdm mud ti `lsuf`l rds`stnlod.

Jyionrm`nf oiltrnot`f`ty jny ad m`rdotfy `jpnotdm, nlm dlmitgdf`nf mnjnbd ulmdrf`ds tgd

mdvdfipjdlt ih noutd rdsp`rntiry m`strdss sylmrijd.

1. Njyfi`mis`s.

• Njyfi`m `s n pritd`lnodius suastnlod mdpis`tdm adtwddl odffs `l vnrìus t`ssuds nlm irbnls `l n

vnr`dty ih of`lònf sdtt`lbs.

• ]gd lnjd mdr`vds hrij `ts stnrogf`cd stn`l`lb pripdrt`ds ([N_ Spdrìmò no`m sog`hhZ pis`t`vd).

• @t nppdnrs njirpgius, dis`lipg`fò, gynf`ld dxtrnodffufnr suastnlod `s sddl ulmdr tgd jòrisoipd.• Njyfi`ms nrd ogdjònffy m`vdrsd.


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>8

• Njyfi`ms gnvd typònf pgysònf pripdrt`ds. Nff njyfi`ms, `rrdspdot`vd ih tgd`r aìogdjònf

oijpis`tìl, hirj lilarnlog`lb filb hàr`fs (2.4 ‟>; jj). Ay dfdotril m`hhrnotìl, tgdy nrd nrrnlbdm

`lti α-pfdntdm sgddts.

• Ns njyfi`m nooujufntds, `t primuods prdssurd ntripgy ih nmenodlt pnrdlogyjn.

]gd pritd`ls tgnt hirj njyfi`m hnff `lti twi bdldrnf ontdbir`ds5

(>) lirjnf pritd`ls tgnt gnvd nl `lgdrdlt tdlmdloy ti hifm `jpripdrfy, nssio`ntd ti hirj hàr`fs, nlmmi si wgdl tgdy nrd primuodm `l `lordnsdm njiults nlm

(1) jutnlt pritd`ls tgnt nrd prild ti j`shifm`lb nlm suasdqudlt nbbrdbntìl.

Ih tgd jnly aìogdjònffy m`st`lot hirjs ih njyfi`m pritd`ls tgnt gnvd addl `mdlt`h`dm, tgrdd nrd

jist oijjil5

n) Njyfi`m f`bgt ogn`l (NF)5

@jjulibfiauf`l f`bgt ogn`ls mdr`vdm hrij pfnsjn odffs3 fnjamn f`bgt ogn`l njyfi`m ioours jird

ihtdl tgnl cnppn3

Nssio`ntdm w`tg pfnsjn odff tujirs (d.b., juft`pfd jydfijn).

a) Njyfi`m-nssio`ntdm (NN)5

N lil-`jjulibfiauf`l pritd`l mdr`vdm hrij n fnrbdr sdruj prdoursir onffdm sdruj njyfi`m ‟

nssio`ntdm (_NN) pritd`l syltgds`zdm ay gdpntioytds ns pnrt ih tgd ‖noutd pgnsd rdspilsd‚3NN njyfi`m `s nssio`ntdm w`tg ogrilò `lhfnjjntiry stntds.

o) α-Njyfi`m (Nα)5

Hirjs tgd oird ih odrdarnf pfnquds nlm mdpis`ts w`tg`l odrdarnf vdssdf wnffs `l Nfzgd`jdr m`sdnsd3

`t mdr`vds hrij n trnlsjdjarnld njyfi`m prdoursir pritd`l

NJPFI@MI_@_

Njyfi`mis`s `s n briup ih m`sdnsds ognrnotdr`zdm ay n mdpis`tìl ih njyfi`m `l vnrìus irbnls.

]gd mdpis`tìl ih njyfi`m jny ioour ns n pr`jnry Njyfi`mis`s (d.b., `l juft`pfd jydfijn) ir `l n

sdoilmnry Njyfi`mis`s mur`lb tgd oiursd ih ogrilò `lhfnjjntiry ir itgdr m`sdnsds.

]gd m`sdnsd jny ad f`j`tdm (fionf`zdm) ti n s`lbfd irbnl, ir `t jny ad systdjò .

_ijd hirjs jny ad gdrdm`tnry.

JIQ[GIFIBP]gd jist sdvdrdfy nhhdotdm irbnls `l systdjò njyfi`mis`s

>. C`mldys

Aitg c`mldys nrd dlfnrbdm, pnfd, nlm wnxy. Bfijdrufnr jdsnlb`nf, `ltdrst`t`nf, nlm vnsoufnr wnff

mdpis`tìls ih njyfi`m nrd hiulm.

1. _pfddl

_pfdlijdbnfy prdsdlts w`tg d`tgdr limufnr (hiffòufnr) mdpis`tìls (snbi spfddl) ir jnp f`cd (rdm

pufp) mdpis`tìls (fnrmnodius spfddl).

?. F`vdr

Gdpntijdbnfy, dxtrnodffufnr njyfi`m w`tg prdssurd ntripgy ih gdpntioytds.

=. _jnff afiim vdssdfs

Jnly irbnls sgiw vnsoufnr mdpis`ts ih njyfi`m, nlm, nooirm`lbfy, tgd m`nblis`s jny ad jnmd ayaìpsy ih t`ssud hrij tgd hnt pnm, b`lb`vn, ir rdotuj .

4. Gdnrt

Jny ad `lvifvdm `l nly hirj ih systdjò njyfi`mis`s. @t `s nfsi tgd jneir irbnl `lvifvdm `l sdl`fd

systdjò njyfi`mis`s. ]gd gdnrt jny ad dlfnrbdm nlm h`rj, aut jird ihtdl `t sgiws li s`bl`hònlt

ognlbds il briss `lspdotìl. G`stifibònffy tgd mdpis`ts adb`l ns hionf suadlmionrm`nf nooujufntìls

nlm w`tg`l tgd jyionrmùj adtwddl tgd jusofd hàdrs.

8. Itgdr irbnls

Njyfi`mis`s ih itgdr irbnls `s bdldrnffy dloiultdrdm `l systdjò m`sdnsd. ]gd nmrdlnfs, tgyri`m, nlm

p`tu`tnry nrd oijjil s`tds ih `lvifvdjdlt. ]gd bnstri`ltdst`lnf trnot jny ad `lvifvdm nt nly fdvdf,

hrij tgd irnf onv`ty (b`lb`vn, tilbud) ti tgd nlus.

M@NBLI_@_>. ]gd m`nblis`s ih njyfi`mis`s mdpdlms il tgd g`stifibò mdjilstrntìl ih njyfi`m mdpis`ts `l


17/35

>2

t`ssuds.

1. ]gd jist oijjil s`tds aìps`dm nrd tgd c`mldy, wgdl rdlnf jnl`hdstntìls nrd prdsdlt, ir rdotnf

ir b`lb`vnf t`ssuds `l pnt`dlts suspdotdm ih gnv`lb systdjò njyfi`mis`s.

]gd g`stifibò m`nblis`s ih njyfi`m `s ansdm il `ts stn`l`lb ognrnotdr`stòs. ]gd jist oijjilfy usdm

stn`l`lb tdogl`qud usds tgd myd Oilbi rdm, wgòg ulmdr irm`lnry f`bgt `jpnrts n p`lc ir rdm oifir ti

njyfi`m mdpis`ts. Tlmdr pifnr`zdm f`bgt, tgd Oilbi-rdm stn`ldm njyfi`m sgiws n brddl a`rdhr`lbdlod.Oilh`rjntìl onl ad iatn`ldm ay dfdotril jòrisoipy wgdrd α-pfdntdm sgddt nrrnlbdjdlt ih tgd

hàr`fs `s sddl.

?. Dxnj`lntìl ih namij`lnf hnt nsp`rntds stn`ldm w`tg Oilbi rdm onl nfsi ad usdm hir tgd m`nblis`s

ih systdjò njyfi`mis`s. ]gd tdst `s qu`td spdo`hò, aut `ts sdls`t`v`ty `s fiw.

=. @l suspdotdm onsds ih `jjulioytd-nssio`ntdm njyfi`mis`s, sdruj nlm ur`ld pritd`l

dfdotripgirds`s nlm `jjulidfdotripgirds`s sgiufm ad pdrhirjdm. Aild jnrriw nsp`rntds `l suog

onsds ihtdl sgiw jiliofilnf pfnsjnoytis`s, dvdl `l tgd nasdlod ih ivdrt juft`pfd jydfijn.

4. _o`lt`brnpgy w`tg rnmìfnadfdm sdruj njyfi`m [ (_N[) oijpildlt `s n rnp`m nlm spdo`hò tdst,

s`lod _N[ a`lms ti tgd njyfi`m mdpis`ts nlm rdvdnfs tgd`r prdsdlod. @t nfsi b`vds n jdnsurd ih tgd

dxtdlt ih njyfi`mis`s nlm onl ad usdm ti hiffiw pnt`dlts ulmdrbi`lb trdntjdlt.

?. Jdbnfiafnstò Nldj`n.Jdbnfiafnstò nldj`ns nrd ognrnotdr`zdm ay `jpn`rdm MLN syltgds`s nlm m`st`lot`vd jirpgifibò

ognlbds ih nhhdotdm QAO prdoursirs nlm tgd`r mdsodlmnlts `l tgd afiim nlm aild jnrriw.

@t `s n m`sdnsd ih ifmdr nbd, jist oijjilfy m`nblisdm `l tgd h`htg ti d`bgtg mdonmd ih f`hd.

]wi jn`l typds nrd5

• [drlòìus nldj`n, tgd jneir hirj ih v`tnj`l A>1 mdhò`dloy nldj`n

• Hifntd mdhò`dloy nldj`n

N mdhò`dloy ih v`tnj`l A>1 nlm hifò no`m ir `jpn`rjdlt `l tgd`r usd rdsufts `l mdhdot`vd luofdnr

jnturntìl mud ti mdrnlbdm ir `lnmdquntd syltgds`s ih MLN.

=. Jydfihàris`s

@l tg`s jydfiprif`hdrnt`vd m`sirmdr, jnrriw hàris`s supdrvdlds dnrfy `l tgd m`sdnsd oiursd, ihtdl

nhtdr n ar`dh pdrìm ih brnlufioytis`s nlm tgrijaioytis`s.

Ns gdjntipi`ds`s sg`hts hrij tgd hàritò jnrriw ti tgd spfddl, f`vdr, nlm fyjpg limds, dxtrdjd

spfdlijdbnfy nlm gdpntijdbnfy mdvdfip.

]gd dxtrnjdmuffnry gdjntipi`ds`s nt tgdsd s`tds `s m`sirmdrdm nlm `ldhhdot`vd, rdsuft`lb `l nldj`n

nlm tgrijaioytipdl`n.

Ldutripdl`n nfsi jny ioour aut tdlms ti ad j`fm.[ntgibdlds`s


18/35

>7

[r`jnry mdhdot `s w`tg`l tgd gndjipi`dtò stdj odff3 hàris`s rdsufts hrij n rdnot`vd lil-ldipfnstò

prif`hdrntìl ih jnrriw strijnf odffs.

Jifdoufnr pntgibdlds`s

Not`vnt`lb ENC1 jutntìls nrd prdsdlt `l 4;% ti 8;% ih onsds nlm not`vnt`lb J[F jutntìls `l >%

ti 4%.

]gd jnrriw hàris`s nlm iaf`tdrntìl jny ad sdoilmnry ti rdfdnsd ih hàribdlò hnotirs hrijldipfnstò jdbncnryioytds3 pfntdfdt-mdr`vdm briwtg hnotir nlm trnlshirj`lb briwtg hnotir-α (]BH -

α) nrd aitg `jpfòntdm.

Fnairntiry hdnturds

• Lirjiogrijò lirjioytò nlndj`n. ]g`s jny ad sdvdrd.

• Fduoioytis`s nlm tgrijaioytis`s ioour dnrfy, nlm fntdr fduoipdl`n nlm tgrijaioytipdl`n

• Afiim h`fj5 rdm odff pi`c`fioytis`s w`tg tdnrmrip hirjs, o`roufnt`lb rdm odff nlm wg`td odff prdoursirs

(fduoidrytgriafnstò pòturd).

• _druj fnotò mdgymribdlnsd `s rn`sdm, `l m`st`lotìl ti [QX ir D].

• F`vdr hulotìl tdsts nrd ihtdl nalirjnf adonusd ih dxtrnjdmuffnry gndjipi`ds`s.

• Aild jnrriw nsp`rntìl `s usunffy ulsuoodsshuf (‗mry tnp‐)3 tgd trdpg`ld aìpsy sgiws `lordnsdm

odffufnr`ty, `lordnsdm jdbncnryioytds nlm hàris`s• Aitg f`vdr nlm spfddl sgiw hio` ih dxtrnjdmuffnry gdjntipi`ds`s.

• ENC-1 jutntìls nrd sddl `l 4;% onsds

Of`lònf hdnturds

Nbd usunffy . Noutd pgnsd rdnotnlts.

Jdnsurdjdlt ih n lujadr ih spdo`hò pritd`ls b`vds usdhuf `lhirjntìl `l tgd m`nblis`s nlm

jnlnbdjdlt ih m`sdnsd

Ognrnotdr`stò ognlbds `l tgd oilodltrntìl ih odrtn`l pfnsjn pritd`ls nrd sddl hiffiw`lb surbdry

ir trnujn, ir mur`lb `lhdotìl ir tujiur briwtg . ]gd pritd`ls `lvifvdm nrd onffdm noutd pgnsd

rdnotnlts.

]gdsd noutd pgnsd pritd`ls jny ad usdm ti jil`tir pribrdss ih tgd oilm`tìl ir `ts trdntjdlt .

Noutd-pgnsd rdnotnlts tgnt `lordnsd `l pfnsjn nrd O-rdnot`vd pritd`l, n>-nlt`tryps`l, odrufipfnsj`l, hàr`libdl, sdruj njyfi`m nssio`ntdm (_NN)‟ pritd`l, nlm sijd itgdrs.

]gdrd nrd sdls`t`vd aìogdjònf tdsts tgnt jdnsurd tgd oilodltrntìl ih O-rdnot`vd pritd`l `l afiim.

]gdsd tdsts onl ad usdm `lstdnm ih tgd stnlmnrm D_Q.

1. FD odff.

@l t`ssuds, luofd` ih mnjnbdm odffs rdnot w`tg NLNs, fisd tgd`r ogrijnt`l pnttdrl, nlm adoijd

gijibdldius, ti primuod si-onffdm FD aim`ds ir gdjntixyf`l aim`ds.

Qdfntdm ti tg`s pgdlijdlil `s tgd FD odff, wgòg `s rdnm`fy sddl wgdl afiim `s nb`tntdm `l v`tri ti

mnjnbd tgd odff nlm dxpisd `ts luofdus.

]gd FD odff `s nly pgnbioytò fducioytd (afiim ldutripg`f ir jnoripgnbd) tgnt gns dlbufhdm tgd

mdlnturdm luofdus ih nl `leurdm odff.

]gd mdjilstrntìl ih FD odffs `l v`tri wns usdm `l tgd pnst ns n tdst hir _FD. R`tg ldw tdogl`quds hir


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>0

mdtdotìl ih NLNs, giwdvdr, tg`s tdst `s liw fnrbdfy ih g`stirònf `ltdrdst. _ijdt`jds, FD odffs nrd

hiulm `l pdrònrm`nf ir pfdurnf dhhusìls `l pnt`dlts.

?. Ogrilò brnlufijntius m`sdnsd.

• Mdhò`dloy ih LNM[G ix`mnsd `s tgd ansò mdhdot `l og`fmrdl suhhdr`lb hrij ogrilò brnlufijntius

m`sdnsd.

• @l tg`s m`sdnsd, tgd fducioytds onllit bdldrntd supdrix`md, wgòg `jpn`rs tgd ixybdl-mdpdlmdltc`ff`lb ih anotdr`n.

• Ixybdl-`lmdpdlmdlt c`ff`lb ih anotdr`n `s dspdo`nffy `jpirtnlt `l suog pdipfd suhhdr`lb hrij

oilbdl`tnf mdhò`dloy ih LNM[G ix`mnsd (ogrilò brnlufijntius m`sdnsd) ir jydfipdrix`mnsd

mdhò`dloy.

• ]gdsd og`fmrdl nrd dspdo`nffy sdls`t`vd ti `lhdotìl w`tg ontnfnsd-pis`t`vd jòriads suog ns

_tnpgyfioioous nurdus. Ontnfnsd-ldbnt`vd strdptioioo` nrd fdss mnlbdrius.

• ]gdsd anotdr`n primuod pdrix`md tgnt `s usdm ay tgd fducioytds ti bdldrntd gypiogfirò no`m nlm ti

c`ff tgd pntgibdls. Mdhò`dloy ih jydfipdrix`mnsd `s ognrnotdr`zdm ay nl `lna`f`ty ih fducioytds ti

primuod G1I1 nlm gypiogfirò no`m.

• Nhhdotdm og`fmrdl nrd prild ti hulbnf `lhdotìls.

=. Fnlbdrgnls odff g`stìoytis`s.• Fnlbdrgnls odffs nrd tgd nlt`bdl prdsdlt`lb odffs hiulm `l tgd dp`mdrj`s.

• Fnlbdrgnls odff g`stìoytis`s (G`stìoytis`s W) `s n m`sdnsd pr`lo`pnffy ih sjicdrs, ognrnotdr`sdm ay

tgd prif`hdrntìl ih Fnlbdrgnls odffs hirj`lb limufnr `lh`ftrntds.

• ]gd prif`hdrnt`lb Fnlbdrgnls odffs gnvd naulmnlt, ihtdl vnouifntdm oytipfnsj nlm vdsòufnr

luofd` oiltn`l`lb f`ldnr briivds ir hifms.

• Mdrjnf `lh`ftrntds nrd oijpisdm ih odffs tgnt gnvd tgd `jjulig`stiogdjònf nlm uftrnstruoturnf

hdnturds ih dp`mdrjnf Fnlbdrgnls odffs ns hiffiws.

]gd prdsdlod ih A`radoc brnlufds `l tgd oytipfnsj `s ognrnotdr`stò. A`radoc brnlufds nrd

pdltnfnj`lnr tuaufds, ihtdl w`tg n m`fntdm tdrj`lnf dlm primuo`lb n tdll`s rnocdt ‟f`cd nppdnrnlod,

wgòg oiltn`l tgd pritd`l fnlbdr`l.

@l nmm`tìl, tgd tujir odffs nfsi typònffy dxprdss GFN-MQ, _->;;, nlm OM>n. • N pr`jnry hirj ih tgd m`sdnsd ioours `l og`fmrdl yiulbdr tgnl 1 ydnrs ih nbd nlm `s cliwl ns

Fdttdrdr ‟ _`wd m`sdnsd.

4. Lnjd hiur Jiliofilnf Bnjjipntg`ds.

• Juft`pfd jydfijn

• Rnfmdlstrøj‐s jnoribfiauf`ldj`n

• Gdnvy ogn`l m`sdnsd

• [r`jnry ir `jjulioytd nssio`ntdm njyfi`mis`s

• Jiliofilnf bnjjipntgy ih ulmdtdrj`ldm s`bl`hònlod


20/35

1;

[N]GIFIBP @@ HDAQTNQP 1;>4

@. Dfnairntd il

>. Mdh`ld M`nadtds Jdff t̀us. Rgnt nrd tgd typds9 Mdsoràd tgd [ntgipgysìfiby, jirpgifiby nlm

oijpfòntìls ih M`nadtds Jdff`tus.

Mdh`l`tìl

M`nadtds jdff`tus `s n oijpfdx jdtnaifò m`sturanlod ognrnotdr`zdm ay gypdrbfyodj`n mud ti `lsuf`l

mdhò`dloy ir t`ssud rds`stnlod ti tgd notìl ih `lsuf`l.

M`nadtds jny ad ofnss`h`dm ns [r`jnry nlm _doilmnry.

[r`jnry m`nadtds gns li iavìus onusd.

@t nooiults hir 04% ih nff onsds.

]wi of`lònf typds nrd rdoibl`zdm5 typd > (`lsuf`l mdpdlmdlt) nlm typd 1 (lil-`lsuf`l mdpdlmdlt).

_doilmnry m`nadtds (4%) `s onusdm ay ulmdrfy`lb m`sdnsd

Mdstruot`vd fdsìls ih tgd pnlordns (d.b., ogrilò pnlordnt`t`s)

Dlmior`ld m`sdnsds (d.b., Ousg`lb sylmrijd, bfuonbilijn sylmrijd, nlm norijdbnfy)

Mrubs (d.b., mùrdtòs suog ns tg`nz`mds)

Bdldtò sylmrijds (d.b., ]urldr sylmrijd nlm Miwl sylmrijd)

[N]GI[GP_@IFIBP

N. ]ypd @ - @MMJ

]gd pntgibdlds`s ih typd > m`nadtds `lvifvds tgd `ltdrpfny ih bdldtò nlm dlv`riljdltnf hnotirs.

Bdldtò hnotirs

Ih tgdsd, tgd pr`lo`pnf susodptà`f`ty fious hir typd > m`nadtds rds`mds `l tgd ogrijisijnf rdbìl

tgnt dloimds tgd ofnss @@ JGO jifdoufds il 8p1> (GFN-M).

Adtwddl 0;% nlm 04% ih wg`td pnt`dlts w`tg typd > m`nadtds gnvd GFN-MQ?, ir MQ=, ir aitg, `l

oiltrnst w`tg naiut =;% ih lirjnf suaedots, nlm =;% ti 4;% ih pnt`dlts nrd MQ?/MQ=

gdtdrizybitds, `l oiltrnst w`tg 4% ih lirjnf suaedots.

Dlv`riljdltnf hnotirs

Dv`mdlod subbdsts tgnt dlv`riljdltnf hnotirs, dspdo`nffy `lhdotìls, jny ad ̀ lvifvdm `l typd >

m`nadtds.

@t gns addl pripisdm tgnt odrtn`l v`rusds (jujps, ruadffn, nlm oixsnoc`d A v`rusds, `l pnrtòufnr)

jny ad nl `l`t`nt`lb tr`bbdr, pdrgnps adonusd sijd v`rnf nlt`bdls nrd nlt`bdlònffy s`j`fnr ti adtn odff

nlt`bdls (jifdoufnr j`jòry), fdnm`lb ti aystnlmdr mnjnbd ti tgd `sfdts mur`lb tgd aimy‐s `jjuld

rdspilsd.

@jjuld jdognl`sjs gnvd addl `jpfòntdm `l tgd pntgibdlds`s ih typd > m`nadtds.

@t `s nssujdm tgnt tgd oytitixò ] odffs mdstriy tgd `sfdts ih Fnlbdrgnls, tgus onus`lb nl nasifutd

mdhò`dloy ih `lsuf`l.

]ypd > m`nadtds `s nssio`ntdm w`tg n lujadr ih nuti`jjuld m`sdnsds.

]gdsd pnt`dlts nfsi gnvd nltàim`ds ti `lsuf`l nlm adtn odffs ih tgd `sfdts.

A. ]ypd @@ ‟ L@MMJ

]ypd 1 m`nadtds `s n prititypònf oijpfdx juft`hnotir`nf m`sdnsd.

Dlv`riljdltnf hnotirs, suog ns n sdmdltnry f`hd styfd nlm m`dtnry gna`ts pfny n rifd.

Bdldtò hnotirs nrd nfsi `lvifvdm `l tgd pntgibdlds`s, ns dv`mdlodm ay tgd m`sdnsd oiloirmnlod rntd

ih ?4% ti 8;% `l jilizybitò tw`ls3 giwdvdr tgdrd `s li nssio`ntìl w`tg JGO jifdoufds.

]ypd 1 m`nadtds `s onusdm ay n oija`lntìl ih pdr`pgdrnf `lsuf`l rds`stnlod nlm `lnmdquntd

oijpdlsntiry rdspilsds ay pnlordntò α-odffs (‖rdfnt`vd `lsuf`l mdhò`dloy‚).

JIQ[GIFIBP

• [nlordns5 H`lm`lbs nrd vnr`nafd.

]ypd >5 @sfdt lujadr nlm s`zd nrd rdmuodm nlm n fyjpgioytò `lh`ftrntd (`lsuf`t`s) jny ad prdsdlt.

]ypd 15 _uatfd rdmuotìl `l `sfdt odff jnss jny ad nooijpnl`dm ay njyfi`m mdpis`tìl, ioonsìlnffy

dhhno`lb tgd `sfdts.


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• M`nadtò jnorivnsoufnr m`sdnsd `s jnl`hdstdm ns noodfdrntdm ntgdrisofdris`s `l tgd nirtn nlm

fnrbd nlm jdmùj-s`zdm nrtdr`ds3 gynf`ld nrtdrìfisofdris`s `s jird prdvnfdlt nlm sdvdrd.

• M`nadtò jòrinlbìpntgy `s rdhfdotdm ay m`hhusd ansdjdlt jdjarnld tgòcdl`lb, jist dv`mdlt `l

tgd onp`ffnr`ds ih tgd sc`l, scdfdtnf jusofd, rdt`ln, rdlnf bfijdruf`, nlm rdlnf jdmuffn.

_uog onp`ffnr`ds nrd jird fdncy tgnl lirjnf ti pfnsjn pritd`ls.

Ansdjdlt jdjarnld tgòcdl`lb onl nfsi nhhdot lilvnsoufnr struoturds (d.b., rdlnf tuaufds, Aiwjnlonpsufd, pdr`pgdrnf ldrvds, nlm pfnodltn).

]gd jòrinlbìpntgy ulmdrf`ds tgd mdvdfipjdlt ih m`nadtò ldpgripntgy, rdt`lipntgy, nlm sijd

hirjs ih lduripntgy.

• M`nadtò ldpgripntgy `lvifv`lb tgd bfijdrufus `lofumds

(`) m`hhusd ansdjdlt jdjarnld tgòcdl`lb,

(``) jdsnlb`nf sofdris`s oils`sts ih m`hhusd `lordnsd `l jdsnlb`nf jntr`x,

(```) limufnr bfijdrufisofdris`s (C`jjdfst`df-R`fsil fdsìl) ]gd bfijdrufnr fdsìls tncd tgd hirj ih

ivi`m ir spgdrònf, ihtdl fnj`lntdm, limufds ih jntr`x s`tuntdm `l tgd pdr`pgdry ih tgd bfijdrufus.

(`v) dxumnt`vd fdsìls.

(v) Xnsoufnr dhhdots `lofumd rdlnf nrtdry ntgdrisofdris`s nlm nrtdrìfisofdris`s w`tg gypdrtdlsìl.

(v`) ]gdrd `s `lordnsdm `lo`mdlod ih `lhdotìls, `lofum`lb pydfildpgr`t`s nlm sijdt`jds ldorit`z`lbpnp`ff`t`s.

• M`nadtò rdt`lipntgy

]gd rdt`lnf vnsoufipntgy ih m`nadtds jdff`tus onl ad ofnss`h`dm `lti anocbriulm (prdprif`hdrnt`vd)

m`nadtò rdt`lipntgy nlm prif`hdrnt`vd m`nadtò rdt`lipntgy.

Anocbriulm rdt`lipntgy `s ognrnotdr`sdm ay jòrinldurysjs3 prif`hdrnt`vd rdt`lipntgy `lvifvds

ldivnsoufnr`sntìl ir hirjntìl ih ldw vdssdfs tgnt ardnog tgd `ltdrlnf f`j`t`lb jdjarnld ih tgd

rdt`ln.

• M`nadtò lduripntgy `s n oija`lntìl ih m`rdot ldurnf `leury ns wdff ns jòrivnsoufnr `sogdj`n

OIJ[F@ON]@IL_ IH M@NAD]D_

• ]gd jist `jpirtnlt oijpfòntìls ih tg`s m`sirmdr nrd5

• Ntgdrisofdris`s• Nrtdr`nf gypdrtdlsìl

• M`nadtò ldpgripntgy

• M`nadtò rdt`lipntgy

• [dr`pgdrnf lduripntgy

• Ontnrnots

[N]GIBDLD_@_

Nt fdnst tgrdd m`st`lot jdtnaifò pntgwnys gnvd addl `jpfòntdm `l tgd mdfdtdrìus dhhdots ih

pdrs`stdlt gypdrbfyodj`n il pdr`pgdrnf t`ssuds, lnjdfy

(`) Hirjntìl ih Nmvnlodm Bfyontìl Dlm [rimuots.

Nmvnlodm bfyontìl dlm primuots (NBDs) nrd hirjdm ns n rdsuft ih lildlzyjntò rdnotìls adtwddl

`ltrnodffufnr bfuoisd-mdr`vdm suastnlods w`tg tgd nj`li briups ih aitg `ltrnodffufnr nlm dxtrnodffufnrpritd`ls. ]gd lnturnf rntd ih NBD hirjntìl `s brdntfy noodfdrntdm `l tgd prdsdlod ih gypdrbfyodj`n.

]g`s oriss-f`lc`lb mdordnsds pritd`l rdjivnf wg`fd dlgnlo`lb pritd`l mdpis`tìl. NBD-jim`h`dm

jntr`x oijpildlts nfsi trnp lilbfyontdm pfnsjn ir `ltdrst`t`nf pritd`ls.

@l fnrbd vdssdfs, trnpp`lb ih FMF, hir dxnjpfd, rdtnrms `ts dhhfux hrij tgd vdssdf wnff nlm dlgnlods

tgd mdpis`tìl ih ogifdstdrif `l tgd `lt`jn, tgus noodfdrnt`lb ntgdribdlds`s.

@l onp`ffnr`ds, `lofum`lb tgisd ih rdlnf bfijdruf ̀, pfnsjn pritd`ls suog ns nfauj`l a`lm ti tgd

bfyontdm ansdjdlt jdjarnld, nooiult`lb `l pnrt hir tgd ansdjdlt jdjarnld tgòcdl`lb tgnt `s

ognrnotdr`stò ih m`nadtò jòrinlbìpntgy.

(``) Not`vntìl ih [ritd`l c`lnsd O

Not`vntìl ih `ltrnodffufnr pritd`l c`lnsd O ([CO) ay On1+ ìls nlm tgd sdoilm jdssdlbdr m`noyf

bfyodrif (MNB) `s nl `jpirtnlt s`blnf trnlsmuotìl pntgwny `l jnly odffufnr systdjs. @ltrnodffufnr

gypdrbfyodj`n st`jufntds tgd md livi syltgds`s ih MNB hrij bfyoifytò `ltdrjdm`ntds, nlm gdlod


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onusds not`vntìl ih [CO.

_ijd dhhdots ih NBDs nlm not`vntdm [CO ivdrfnp, nlm aitg oiltràutd ti tgd filb-tdrj

oijpfòntìls ih m`nadtò jòrinlbìpntgy.

(```) M`sturanlods `l [ifyif pntgwnys

@l sijd t`ssuds tgnt mi lit rdqu`rd `lsuf`l hir bfuoisd trnlspirt (d.b., ldrvds, fdlsds, c`mldys, afiim

vdssdfs), pdrs`stdlt gypdrbfyodj`n `l tgd dxtrnodffufnr j`f`du fdnms ti nl `lordnsd `l `ltrnodffufnrbfuoisd.

]g`s dxodss bfuoisd `s jdtnaif`zdm ay tgd dlzyjd nfmisd rdmuotnsd ti sira`tif, n pifyif, nlm

dvdltunffy ti hruotisd, `l n rdnotìl tgnt usds LNM[G (tgd rdmuodm hirj ih lòit`lnj`md

m`luofdit`md pgispgntd) ns n oihnotir.

LNM[G `s nfsi rdqu`rdm ay tgd dlzyjd bfutntgìld rdmuotnsd `l n rdnotìl tgnt rdbdldrntds rdmuodm

bfutntgìld (B_G). B_G `s ild ih tgd `jpirtnlt nltìx`mnlt jdognl`sjs `l tgd odff, nlm nly

rdmuotìl `l B_G `lordnsds odffufnr susodptà`f`ty ti ix`mnt`vd strdss.

@@. Rr`td litds il5

>. A`f`nry O`rrgis`sN m`sirmdr ih a`fd muots pribrdss`lb ti o`rrgis`s.

]gd ? jneir m`sirmdrs ih a`fd muots `lofumd

(`) [r`jnry a`f`nry o`rrgis`s

(``) _doilmnry a`f`nry o`rrgis`s

(```) [r`jnry sofdris`lb ogifnlb`t`s

Rd sgnff m`souss pr`jnry nlm sdoilmnry a`f`nry o`rrgis`s gdrd.

[r`jnry a`f`nry o`rrgis`s `s nl nuti`jjuld m`sdnsd. O`rrgis`s mdvdfips adonusd ih nuti`jjuld

mdstruotìl ih `ltrngdpntò a`fd muots nlm hàrius rdpn`r ih tgdsd fdsìls.

_doilmnry a`f`nry o`rrgis`s mdvdfips `l rdspilsd ti ogrilò a`fd muot iastruotìl. A`f`nry stns`s fdnms

ti tgd mdstruotìl ih a`fd muots nlm hàrius rdpn`r, wgòg uft`jntdfy suam`v`mds tgd f`vdr `lti sjnff

limufds typònf ih o`rrgis`s.

1. [ntgibdlds`s ih dssdlt`nf gypdrtdlsìl


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1?

Gypdrtdlsìl rdprdsdlts nl dfdvntìl `l systifò nlm/ir m`nstifò afiim prdssurd.

Dssdlt`nf gypdrtdlsìl `s ognrnotdr`zdm ay n ogrilò dfdvntìl `l afiim prdssurd tgnt ioours w`tgiut

dv`mdlod ih itgdr m`sdnsd (@mìpntgò), nlm sdoilmnry gypdrtdlsìl ay nl dfdvntìl ih afiim

prdssurd tgnt rdsufts hrij sijd itgdr m`sirmdr, suog ns c`mldy m`sdnsd.

[ntgibdlds`s

>. ]gd pntgibdlds`s ih dssdlt`nf gypdrtdlsìl `s tgiubgt ti rds`md w`tg tgd c`mldy nlmn) `ts rifd rdbufnt`lb vnsoufnr vifujd tgriubg snft nlm wntdr df`j`lntìl3

Qdmuodm rdlnf simùj dxordtìl `l tgd prdsdlod ih lirjnf nrtdr`nf prdssurd jny ad n cdy `l`t`nt`lb

dvdlt `l dssdlt`nf gypdrtdlsìl nlm, `lmddm, n h`lnf oijjil pntgwny hir tgd pntgibdlds`s ih

gypdrtdlsìl.

Mdordnsdm simùj dxordtìl jny fdnm sdqudlt`nffy ti nl `lordnsd `l hfu`m vifujd, `lordnsdm onrm`no

iutput, nlm pdr`pgdrnf vnsioilstròtìl, tgdrday dfdvnt`lb afiim prdssurd.

a) tgd rdl`l-nlbìtdls`l-nfmistdrild systdj tgriubg `ts dhhdots il afiim vdssdf tild, rdbufntìl ih

rdlnf afiim fiiw, nlm snft jdtnaif`sj3

o) nlm tgd syjpntgdtò ldrvius systdj, wgòg rdbufntds tgd tild ih tgd rds`stnlod vdssdfs.

Xnsioilstròt`vd `lhfudlods, suog ns hnotirs tgnt `lmuod vnsioilstròtìl ir st`juf` tgnt onusd

struoturnf ognlbds `l tgd vdssdf wnff, onl fdnm ti nl `lordnsd `l pdr`pgdrnf rds`stnlod nlm jny nfsipfny n rifd `l pr`jnry gypdrtdlsìl. Jirdivdr, ogrilò ir rdpdntdm vnsioilstròt`vd `lhfudlods oiufm

onusd tgòcdl`lb nlm r`b`m`ty ih tgd `lvifvdm vdssdfs.

]gd jdmòntìls tgnt nrd usdm `l tgd trdntjdlt ih gypdrtdlsìl dxdrt tgd`r dhhdots tgriubg ild ir

jird ih tgdsd rdbufntiry jdognl`sjs.

1. Nftgiubg s`lbfd bdld m`sirmdrs `l tgd naivd pntgwnys nrd rnrd onusds ih gypdrtdlsìl, `t `s

nppnrdlt tgnt suatfd vnr`ntìls `l tgd`r not`v`ty j`bgt `lhfudlod afiim prdssurd `l tgd arinmdr

pipufntìl5

• Jutntìls `l dlzyjds tgnt `lhfudlod nfmistdrild syltgds`s (>>a-gymrixyfnsd, >2n-gymrixyfnsd)

fdnm ti `lordnsdm nfmistdrild primuotìl

• Jutntìls `l tgd rdlnf dp`tgdf`nf Ln+ ognlldf pritd`l fdnm ti `lordnsdm simùj rdsirptìl (F`mmfd

sylmrijd).?. Dlv`riljdltnf hnotirs onl jim`hy tgd `jpnot ih bdldtò mdtdrj`lnlts.

_trdss, iads`ty, sjic`lb, pgysònf `lnot`v`ty, nlm gdnvy oilsujptìl ih snft gnvd nff addl `jpfòntdm

ns dxibdlius hnotirs `l gypdrtdlsìl.

@lmddm, dv`mdlod f`lc`lb tgd fdvdf ih m`dtnry simùj `ltncd w`tg tgd prdvnfdlod ih gypdrtdlsìl `l

m`hhdrdlt pipufntìl briups `s pnrtòufnrfy `jprdss`vd. Jirdivdr, `l aitg dssdlt`nf nlm sdoilmnry

gypdrtdlsìl, gdnvy simùj `ltncd nubjdlts tgd oilm`tìl.

]i sujjnr`zd, dssdlt`nf gypdrtdlsìl `s n oijpfdx, juft`hnotir`nf m`sirmdr.

Nftgiubg s`lbfd bdld m`sirmdrs onl ad rdspilsàfd hir gypdrtdlsìl `l rnrd onsds, `t `s ulf`cdfy tgnt

suog jutntìls nrd n jneir onusd ih dssdlt`nf gypdrtdlsìl. @t `s jird f`cdfy tgnt dssdlt`nf

gypdrtdlsìl rdsufts hrij `ltdrnotìls ih jutntìls ir pifyjirpg`sjs nt sdvdrnf fio` tgnt `lhfudlod

afiim prdssurd, w`tg n vnr`dty ih dlv`riljdltnf hnotirs (d.b. strdss, snft `ltncd).?. [ifyoystò c`mldy m`sdnsd.

]wi hirjs ih [ifyoystò c`mldy m`sdnsd ([OCM) nrd cliwl ti ioour.


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1=

=. Bnff stilds

Nfsi rdhdrrdm ti ns Ogifdf`tg`ns`s

]gdrd nrd 1 ansò typds ih bnffstilds, dnog gnv`lb n m`st`lot pntgibdlds`s.

[ntgibdlds`s5

▫ A`fd hirjntìl `l tgd f`vdr5

Ogifdstdrif `s `lsifuafd `l wntdr. Rgdl sdordtdm ay gdpntioytds `lti tgd a`fd, `t `s gdfm `l sifutìl ay

tgd oija`ldm notìl ih a`fd no`ms nlm fdo`tg`l nlm `s onrr`dm `l tgd hirj ih j`xdm f`p`m jòdffds. @h a`fd

gns tii juog ogifdstdrif ir `s mdo`dlt `l a `fd no`ms, `t adoijds supdrsnturntdm `l ogifdstdrif. A`fd

hrij pdipfd wgi gnvd ogifdstdrif bnffstilds oiltn`ls jird ogifdstdrif nlm hdwdr a`fd snfts ns `t

fdnvds tgd f`vdr tgnl a`fd ih lirjnf pdrsils.

]gd supdrsnturntdm ogifdstdrif prdo`p`tntds ns sif`m orystnfs ti hirj stilds (f`tgibdlò a`fd).

▫ Fionf hnotirs `l tgd bnffafnmmdr 5 A`fd `l tgd bnffafnmmdr hrij pnt`dlts w`tg bnffstilds orystnff`zds

jird dns`fy tgnl lirjnf. [riluofdnt`lb a`f`nry pritd`ls nlm gypdrsdordtìl ih bnffafnmmdr juous

noodfdrntd ogifdstdrif prdo`p`tntìl hrij bnffafnmmdr a`fd.

▫ Bnffafnmmdr jit`f`ty 5 @jpn`rdm bnffafnmmdr jitir hulotìl fdnms ti a`fd stns`s nlm pdrj`ts a`f`nry

sfumbd ti hirj. ]g`s sfumbd pribrdssds ti jnorisoipò stilds.

▫ [`bjdlt stilds hirj `l tgd sdtt`lb ih `lordnsdm uloileubntdm a`f`rua`l (jist oijjilfy mud ti

ogrilò gdjifytò oilm`tìls) nlm prdo`p`tntìl ih onfoùj a`f`rua`l snfts. @l ulmdrmdvdfipdm

oiultr`ds, p`bjdltdm stilds nrd ihtdl hirjdm adonusd a`f`nry `lhdotìls (d.b., w`tg Dsogdròg`n oif`,

Nsonr`s fujaròi`mds, ir Ip`stgirog`s s`ldls`s) prijitd a`f`rua`l bfuouril`md mdoileubntìl


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Jirpgifiby

• Ogifdstdrif stilds nr`sd dxofus`vdfy `l tgd bnffafnmmdr, nlm nrd ofnssònffy gnrm nlm pnfd ydffiw3

a`f`rua`l snfts onl `jpnrt n afnoc oifir. Rgdl oijpisdm prdmij`lnltfy ih ogifdstdrif, tgdy nrd

rnmìfuodlt3 onfoùj onrailntd mdpis`tìl `l >;% ti 1;% ih stilds `s suhhò`dlt ti rdlmdr tgdj

rnmìpnqud. _`lbfd stilds nrd ivi`m3 juft`pfd stilds tdlm ti ad hnodtdm.

• [`bjdltdm stilds onl ad afnoc (stdr`fd bnffafnmmdr a`fd) ir ariwl (w`tg `lhdotìl)3 aitg nrd siht

nlm usunffy juft`pfd, nlm 4;% ti 24% ih p`bjdltdm stilds nrd rnmìpnqud.

Of`lònf Hdnturds

Qiubgfy 2;% ti 7;% ih bnffstild pnt`dlts nrd nsyjptijntò tgriubgiut f`hd3

_yjptijs `lofumd spnsjimò, oifòcy pn`l mud ti pnss`lb stilds `l tgd a`fd muots (sjnffdr stildsonusd syjptijs jird oijjilfy tgnl mi fnrbd stilds).

Nssio`ntdm bnffafnmmdr `lhfnjjntìl (ogifdoyst`t`s) bdldrntds r`bgt uppdr namij`lnf pn`l.

Ofdnr juo`lius sdordtìls `l nl iastruotdm bnffafnmmdr m`stdlm tgd bnffafnmmdr (juoiodfd).

]gdrd `s nfsi `lordnsdm r`sc hir bnffafnmmdr onro`lijn.

@@@. _girt nlswdrs il5

>. Biim pnsturd sylmrijd

]g`s pufjilnry ‟rdlnf m`sdnsd `s onusdm ay nltàim`ds tgnt rdnot w`tg typd @X oiffnbdl `l tgd

bfijdrufnr nlm pufjilnry vnsoufnr ansdjdlt jdjarnlds.

@t `s ognrnotdr`zdm ay tgd s`juftnldius nppdnrnlod ih prif`hdrnt`vd, usunffy rnp`mfy pribrdss`vdbfijdrufildpgr`t`s nlm ldorit`z`lb gdjirrgnbò `ltdrst`t`nf pldujil`t`s.


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@jjulihfuirdsodlod stn`l`lb sgiws f`ldnr stn`l`lb pnttdrl ih tgd ansdjdlt jdjarnlds.

Aitg tgd fulb gdjirrgnbd nlm tgd bfijdrufildpgr`t`s `jprivd w`tg `ltdls`vd pfnsjn dxognlbd.

Itgdrw`sd, tgd priblis`s `s ulhnvirnafd.

1. Nsogihh aimy

]gd Nsogihh aimy `s tgd ognrnotdr`stò brnlufijntius fdsìl ih rgdujntò jyionrm`t`s, mdvdfip`lb

sdvdrnf wddcs nhtdr syjptijs adb`l.]g`s struoturd `l`t`nffy oils`sts ih n pdr`vnsoufnr hious ih swiffdl dis`lipg`fò oiffnbdl surriulmdm ay

fyjpgioytds, pfnsjn odffs nlm jnoripgnbds.

R`tg t`jd, tgd Nsogihh aimy nssujds n brnlufijntius nppdnrnlod, w`tg n odltrnf ar`li`m hious

nssio`ntdm w`tg n pdr`jdtdr ih fyjpgioytds, pfnsjn odffs, jnoripgnbds nlm b`nlt odffs. Dvdltunffy,

tgd Nsogihh aimy `s rdpfnodm ay n limufd ih sonr t`ssud.

?. Odrvònf @ltrndp`tgdf`nf Ldipfns`n

[rdonlodrius odrvònf dp`tgdf`nf g`stifibò ognlbds nrd ofnss`h`dm ns fiw-brnmd ir g`bg-brnmd

squnjius `ltrndp`tgdf`nf fdsìls (F_@F nlm G_@F, rdspdot`vdfy).

Jird tgnl 7;% ih F_@F nlm >;;% ih G_@F fdsìls nrd nssio`ntdm w`tg g`bg-r`sc G[X3 G[X >8 `s tgd

jist oijjil typd nssio`ntdm w`tg aitg.

• F_@F sgiw ilfy j`fm myspfns`n, `lvifv`lb tgd jird ansnf fnydrs ih tgd dp`tgdfùj. Rg`fd nssio`ntdmw`tg primuot`vd G[X `lhdotìl, tgdrd `s li s`bl`hònlt nftdrntìl ih tgd gist odff oyofd. Npprix`jntdfy

8;% ih F_@F spiltnldiusfy rdbrdss w`tg`l 1 ydnrs, wg`fd nlitgdr ?;% pdrs`st ivdr tgnt pdrìm3 ilfy

>;% pribrdss ti G_@F, nlm F_@F mids lit prioddm m`rdotfy ti `lvns`vd onro`lijn.

@t `s tgdrdhird lit trdntdm f`cd n prdjnf`blnlt fdsìl.

• G_@F dxgà`t jimdrntd ti sdvdrd myspfns`n nlm `lvifvd pribrdss`vdfy jird ih tgd dp`tgdf`nf

tgòcldss3 tg`s ontdbiry nfsi `lofumds onro`lijn `l s`tu.

]gdrd `s hurtgdr G[X-mr`vdl mdrdbufntìl ih tgd odff oyofd, w`tg `lordnsdm prif`hdrntìl, mdordnsdm

dp`tgdf`nf jnturntìl, nlm m`j`l`sgdm v`rnf rdpfòntìl.

Npprix`jntdfy ?;% ih G_@F w`ff rdbrdss ivdr 1 ydnrs, 8;% w`ff pdrs`st, nlm >;% w`ff pribrdss ti

onro`lijn w`tg`l n 1->; ydnr pdrìm.

Dnrfy mdtdotìl ih odrvònf myspfns`nOdrvònf prdonlodrius fdsìls nrd nssio`ntdm w`tg nalirjnf`t`ds `l oytifibò prdpnrntìls ([np

sjdnrs) tgnt onl ad mdtdotdm filb adhird nly nalirjnf`ty `s v`sàfd il briss `lspdotìl.

Dnrfy mdtdotìl ih myspfnstò ognlbds `s tgd rntìlnfd hir tgd [npnlòifniu ([np) tdst, `l wgòg odffs

nrd sornpdm hrij tgd trnlshirjntìl zild nlm dxnj`ldm jòrisoipònffy. ]i mntd, tgd [np sjdnr

rdjn`ls tgd jist suoodsshuf onlodr sorddl`lb tdst dvdr mdvdfipdm

]gd rdodltfy ̀ ltrimuodm qunmr`vnfdlt G[X vnoo`ld hir typds 8, >>, >8, nlm >7 `s vdry dhhdot`vd `l

prdvdlt`lb G[X `lhdotìls, wgòg `s dxpdotdm ti brdntfy fiwdr tgd hrdqudloy ih bdl`tnf wnrts nlm

odrvònf onlodrs nssio`ntdm w`tg tgdsd G[X sdritypds.

Mdsp`td `ts dhhònoy, tgd vnoo`ld mids lit suppfnlt tgd lddm hir riut`ld odrvònf onlodr sorddl`lb-

jnly nt-r`sc wijdl nrd nfrdnmy `lhdotdm, nlm tgd vnoo`ld pritdots nbn`lst ilfy sijd ih tgd

sdritypds.=. Gdliog _ogilfd`l [urpurn

]g`s `s n systdjò gypdrsdls`t`v`ty rdspilsd mud ti `jjuld oijpfdx mdpis`tìl nlm ognrnotdr`zdm

ay purpurò rnsg, namij`lnf pn`l, pifynrtgrnfb`n, nlm noutd bfijdrufildpgr`t`s.

@t onl ioour nt nly nbd aut typònffy prdsdlts `l og`fmrdl adtwddl tgd nbds ih ? nlm 7 ydnrs3 h`lm`lbs

`lofumd purpurò sc`l fdsìls (mud ti n vnsouf`t`s), namij`lnf syjptijs (d.b., pn`l, vij`t`lb,

afddm`lb), nrtgrnfb`n, nlm BL w`tg n oija`lntìl ih gdjntur`n, ldpgr`tò sylmrijd, nlm/ir

ldpgritò sylmrijd.

Jirpgifiby ih bfijdrufnr fdsìls

Bfijdrufnr fdsìls vnry hrij hionf jdsnlb`nf prif`hdrntìl ti ordsodltò BL aut nrd nfwnys

nssio`ntdm w`tg jdsnlb`nf @bN mdpis`tìl.

Nftgiubg tgd oiursd `s vnr`nafd, tgd ivdrnff priblis`s `s usunffy dxodffdlt3 rdourrdlt gdjntur`n onl

pdrs`st hir ydnrs.


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4. Onrt`fnbd hirj`lb aild tujirs

Onrt`fnbd tujirs nooiult hir tgd jneir`ty ih pr`jnry aild tujirs nlm nrd ognrnotdr`zdm ay tgd

hirjntìl ih gynf`ld ir jyxi`m onrt`fnbd3 hàrionrt`fnbd nlm dfnstò onrt`fnbd nrd rnrd oijpildlts. Ns

`l jist typds ih aild tujirs, adl`bl onrt`fnbd tujirs nrd juog jird oijjil tgnl jnf`blnlt

ilds.


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[N]GIFIBP @@ NTBT_] 1;>4

Dfnairntd il

>. 4; ydnrs / Jnfd nmj`ttdm `l djdrbdloy onrd w`tg ogdst pn`l, prihusd swdnt`lb nlm Qnp`m pufsd.

Rgnt `s yiur m`nblis`s9 Mdsoràd tgd Dtìpntgibdlds`s, Jirpgifiby nlm Oijpfòntìls ih tgd

naivd jdltìldm m`sdnsd.

]gd of`lònf pòturd `s subbdst`vd ih noutd jyionrm`nf `lhnrotìl.

Jyionrm`nf `lhnrotìl (J@) `s jyioytd odff mdntg onusdm ay vnsoufnr ioofusìl.

N. Q@_C HNO]IQ_

A. D]@I[N]GIBDLD_@_

• Jist jyionrm`nf `lhnrots nrd onusdm ay Oirilnry nrtdry ioofusìl ay tgrijaus il prddx`st`lb

ntgdrisofdritò pfnqud.

J@s nrd mud jist oijjilfy ti `ltrnpfnqud gdjirrgnbd, pfnqud drisìl, ir pfnqud rupturd w`tg

supdr`jpisdm tgrijais`s.

• @l >;% ih onsds, vnsoufnr ioofusìl `s n oilsdqudlod ih vnsispnsj ir djaif`zntìl `l tgd oirilnry

o`roufntìl ir mud ti sjnffdr vdssdf iastruotìl (d.b., vnsouf`t`s, njyfi`mis`s, sòcfd odff m`sdnsd, dto.).

_TADLMIONQM@NF @LHNQO]

N suadlmionrm`nf `lhnrot nhhdots tgd `lldr ild tg`rm ti ild gnfh ih tgd fdht vdltròfd.

@t jny nr`sd w`tg`l tgd tdrr`tiry ih ild ih tgd jneir dpònrm`nf oirilnry nrtdr`ds ir `t jny ad

o`roujhdrdlt`nf, `lvifv`lb suadlmionrm`nf m`stràutìls ih juft`pfd oirilnry nrtdr`ds.

_uadlmionrm`nf `lhnrotìl bdldrnffy rdsufts hrij gypipdrhusìl ih tgd gdnrt .

@t jny ad mud ti ntgdrisofdris`s `l n spdoò oirilnry nrtdry, ir `t jny mdvdfip `l m`sirmdrs tgnt

f`j`t jyionrm`nf afiim fiiw bfianffy, suog ns nirtò stdlis`s, gdjirrgnbò sgioc ir gypipdrhusìl

mur`lb onrmìpufjilnry aypnss.

Jist suadlmionrm`nf `lhnrots mi lit nr`sd ns n oilsdqudlod ih ioofus`vd oirilnry tgrija`, nftgiubg

sjnff pnrtòfds ih pfntdfdt ‟ar`l tgrijaus jny ad sddl `l tgd dpònrm`nf oirilnry nrtdry tgnt

suppf`ds tgd rdbìl ih `lhnrotìl.

]gus hir o`roujhdrdlt`nf suadlmionrm`nf `lhnrotìl onusdm ay bfianf gypipdrhusìl ih tgd

jyionrmùj, oirilnry nrtdry stdlis`s lddm lit ad prdsdlt.

Adonusd ldoris`s `s f`j`tdm ti tgd `lldr fnydrs ih tgd gdnrt, oijpfòntìls nr`s`lb `l trnlsjurnf

`lhnrots (d.b., pdrònrm`t`s nlm vdltròufnr rupturd) mi lit hiffiw suadlmionrm`nf `lhnrotìl.

]QNL_JTQNF @LHNQO]N trnlsjurnf `lhnrot `lvifvds tgd huff fdht vdltròufnr wnff tgòcldss, usunffy nhtdr ioofusìl ih n

oirilnry nrtdry ay ntgdrisofdritò tgrijaus.

Ns n rdsuft, trnlsjurnf `lhnrots typònffy oilhirj ti tgd m`stràutìl ih ild ih tgd tgrdd jneir

oirilnry nrtdr`ds.

▫ Q`bgt oirilnry nrtdry5 Ioofusìl ih tgd prix`jnf pirtìl ih tg`s vdssdf rdsufts `l nl `lhnrot ih tgd

pistdrìr ansnf rdbìl ih tgd fdht vdltròfd nlm tgd pistdrìr tg`rm ti gnfh ih tgd `ltdrvdltròufnr

sdptuj (‖`lhdrìr‚ `lhnrot).

▫ FNM oirilnry nrtdry 5 Afiocnbd ih tg`s nrtdry primuods nl `lhnrot ih tgd npònf, nltdrìr nlm

nltdrisdptnf wnffs ih tgd fdht vdltròfd.

▫ Fdht o`rouj fi dx oirilnry nrtdry5 Iastruotìl ih tg`s vdssdf `s tgd fdnst oijjil onusd ih

jyionrm`nf `lhnrotìl nlm fdnms ti nl `lhnrot ih tgd fntdrnf wnff ih tgd fdht vdltròfd.Jyionrm`nf `lhnrotìl mids lit ioour `lstnltnldiusfy.


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Qntgdr, `t rst mdvdfips `l tgd suadlmionrmùj nlm pribrdssds ns n wnvdhrilt ih ldoris`s hrij

suadlmionrmùj ti suadpònrmùj ivdr tgd oiursd ih sdvdrnf giurs.

]rnls`dlt oirilnry ioofusìl jny onusd ilfy suadlmionrm`nf ldoris`s, wgdrdns pdrs`stdlt ioofusìl

dvdltunffy fdnms ti trnlsjurnf ldoris`s.

]gd binf ih noutd oirilnry `ltdrvdltìls (pgnrjnoifibò ir jdognlònf tgrijaifys`s) `s ti `ltdrrupt

tg`s wnvdhrilt nlm f`j`t jyionrm`nf ldoris`s._uadlmionrm`nf vs trnlsjurnf `lhnrot

@l ogrilò onrm`no gypipdrhusìl, dxtdls`vd oiffntdrnf o`roufntìl, wgòg prdhdrdlt`nffy suppf`ds tgd

iutdr ir suadpònrm`nf fnydr, ihtdl f`j`ts nl `lhnrot ti suadlmionrm`nf jyionrmùj.Giwdvdr, `l hntnf onsds ih noutd jyionrm`nf ̀ lhnrotìl, trnlsjurnf `lhnrots nrd jird oijjil tgnl

tgisd rdstròtdm ti tgd suadlmionrmùj.

@lhnrots `lvifvd tgd fdht vdltròfd juog jird oijjilfy nlm dxtdls`vdfy tgnl tgd r`bgt vdltròfd.

]g`s m`hhdrdlod jny ad pnrtfy dxpfn`ldm ay tgd brdntdr wircfinm `jpisdm il tgd fdht vdltròfd ay

systdjò vnsoufnr rds`stnlod nlm tgd brdntdr tgòcldss ih tgd fdht vdltròufnr wnff.

Q`bgt vdltròufnr gypdrtripgy (d.b., `l pufjilnry gypdrtdlsìl) `lordnsds tgd `lo`mdlod ih r`bgt

vdltròufnr `lhnrotìl.

O. JIQ[GIFIBP

Jnorisoipò Ognrnotdr`stòs ih Jyionrm`nf @lhnrots

]gd dnrfy stnbds ih jyionrm`nf `lhnrotìl gnvd addl ognrnotdr`zdm jist tgiriubgfy `l dxpdr`jdltnf

nl`jnfs.R`tg`l >; sdoilms nhtdr f`bntìl ih n oirilnry nrtdry, tgd nhhdotdm jyionrmùj adoijds oynlitò

nlm, rntgdr tgnl oiltrnot`lb, aufbds iutwnrm mur`lb systifd. @h tgd iastruotìl `s prijptfy rdf`dvdm,

jyionrm`nf oiltrnotìls rdsujd nlm li nlntijò mnjnbd dlsuds, nftgiubg oiltrnot`f`ty jny ad

mdprdssdm `l tgd pist`sogdjò t`ssud hir jnly giurs (stulldm jyionrmùj) ns n rdsuft ih tgd

mdfdtdrìus dhhdots ih rdnot`vd ixybdl spdo`ds hirjdm upil rdpdrhusìl ih noutdfy `sogdjò

jyionrmùj.

]g`s rdvdrsàfd stnbd oilt`luds hir 1; ti ?; j`lutds ih titnf `sogdj`n, adyilm wgòg t`jd mnjnbdm

jyioytds pribrdss`vdfy m`d.

]GD H@Q_] 1= GITQ_5 Dfdotril jòrisoipy `s rdqu`rdm ti m`sodrl tgd dnrf`dst jirpgifibò hdnturds

ih `sogdjò `leury.

Qdvdrsàfy `leurdm jyioytds sgiw suatfd ognlbds ih snroipfnsjò dmdjn, j`fm j`tiogilmr`nf

swdff`lb nlm fiss ih bfyoibdl (tgd uftrnstruoturnf oirrdfntds ih stulldm jyionrmùj).

Nhtdr ?; ti 8; j`lutds ih `sogdj`n, wgdl jyioytd `leury gns adoijd `rrdvdrsàfd, j`tiogilmr`n nrd

brdntfy swiffdl w`tg m`sirbnl`zdm or`stnd nlm njirpgius jntr`x mdls`t`ds

]gd luofdus sgiws ofujp`lb nlm jnrb`lntìl ih ogrijnt`l nlm tgd snroifdjjn `s hionffy m`sruptdm.


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?;

@@. Rr`td litds il

>. Ordsodltò Bfijdrufildpgr`t`s

Ordsodltò ir Qnp`mfy pribrdss`vd bfijdrufildpgr`t`s (Q[BL) `s ognrnotdr`zdm of`lònffy ay n rnp`m,

pribrdss`vd rdlnf mdof`ld. Q[BL `s m`v`mdm `lti tgrdd arinm briups ansdm il `jjulifibò h`lm`lbs3

`l dnog briup, m`sdnsds onl ad nssio`ntdm w`tg cliwl m`sirmdrs,

nftgiubg riubgfy 4;% nrd `mìpntgò.

[ntgibdlds`s

• ]ypd @ Q[BL (1;% ih Q[BL) `s nl nlt`-BAJ m`sdnsd ognrnotdr`zdm ay f`ldnr @bB (nlm O?) BAJmdpis`ts. @l sijd onsds, tgd nlt`-BAJ nltàim`ds oriss-rdnot w`tg pufjilnry nfvdifnr ansdjdlt


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?>

jdjarnlds ti primuod pufjilnry gdjirrgnbds (Biimpnsturd sylmrijd). ]gd rdnsil hir

nutinltàimy hirjntìl `s ulcliwl, nftgiubg n g`bg prdvnfdlod ih odrtn`l GFN gnpfitypds subbdsts

n bdldtò prdm`fdotìl3 sifvdlt dxpisurds ir v`rus `lhdotìls gnvd addl `jpfòntdm ns tgd `lo`t`lb

tr`bbdr `l susodptàfd gists.

• ]ypd @@ Q[BL (14% ih Q[BL) `s nl `jjuld oijpfdx ‟jdm`ntdm m`sdnsd. @t onl ad n oijpfòntìl ih

nly ih tgd `jjuld oijpfdx ldpgr`t`mds, `lofum`lb pist`lhdotìus BL.@jjulihfuirdsodlod sgiws ognrnotdr`stò brnlufnr stn`l`lb3 ads`mds ordsodlt hirjntìl, tgdrd `s

ihtdl bfijdrufnr odffufnr prif`hdrntìl.

• ]ypd @@@ Q[BL (pnuo`-`jjuld typd) (jird tgnl 4;% ih Q[BL) `s ognrnotdr`zdm ay tgd nasdlod ih

nlt`-BAJ nltàim`ds ir `jjuld oijpfdxds.

@lstdnm, pnt`dlts typònffy gnvd o`roufnt`lb nlt`ldutripg`f oytipfnsjò nltàimy (NLON), nssio`ntdm

w`tg n systdjò vnsouf`t`s.

@l `mìpntgò onsds, jird tgnl 0;% ih pnt`dlts gnvd dfdvntdm NLON t`tdrs. @t `s lit ydt ofdnr tgnt

tgd NLONs nrd onusnf `l nly ih tgd typd @@@ Q[BL.

N, Hionf nlm sdbjdltnf ldorit`z`lb bfijdrufildpgr`t s̀. Q[BL typ̀ onffy adb l̀s ay onus`lb hionf nlm sdbjdltnf ldoris`s

(Ldo) ih bfijdrufnr onp`ffnry fiips, nssio`ntdm w`tg n fionf`zdm `lhfnjjntiry dxumntd. ]gd `lhfnjjntiry odffs nlm hàr`l

oriss tgriubg tgd mdhdot ih tgd ansdjdlt jdjarnld `lti tgd ur`lnry spnod (T_). A, Ordsodltò bfijdrufildpgr`t`s.

Dxumntd `l tgd ur`lnry spnod dvifvds `lti n ordsodlt (Or), wgòg oijprdssds tgd oiffnpsdm bfijdrufnr onp`ffnr`ds (onp).

Jirpgifiby

• Q[BL g`stifiby `s ognrnotdr`zdm ay hionf bfijdrufnr onp`ffnry ldoris`s nlm m`st`lot`vd ordsodlts hirjdm ay pnr`dtnf odff prif`hdrntìl nlm `lhfnjjntiry odff j`brntìl `lti Aiwjnl spnod. R`tg t`jd,

ordsodlts onl ulmdrbi sofdris`s.

• @jjulihfuirdsodlod rdvdnfs f`ldnr stn`l`lb `l nlt`-BAJ m`sdnsd, brnlufnr mdpis`ts `l `jjuld

oijpfdx m`sdnsd, nlm f`ttfd ti li stn`l`lb hir pnuo`-`jjuld m`sdnsd.

• DJ `l Q[BL ofnssònffy dxgà`ts m`st`lot rupturds `l tgd BAJ3 suadp`tgdf`nf dfdotril-mdlsd mdpis`ts

onl nfsi ioour `l typd @@ m`sdnsd.

Of`lònf Oiursd

Nff hirjs ih Q[BL typònffy prdsdlt w`tg gdjntur`n, rdm odff onsts, jimdrntd pritd`lur`n, nlm

vnr`nafd gypdrtdlsìl nlm dmdjn.

@l Biimpnsturd sylmrijd, tgd oiursd jny ad mij`lntdm ay rdourrdlt gdjiptys`s.

_druj nlnfysds hir nlt`-BAJ, nlt`luofdnr nltàim`ds, nlm NLON nrd m`nblistònffy gdfphuf.

Qdlnf `lvifvdjdlt `s usunffy pribrdss`vd ivdr tgd oiursd ih n hdw wddcs, oufj`lnt`lb `l sdvdrd

if`bur`n.

1. G. [yfir` bnstr`t`s.

Bnstr`t`s `s nl `lhfnjjntìl ih tgd juoisn ih tgd stijnog. @t `s n oijjil m`sdnsd tgnt jny ioour `l

nl noutd ir n ogrilò hirj.

Jirpgifibònffy, noutd bnstr`t`s typònffy prdsdlts w`tg sgnffiw drisìls ih tgd juoisn (dris`vd

bnstr`t`s).

Ogrilò bnstr`t`s jny ad dris`vd ir lildris`vd.

Ogrilò lildris`vd bnstr`t`s `s `lhfnjjntìl ih tgd juoisn ih tgd stijnog tgnt jny ad onusdm ay

`jjulifibò jdognl`sjs, `lhdotìl, nlm prifilbdm `lbdstìl ih mrubs ir nfoigif ir o`bnrdttd

sjic`lb.

_dvdrnf of`lòipntgifibò hirjs ih ogrilò bnstr`t`s nrd rdoibl`zdm5

Ogrilò typd N bnstr`t`s (nuti`jjuld bnstr`t`s)


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Ogrilò typd A bnstr`t`s (Gdfòianotdr pyfir` bnstr`t`s).

G. pyfir` `lhdotìl `s n r`sc hnotir hir pdptò ufodr m`sdnsd, bnstrò nmdlionro`lijn, nlm bnstrò

fyjpgijn.

Gypdrtripgò bnstr`t`s (Jdldtr`dr m`sdnsd3 `l tg`s rnrd hirj ih bnstr`t`s, tgd bnstrò juoisn gns b`nlt

hifms.)

Jirpgifiby

@l dnrfy stnbds ih tgd m`sdnsd, `t `s pissàfd ti m`st`lbu`sg typd N hrij typd A bnstr`t`s g`stifibònffy,

aut `l nmvnlodm stnbds, suog n m`st`lotìl `s lit nfwnys pissàfd.

(`) @l tgd dnrfy stnbds ih nuti`jjuld bnstr`t`s, tgd juoisn ih tgd hulmus nlm aimy `s `lh`ftrntdm w`tg

fyjpgioytds nlm pfnsjn odffs.

(``) Noutd stnbds ih G. pyfir` `lhdotìl nrd nssio`ntdm w`tg `lh`ftrntds ih ldutripg`fs `l tgd bfnlms nlm

tgd fnj`ln pripr`n.

(```) G. pyfir` onl ad sddl `l tgd bnstrò bfnlms, jistfy `l tgd pyfirò nltruj.

(`v) Ns tgd m`sdnsds pribrdss, aitg hirjs ih ogrilò bnstr`t`s nrd nooijpnl`dm ay5

• Ntripgy ih bnstrò bfnlms

• @ltdst`lnf jdtnpfns`n

• Fyjpgioytò hiffòfds `l tgd ntripgò juoisn

@l tg`s nmvnlodm stnbd ih tgd m`sdnsd, `t `s m`hhòuft ti h`lm G. pyfir` , wgòg mids lit surv`vd `l tgd

jdtnpfnstò `ltdst`lnf bfnlms.

Qdf`nafd g`stipntgifibò m`st`lotìl ih typd N hrij typd A ogrilò bnstr`t`s adoijds `jpissàfd `l tgd

m`sdnsd‐s fntdr stnbds.

Of`lònf Hdnturds

G. pyfir` onl ad m`nblisdm ay nltàimy sdrifibò tdst, urdn ardntg tdst, anotdr`nf oufturd, m`rdot

anotdr`nf v`sunf`zntìl `l bnstrò aìpsy, ir MLN-ansdm tdsts.

?. _dx oirm strijnf tujirs ih ivnry.

• ]gdsd tujirs nooiult hir >;% ih nff ivnr`nl tujirs.

• ]gdy ioour nt nly nbd nlm oijjilfy sdordtd stdri`m girjilds.

• ]gdsd ivnr`nl ldipfnsjs nrd mdr`vdm hrij tgd ivnr`nl strijn, wgòg `l turl `s mdr`vdm hrij tgd

sdx oirms ih tgd djaryilò bilnm.

• Adonusd tgd ulm`hhdrdlt`ntdm bilnmnf jdsdlogyjd dvdltunffy primuods struoturds ih spdo`hò odff

typd `l aitg jnfd (_drtif` nlm Fdym`b) nlm hdjnfd (brnlufisn nlm tgdon) bilnms, tujirs rdsdjaf`lb

nff ih tgdsd odff typds onl ad `mdlt`h`dm `l tgd ivnry‐

• Jirdivdr, adonusd sijd ih tgdsd odffs lirjnffy sdordtd dstribdls (brnlufisn nlm tgdon odffs) ir

nlmribdls (Fdym`b odffs), tgd`r oirrdspilm`lb tujirs jny ad d`tgdr hdj`l`z̀ lb (brnlufisn‟ tgdon odff

tujirs) ir jnsouf`l`z`lb (Fdym`b odff tujirs).

• ]gd jist `jpirtnlt sdx oirm strijnf tujirs nrd ns hiffiws


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[riblis`s ih sdx oirm tujirs

Jist sdx oirm tujirs nrd adl`bl. Npprix`jntdfy 14% ih nff brnlufisn odff tujirs nrd prild

ti rdour ir jdtnstns`zd mur`lb tgd >;-ydnr pdrìm nhtdr m`nblis`s nlm nrd oils`mdrdm fiw-brnmd

jnf`blnlt. G`bgfy jnf`blnlt tujirs ih tg`s typd nrd dxtrdjdfy rnrd. _drtif ̀‟Fdym`b odff tujirs nfsi

jny ad ioonsìlnffy jnf`blnlt.

=. M`nadtò Jòrinlbìpntgy.

]gd `jpirtnlt jirpgifibò ognlbds `l M`nadtds jdff`tus nrd rdfntdm ti tgd jnly fntd systdjò

oijpfòntìls ih m`nadtds. @l `lm`v`munfs w`tg t`bgt oiltrif ih m`nadtds, tgd ilsdt j`bgt ad mdfnydm.

@l jist pnt`dlts, giwdvdr, jirpgifibò ognlbds nrd f`cdfy ti ad hiulm `l nrtdr`ds (jnorivnsoufnr

m`sdnsd), ansdjdlt jdjarnlds ih sjnff vdssdfs (jòrinlbìpntgy), c`mldys (m`nadtò ldpgripntgy),

rdt`ln (rdt`lipntgy), ldrvds (lduripntgy), nlm itgdr t`ssuds. ]gdsd ognlbds nrd sddl `l aitg typd >

nlm typd 1 m`nadtds.

@@@. _girt nlswdrs il

>. ]ncnynsu nrtdr`t`s.

(`) Nfsi cliwl ns b`nlt odff nirt`t`s ir ‗‗pufsdfdss m`sdnsd‐‐

(``) Jist ihtdl nhhdots yiulb nmuft wijdl (6=; ydnrs) ih Dnst Ns`nl mdsodlt

(```) Nhhdots nirtò nrog (?;%) nlm `ts arnlogds aut nfsi itgdr pnrts ih tgd nirtn nlm dvdl tgd

pufjilnry nrtdry3 nhhdotdm vdssdfs gnvd n tgòcdldm wnff nlm lnrriwdm fujdl.

(`v) G`stifibònffy prdsdlts ns brnlufijntius b`nlt odff nrtdr`t`s, s`j`fnr ti tdjpirnf nrtdr`t`s

(v) _yjptijs ih `sogdj`n”v`sunf nlm ldurifibò syjptijs nlm tgd nasdlod ih pufsd.

(v`) [ufjilnry gypdrtdlsìl jny ad prdsdlt adonusd ih tgd `lvifvdjdlt ih pufjilnry nrtdry(v``) Of`lònffy tgd oiursd jny ad vnr`nafd”rnp`m miwlg`ff oiursd, > ir 1 ydnrs, ir sfiwfy pribrdss`vd


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oiursd

1. Uiff`lbdr Dff`sil sylmrijd

(`) Bnstr`l-sdordt`lb tujir (7;% `l tgd pnlordns, >4% `l tgd muimdluj, nlm 4% `l itgdr s`tds)

(``) [rdsdlod ih Gypdrbnstr`ldj`n (mdjilstrnafd `l afiim)

(```) [dptò ufodrs, sif`tnry ir juft`pfd. M`nblis`s ih Uiff`lbdr ‟Dff`sil sylmrijd `s suspdotdm `h ufodrs

nrd5• juft`pfd

• Tlusunf s`td (d.b., edeuluj nlm Jdocdf m`vdrtòufuj)

• Qds`stnlt ti stnlmnrm ufodr tgdrnpy

• Ioour `l tgd sdtt`lb ih juft`pfd dlmior`ld ldipfns`n

?. Hnj`f`nf Nmdlijntius [ifypis`s sylmrijd.

(`) @t `s nl nutisijnf mij`lnlt gdrdm`tnry tujir sylmrijd.

(``) @t `s f`lcdm ti mdfdtìl ih tgd tujir supprdssir bdld onffdm nmdlijntius pifypis`s oif` (N[O) il

ogrijisijd rdbìl 4q1>.

(```) ]gd oifil oiltn`ls lujdrius (;;) tuaufnr nmdlijns.

(`v) ]ujirs nrd lit prdsdlt nt a`rtg aut nppdnr `l og`fmgiim nlm adoijd of`lònffy dv`mdlt `l tgd

sdoilm mdonmd ih f`hd(v) Nmdlionro`lijn mdvdfips `l nff pnt`dlts. Ay nbd =; ydnrs, onlodr `s hiulm `l >;;% ih pnt`dlts.

(v`) [ripgyfnotò oifdotijy just ad pdrhirjdm `l j`mf`hd.

=. [nbdt‐s m`sdnsd ih ardnst.

(`) [nbdt m`sdnsd ih tgd ardnst `s n tdrj usdm hir `lh`ftrnt`lb muotnf onro`lijns `lvifv`lb tgd

dp`mdrj`s ih tgd l`ppfd nlm tgd nrdifn.

(``) @t onl ad rdoibl`zdm of`lònffy ns n rdmmdldm, ji`st, ir sonfy sc`l fdsìl rdsdjaf`lb dozdjn.

(```) G`stifibònffy, tgd dp`mdrj`s nppdnrs `lh`ftrntdm w`tg fnrbd juoipifysnoognr`md-h`ffdm tujir

odffs, wgòg nrd jist prij`ldlt `l tgd ansnf pirtìl ih tgd dp`mdrj`s. ]ujir odffs jny hirj sjnff

briups nlm dxtdlm ti tgd surhnod, onus`lb ufodrntìl, ihtdl w`tg supdr`jpisdm `lhdotìl.

(`v) ]gd priblis`s ih [nbdt m`sdnsd ih tgd ardnst mdpdlms il tgd dxtdlt ih tgd ulmdrfy`lb `lh`ftrnt`lb

muotnf onro`lijn.4. Bfìafnstijn Juft`hirjd.

(`) @t `s tgd jist oijjil bfìjn (8;% ih nff bfìjns), nooiult`lb hir >4% ih nff `ltrnornl`nf tujirs

(`lofum`lb jdtnstnsds). @t `s n Brnmd @X nstrioytijn.

(``) ]gd pdnc `lo`mdlod `l tgd =4- ti 8;-ydnr-ifm nbd briup, aut `t jny ioour `l og`fmrdl, tddlnbdrs,

nlm vdry ifm pdipfd ns wdff.

(```) @t jny adb`l ns n g`bgfy jnf`blnlt bfìafnstijn juft`hirjd ( pr`jnry bfìafnstijn juft`hirjd),

ir `t jny mdvdfip hrij tgd pribrdssìl ih m`hhusd nstrioytijn w`tg dnrfy nlm hrdqudlt p4?

jutntìls (sdoilmnry bfìafnstijn juft`hirjd).

(`v) ]gdrd `s `lvns`vd briwtg3 `t jny dxtdlm ti tgd itgdr s`md ih tgd arn`l (a`fntdrnf ‗‗auttdrhfy‐‐

fdsìls sddl ay O] sonl ir nt nutipsy). @t jny ad juft`hionf.

(v) Jnrcdm jnorisoipò nlm jòrisoipò pfdijirpg`sj (litd tgnt `t `s onffdm juft`hirjd). Briss dxnj`lntìl sgiws nrdns ih ldoris`s, gdjirrgnbd, oystò ognlbd dto.

(v`) Jòrisoipònffy, tgd m`nblis`s `s jnmd ay rdoibl`z`lb tgd vnr`dbntdm pnttdrl rntgdr tgnl n

spdo`hò nlnpfnstò odff. ]ypònffy tujirs sgiw nlnpfns`n, pfdijirpg`sj, ldoris`s, lujdrius

j`tis`s, nlm vnsoufnr-dlmitgdf`nf (‗‗bfijdrufi`m‐‐) prif`hdrntìl.

(v``) @t gns nl dxtrdjdfy anm priblis`s. Jdnl surv`vnf `s > ydnr, nlm ilfy >% ih nff pnt`dlts surv`vd ?

ydnrs.


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A@AF@IBQN[GP

>. Qiaa`ls nlm Oitrnl [ntgifibò Ans`s ih M`sdnsd, D`bgtg dm`tìl

1. [iocdt Oijpnlìl ti Qiaa`ls nlm Oitrnl [ntgifibò Ans`s ih M`sdnsd

D`bgtg dm`tìl?. Tlmdrwiim‐s [ntgifiby, N Of`lònf npprinog, _`xtg Dm`tìl

=. Qiaa`ls Ansò [ntgifiby, L`ltg Dm`tìl

4. Qua`l‐s [ntgifiby, _`xtg dm`tìl

8. Mno`d nlm Fdw`s, [rnotònf Gdjntifiby, Dfdvdltg dm`tìl

2. Oilo`sd Bu`md ti Gdjntifiby, _ogjn`dr nlm Fnznrus

7. Gdjntifiby Fdoturd Litds, D[G]@

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Pathology Solved Papers 2015