Patrick Geddes

Civics

Vivendo Discimus - By Living We Learn: A University Hall motto by Patrick Geddes inscibed in the archway to Riddle's Court

Patrick Geddes

Born 2 October 1854 Ballater, Aberdeenshire, Scotland

Died 17 April 1932 Scots College, Montpellier, France

Nationality Scottish

Institutions

Lecturer in Zoology, Edinburgh University (1880–1888) Professor of Botany, University College, Dundee (1889–1914) Professor of Civics & Sociology, Bombay University, India (1920–1923)

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Sir Patrick Geddes

• Career – Scottish biologist, sociologist, geographer,

philanthropist and pioneering town planner

• innovative thinking in the fields of urban planning and sociology

• the concept of "region" to architecture and planning

• the term "conurbation"

• An energetic Francophile, Geddes – the founder of the Collège des Écossais (Scots College)

an international teaching establishment in Montpellier, France

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Biography

• studied at the Royal College of Mines in London under T. H. Huxley (1874-1878)

• lectured in Zoology at Edinburgh University from 1880 to 1888.

• wrote an early book on The Evolution of Sex (1889)

• held the Chair of Botany at University College Dundee from (1888-1919) the Chair of Sociology at the University of Bombay (1919-1924)

• close social observation

– to turn social observation into practical solutions

– for city design and improvement

– a fathers of the British town planning movement“

– a major influence on the American urban theorist Lewis Mumford.

• knighted in 1932, shortly before his death in Montpellier, France

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Early Influences (1/3)

• influenced by social theorists such as Herbert Spencer and Frederic Le Play

• lead to the concept of regional planning. • Adoption of Spencer's theory

– the concept of biological evolution the evolution of society – Le Play's analysis of the key units of society

"Place, Work, Family“ lore : 전통 lear : 지식

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Early Influences (2/3)

• central argument – physical geography – market economics – anthropology were related yielding a “single chord of social life”

– sociology was developed

into the science of “man’s interaction with a natural environment

the basic technique was the regional survey, and the improvement of town planning the chief practical application of sociology".

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Early Influences (3/3)

• these ideas on his theories of the city – regarded the city as a series of common

interlocking patterns, "an inseparably interwoven structure",

– criticised the tendency of modern scientific thinking to specialization (small scale)

– In his "Report to the H.H. the Maharaja of Kapurthala" in 1917 he wrote: "Each of the various specialists remains too closely concentrated upon his single specialism, too little awake to those of the others.

Large Scale Consideration

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Conservative Surgery vs. Gridiron Plan

• a mode of planning – "primary human needs“ – "constructive and conservative surgery" rather than the

"heroic, all of a piece schemes" popular in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

9 Tel-Aviv 1925 Radiant City, 1925

Civic Survey

• close observation as the way to find the relationships among place, work and folk.

• In 1892, to allow the general public an opportunity to observe these relationships, Geddes opened a “sociological laboratory” called the Outlook Tower that documented and visualized the regional landscape.

• The Outlook Tower was built in Edinburgh's Old Town and continues to be used as a museum.

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Civic survey

• indispensable to urban planning – Motto - "diagnosis before treatment“ – the geology, the geography, the climate, the economic life, and the social

institutions of the city and region. – His early work surveying the city of Edinburgh became a model for later surveys.

• Focus on – "the surrounding quarter” – reference to local needs or potentialities“ – exploration and consideration of the "whole set of existing conditions“ – studying the "place as it stands, seeking out how it has grown to be what it is, and

recognising alike its advantages, its difficulties and its defects":

• influence on – Jane Jacobs – region-specific planning movements such as New Urbanism – the planner to consider the situation, inherent virtue and potential in a given site,

rather than "an abstract ideal that could be imposed by authority or force from the outside".

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Three plans for a portion of Tanjore Fort (1915) from 'Patrick Geddes in India' b : A 'diagnostic survey'

Regional Plan

• In 1909, assisted in Zoological Gardens in Edinburgh. – formative in his development of a regional planning model called

the "Valley Section".

• the complex interactions – among biogeography, geomorphology and human systems – attempted to demonstrate how "natural occupations" such as

hunting, mining, or fishing are supported by physical geographies that in turn determine patterns of human settlement.

– to make clear the complex and interrelated relationships between humans and their environment

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Work in India

• principles for town planning in Bombay – the relationship between social processes and spatial form, – the intimate and causal connections between the social development of

the individual and the cultural and physical environment. "What town planning means under the Bombay Town Planning Act of 1915"

• Principles – Preservation of human life and energy, rather than superficial

beautification. – Conformity to an orderly development plan carried out in stages. – Purchasing land suitable for building. – Promoting trade and commerce. – Preserving historic buildings and buildings of religious significance. – Developing a city worthy of civic pride, not an imitation of European cities. – Promoting the happiness, health and comfort of all residents, rather than

focusing on roads and parks available only to the rich. – Control over future growth with adequate provision for future

requirements.

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Influences

• Geddes' ideas had worldwide circulation – his most famous admirer was the American urban theorist

Lewis Mumford who claimed that "Geddes was a global thinker in practice, a whole generation or more before the Western democracies fought a global war".[26]

• Geddes also influenced several British urban planners (notably Raymond Unwin), the Indian social scientist Radhakamal Mukerjee and the Catalan architect Cebrià de Montoliu (1873–1923) as well as many other 20th century thinkers.

• Geddes was keenly interested in the science of ecology, an advocate of nature conservation and strongly opposed to environmental pollution. Because of this, some historians have claimed he was a forerunner of modern Green politics.

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근대 도시계획사 개관 • 1세대 : 환경과 도시

• 2세대 : 도시와 지역

• 3세대 : 도시학으로서의 도시계획 P. Geddes 20

Environmentalism

Culturalism

Neo-Classicism

R. Owen, E. Chadwick

C. Sitte, Pugin

B, Haussmann

T. Garnier

S.y Mata

E. Howard

Citè Industrialiè

Linear City

Garden City

제1세대 근대도시계획사

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환경 도시

Public Intervention

근대 도시계획의 발아 – 환경에 의한 조건, 영향 public intervention

도시환경

Physical 측면 – Edwin Chadwick

정신적 조건 – Robert Owen

제1세대 근대 도시계획사

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정부의 의무 Sanitary Reformation

Community

Public work

Environmentalism

Culturalism

Neo-Classicism

R. Owen, E. Chadwick

C. Sitte, Pugin

B, Haussmann

제2세대 도시계획사 개관

• 지역의 개념 • 기술의 진보 (technology) : 실질적 태도의 결정 • 학문의 발생 • 도시계획의 기초 • 사례

• .

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city

country

T. Garnier

S.y Mata

E. Howard

Citè Industrialiè

Linear City

Garden City

제3세대 도시계획사 개관

• 도시를 보는 관점 – 도시현상을 이해하는 대상(학문)으로 파악

종합적 분석 • 도시의 역사성

– 변화에 관심 – 내용: 정신성 (도시의 정신이 도욱 고양되는 방향) – 형태: 건물, 도로

• 도시의 역할 의미 강조 • Patrick Geddes (1854-1932)

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