Patterns in Physical Geography - Portage & · PDF filePatterns in Physical Geography ... The higher above sea level, the colder the ... • Nearness to large bodies of water:

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Patterns in Physical Geography Unit 2

Jennette MacKenzie and Susan Green

Student Name:

Reading Geography Series

7

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Portage & Main Press

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Anticipation Guide ....................................................................................... 3

Patterns: Landforms and River SystemsWhere Landforms Come From .................................................................... 4

Strategies for Learning: Find the Main Idea

World Landform Patterns ............................................................................ 8

Strategies for Learning: Visualize

A Real World View: Niagara Escarpment ..................................................... 13

River Systems .......................................................................................... 14

Strategies for Learning: Monitor and Check

A Real World View: Diverting Water Flow ..................................................... 17

Check Your Understanding ......................................................................... 18

Study Notes ............................................................................................. 19

Patterns: Climate and VegetationClimate Patterns ....................................................................................... 20

Strategies for Learning: Use Text Features

A Real World View: Global Warming and the North ...................................... 25

Natural Phenomena ................................................................................. 26

Strategies for Learning: Ask Questions

A Real World View: Early-Warning Systems.................................................. 29

Natural Vegetation Patterns ...................................................................... 30

Strategies for Learning: Make Connections

A Real World View: Unwelcome Invaders .................................................... 33

Check Your Understanding ........................................................................ 34

Study Notes ............................................................................................. 35

Patterns: AgricultureTypes of Agriculture ................................................................................... 36

Strategies for Learning: Compare and Contrast

A Real World View: Fair Trade ..................................................................... 39

Commercial Agriculture ............................................................................. 40

Strategies for Learning: Make Connections

A Real World View: Where Are The Bees? ................................................... 43

Check Your Understanding ........................................................................ 44

Study Notes ............................................................................................ 45

Unit Summary .......................................................................................... 46

Reflect on My Learning .............................................................................. 47

Table of Contents

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Reading Geography �SAMPLE

Statement

AgreeorReasons

After Disagree Reading

Anticipation Guide

In this unit, you will learn about patterns and interactions in geography. You will learn about landform patterns, river patterns, climate and vegetation patterns, and agricultural patterns.

Read each statement below and decide whether you agree or disagree with it. Jot down your reasons for your decision. Do not fill in the last column until after you have learned more information.

Landform Patterns At one time, all of the continents were joined together as one large landmass.

Landform Patterns The Canadian Shield covers more than half of Canada.

River Patterns Rivers are the most important of all natural landforms.

Climate Patterns Places located near large bodies of water have a milder climate than places not near water.

Vegetation Patterns Plants put oxygen in the air for living things to breathe.

Agriculture Patterns Ontario should not allow its farmland to be developed for housing and business.

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�0 Patterns in Physical GeographySAMPLE

Natural vegetation is the plant life that is native to a region – plant life that grows there naturally. The type of vegetation that grows in a region depends on the climate (moisture, heat, and sunlight) and soil. Natural vegetation includes forests, grass, and wildflowers.

Natural vegetation has many purposes. Most important, it puts oxygen into the air for living things to breathe. It also provides habitat and food for animal life. People depend on natural vegetation for food, shelter, medicine, and other products.

Natural vegetation patterns are caused by the interaction of two factors in the environment.

Natural Vegetation Patterns

As you read, make connections. Think about what you already know from personal experiences, from information you have read or viewed, and from what is happening in the world. Jot your connections in the margin.

Strategies for LearningStrategies for LearningStrategies for Learning

Temperate forests

Temperate grasslands

Mediterranean

Tropical rain forests

Taiga

Tundra

Polar

Desert

Savannahs

Monsoon

AtlanticOcean

AtlanticOcean

IndianOcean

PacificOcean

PacificOcean

PacificOcean

Arctic Ocean

0 5000 km

scale at the equator

Remember…Natural vegetation patterns are caused by the interaction of climate and soil types.

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World Vegetation Regions

Temperate forests

Temperate grasslands

Mediterranean

Tropical rain forests

Taiga

Tundra

Polar

Desert

Savannahs

Monsoon

AtlanticOcean

AtlanticOcean

IndianOcean

PacificOcean

PacificOcean

PacificOcean

Arctic Ocean

0 5000 km

scale at the equator

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Reading Geography �1SAMPLE

1. Climate

Plants depend on the sun, temperature, and the amount of rainfall to grow and survive. In the Amazon rain forest, which is located near the equator, the plant life is lush because of the warm temperatures and the large amount of rainfall. In the Arctic, the plant life is sparse. The climate is cold there for most of the year and there is not much rain.

2. Soil

Different types of natural vegetation need different types of soil. More vegetation and types of vegetation grow when the soil contains minerals and nutrients. Vegetation also affects the quality of the soil.

Soil forms in layers. The best soil is found in the top layer, where vegetation has decayed to become organic material. This material makes the soil richer, acting like a fertilizer.

Decaying Vegetation and Humus

Topsoil

Clay and Small Rocks

Rock

Soil forms in layers

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�2 Patterns in Physical GeographySAMPLE

ThinkAboutYourReading

1. What is natural vegetation?

2. What factors affect the growth of vegetation?

3. Why is it important to protect the soil and the natural vegetation?

4. What kind of vegetation grows in the area where you live?

5. Describe one connection you made when you read this text.

I read about how we depend on plants for many things. I made connections to what is happening in my community and in the world. There is a food shortage in some countries, and in some parts of Ontario we are building on our farmlands. I used my connections and the information from the text to form an opinion. I don’t think we should cover up soil that is good for growing food with roads and buildings.

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Reading Geography ��SAMPLE

A Re

al World View

The government has laws to control the types of plants that come into the country from other places. This may seem like a silly rule. They are just plants, after all. So why is the government so careful?

Purple loosestrife is one example of what can happen. It is a weed that grows along the roads, highways, and waterways of southern Ontario. It may have pretty purple flowers, but it has been called a “bully of the plant world.” Like most plant invaders, loosestrife is very hardy. It grows quickly and produces enormous amounts of seed each year. Once it takes over, it is hard to control or get rid of. It steals light, water, and space from other vegetation. It also takes their nutrients from the soil.

Non-native plants, such as loosestrife, have been brought into a region by accident – usually in a shipment of other goods. This plant first came to North America in the early 1800s in the ballast of a ship from Europe. Since then it has spread along waterways, highways, railways, and drainage systems.

Although it looks harmless, loosestrife can damage the ecosystem.

?Make Connections Think about how quickly a plant can overtake an area. Make a connection to what you have observed. Think about what happens when one or two dandelions grow on a lawn.

What might be some harmful effects of bringing a new plant into a region?Unwelcome Invaders

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�� Patterns in Physical GeographySAMPLE

Pause and think about what you have learned. The following activities will help you review your learning.

Check Your Vocabulary

In your own words, write a definition of the following terms:

natural phenomena (page 26)

natural disasters (page 26)

natural vegetation (page 30)

soil (page 31)

Check Your Reading Strategies

You used the strategies use text features, ask questions, and make connections to help you understand the text. Which strategy helped you the most? How did it help you?

Check Your Learning

Look back at the Anticipation Guide you completed on page 3. Reread your responses for rows four and five. Would you change any of your answers? Why?

Check Your Understanding

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Use the two columns of the graphic organizer to help you remember what you have learned. Take a blank piece of paper and cover the column labelled Details. Read each item in the column labelled Important Ideas and write down the details about each one. Remove the paper and check your answers.

Study Notes

Important Ideas Details

Climate Patterns • Pattern of weather conditions that occurs over a period of time

Factors Affecting Climate • Latitude: Closer to the equator it is warmer

• Air masses: Form over land and water. Contain cold or warm air. When cold and warm air masses meet, they cause violent weather

• Winds: Weather is moved from place to place by the wind. Winds blow in patterns north and south of the equator

• Ocean currents: Warm currents flow away from the equator along continental coastlines creating mild climates. Cold currents flow back toward the equator from polar oceans causing colder climates

• Altitude: The higher above sea level, the colder the climate. The side of the mountain the sun shines on is warmer than the back side

• Nearness to large bodies of water: Land near bodies of water is cooler in summer and warmer in winter and has more precipitation

Natural Phenomena • Natural disasters are events not caused by people, such as earthquakes and volcanic eruptions

• People face many hardships after a natural disaster – no homes, no clean water, no food, diseases

• Can destroy the environment, including crops and animal homes

Vegetation Patterns • Plants that grow naturally in a region – have not been brought from other parts of the world

Factors Affecting Vegetation • Climate affects vegetation, including the amount of sunlight, heat, and rainfall

• Soil affects vegetation. Topsoil rich in nutrients is best

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�� Patterns in Physical GeographySAMPLE

Unit

Sum

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Think about what you have learned about patterns in physical geography in this unit. Reflect on your learning by responding to each of the following questions.

Reflect on My Learning

1. What four things did you learn in this unit that squared with your thinking? These are things you read about that you agree with or you already knew about.

2. What are the three most important new ideas you learned in this unit?

3. What is one thing that is still going around in your mind – something that you are not sure about or that you still have a question about?

1 2

43

1

32

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© 2008 Jennette MacKenzie and Susan Green

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means – graphic, electronic, or mechanical – without the prior written permission of the publisher.

Illustrations by Jess Dixon unless otherwise indicated.

Printed and bound in Canada by Friesens.

Titles in the Reading Geography series

Unit 1: The Five Themes of GeographyISBN: 978-1-55379-186-7

Unit 2: Patterns in Physical GeographyISBN: 978-1-55379-187-4

Unit �: Natural ResourcesISBN: 978-1-55379-188-1

Teacher’s GuideISBN: 978-1-55379-193-5

Reading Geography SetISBN: 978-1-55379-185-0

100-318 McDermot AvenueWinnipeg, Manitoba, Canada R3A 0A2

Email: [email protected] Free: 1-800-667-9673Fax: 1-866-734-8477

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Patterns in Physical Geography - Portage & · PDF filePatterns in Physical Geography ... The higher above sea level, the colder the ... • Nearness to large bodies of water: