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Japanese Society for the Science of Design
NII-Electronic Library Service
Japanese Sooiety for the Soienoe of Design
研究論文 論 文 ORIGINAL ARTICLESReceived May 6,1998; Accepted January 6,1999 161.1572.01 728. (−22)
Patterns of Interior Spatial Articulations and Transformations− 1・t・・i・・ Spati・I C 。 mp 。・iti・ ・ 。f V ・・na ・ul ・・ Dw ・Ili・gs Caused by Hi・t・ ・i・ai Ch ・・g・ i・ th・ PhilipPines
伝統的住居 の内部空間パ ター ン の変容過程一
フ ィ リ ピ ン に お ける伝 統 的住居 の 空 間構 成 の 歴史 的変 容過 程 に 関 す る研 究
● Flores Thelma Lazo
Grαdu αte School of Chibα
σ珈 θ厂s酸y
フ ロー
レ ス テ ル マ ラ ソ
千葉大学大学院
● Key words :
● Miyazaki Kiyoshi
Chiba Universitpa
宮崎 清
千葉大学
Interior Space, Vernacular Dwelling, PhilipPines
Summary
丁he task of this paper is to present a spatiaIdesign analysis of existing vernacular dwellirlgs inIfugao highland and 冂oilo Iowland of the Philip−pines, and pinpoint the attributes of the designcontihuity or transjtion to specific modifierswithin the historical periods. Data was takenfrom a combined design survey and literaturereview . Reviewed in the study were elements ofhouse encloSures , spatial compositions , spatiaIfunctiQns and spatial Iinkages, Significant findings include;(t)the classificationof prevalent and non −prevalent patterns of enclo −sures ,(2)the common pattern of linear interiorcompositions found at both sites,(3>the identifica−tion of similarities and significant differences inspatial functions, 〔4> patterns of spatial Iinkagesillustrate the relation to type of family, economiccapacity , public utilities , etc .(5)the transforma −tion quality of dwellings in the highland andlowland could be categorized into four modes ofdesign known as ; (a>typologic ,(b)pragmatic,(o>analogic and 〔d>canonic .
要 旨
文化的な価値と 規範を共 有す る コ ミ ュ ニ テ ィ に お ける伝 統 的
住居の 特質 に は,当該の 地 域 に お け る人 び との い わ ば生 活言 語
が 反映 して い る 。 本研 究は,この よ うな視 点 に 立 ち,フ ィ リ ピ
ン の 伝統 的住居の 内部空間構成が 地域 の 歴史 と対応 して どの よ
う に変化 して きた かを,現 地調 査に基 づ きなが ら考察 した もの
で あ る。調査 地域 は,山岳部 の イ フ ガ オ,平 坦部の イ ロ イ ロ で
ある。こ の 異 な る二 つ の 地 域 を 対象 に,住 居 の 構 え と囲い ,空
間 の 配 置,空 間 の機 能,空間に お け る 動線な ど に蒲 目 して ,観
察 。解析 ・考察 を行 な っ た 。
その 結果,次 の 5点が 明 らか に な っ た。 (1)住居 の 構え と囲 い
に は,山岳部 型 と平 坦部型 がみ られ る 。 居住空間の配置で は,山岳部,平 坦部 ともに リニ ヤー型が 多 い 。 〔3}空 間の 機能 と 使 い
方 の 点 で は,山岳部 と平 坦 部 と に は 固有 の 特質 が あ る。 C4)家族
構成 社会 的地域 な ど に 対応 し.居住空 間に おける動線が異な っ
て い る。 また,山岳 部と平坦 部に お け る 伝 統 的住居 の 内部 空
間構成 の 変遷 モードと して は,典型 的,実用 的,類 似的,正 規
的の 四つ の規 範が抽 出 され る。
LO 1NTRODUCTION
One of the biggest fallacies in contemporary discourseevolves on design being a luxu1y ofmodem li魚 Humanity has
mislied the point that design exists in our everyday lives, even
ong mral societies in various dimensions ofsignificance ,1重ke
in vernacular dwellings f()r instance. In Japan, architectural anddesign researches are distinctively impressive on studies
focused either on traditional or post−rnodern topics, on
integrated urbanization and inner city or community
development. It can be rationalized then山at 21st cenmIy des量gneducation in first world countries are considered as essential
mOdels by developing counUies like the Philippines, Indonesia,
Malaysia and so fonh. Likewise, the middle of the 20th century
gave rise to a renewed interest in the study of vernacular
dweUings. It is from the effbrts of architects , historians and
anthropologists who have documented such vernacu }ar
structures located in urban and rural settings that we gainknowledge of our vanishing 廿aditional herltage, Moreover
,
such deep understanding on the evolution of dwellings has
presented lessons which include ecological features and
sustainable bui弖t environments . Further, concerned groups andinstitutions involved in man −env 孟ronmental studies are once
again looking for solutions and new ph垂losophies fromvernacular design or traditional rudiments of architectu【e.遭
This research which is elucidated through synthesis of a
combined field survey , review ofhistorical and literary data, andtechnical interpretation of vernacular dwellings attempts to
answer 血 ee quesdons n ely ;(1)In山e present architecturallandscape of IfUgao and Iloilo, what is the prevailing pattem of
vernacular dwelling and interior spatial articulations?(2)If suchapattem exists , how does 三t compare to the original archetype ?
and (3)Where do we genera賎y attdbute 廿le prevaient variance ?
1。1Sites of Study
Sites of study are primarily confined to lfugao and Iloilo
provinces(refer to Figure l). Vernacular dwellings from thesetwo provinces
, town centers anCl periphera1 communities shall
デ ザ イ ン学研究 BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol.45 No .6 199965
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Japanese Society for the Science of Design
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JapaneseSociety for the Science of Design
Ban
Hun agawe
/
'1
/
Uogtec.--tt.t-m
SagadaelefANI
'sw
gewas "Ol!
$thaj
-k
pmeesge
-$
di}
Figure 1 Philippine Map and Sites of Study
serve as samp]es of highland and lowland shelters. Highland
towns visited in the survey include Lagawe, Hingyon,
Hungduan and Banaue et' Ifugao, and the lowland towns of
Janiuay, Guimbal, Miag-ao, San Joaquin, Oton and Jaro of
Iloilo. The towns of Bontoc and Sagada in Mountain Proyince
and Baguio City of Benguet proyince were also visited to serve
as supplemental study sites for data comparison. Ifugao and
Iloilo were selected for the case study due to the historical
significance of the sites in Philippine history.
12 Vernacular Dwel)ing and Interior Space
Vernacular dwellings referred to in this research are the
''forms of traditiona] buildings which are self-built by members
of a community who share cultural values and norms" ancl the
"building equivalent to vernacular speech, making it thc
architectural language of the people.'"2 Further, these dwellings
also refer to the exemplaTy archetypes expressing the inherent
knowledge and local skills in the utilization of regional
materials, sense of place, kinship patterns and ideologies of
preyious generataons still upheld by the people to this date, On
the other hand, interior space refers to the inhabited space ofa
typical household which is both defined by the house enclosure
and the given boundaries and pluralities of man's domestic
acUvltles,
Ae
'
pt
thdi1
i
ty
l{
2.0 METHODOLOGY The diachronic and synchronic approaches as indicated in
Figure 2 were adapted in this study. The relationship between
spatial change and historical periods has been expounded in
order to validate the existence or evolution of autonomous styles
in different settings, The diachronic approach herein refers te
the chronolegical order of development and relates the yarious
effects of phenomena in the dwellings' spatial organization and
physical fbrms. The synchronic approach, on the other hand,
evolved on the comparison of dwellings from the highland and
/:
/
1
lewland.
Further, the analytical approach of this research have drawn
strength from an eclectic use of a threefold methodology
namely, Elements of Spatial Definition, Theory of Pattern
Language and Historical Inclusivity, Data were both visual and
textual, thereby makrng it necessary to use a level of analysis
where both spatial patterns of the present and past can be
compared. The theoretical methods adopted are explained as
fo11ows: ( 1 ) Elements of Spatial Defimtion: An approach which
classifies architectural space from the review of relationships
between fixed elements, movable obiects, boundaries and from
planes which do not possess the character of an object but could
signify limitations in space.i (2) Theory of Pattern Language: A
method ofinquiry wherein a group of related words are used as
templates of ideation in creating certain patterns in space or
in
generating the specific spatial configurations.` For this study,
the group of related words were adapted as architectural factors
for describing the functions of space, It also served as measumng
scales for interpreting and comparing the dwellings in the
context of the people's activities and space allocation. (3)
Theory of Historical Inclusivity: Known as the study of
architectural history that combines the analysis and synthesis of
the precedents, while seeking to gain the totality of tangible and
intangible elementsi that were evident during the ideation
process of inhabited spaces.
2.1 The Specific Tasks: Flow of Analysis
The dovetailing of the theories to the specific tasks are
summarizedherein.
Task 1 : [[he Tesearch commenced with the survey of vernacular
dwellings conducted by the first author, where several clusters
ofdwellings from a total of ten communities ofboth sites were
inspected, videotaped and analyzed along with the interview of
occupants and dwellers. Models chosen at random included: (1)
existing pre-World War II dwellings, (2) vernacular dwellings
66BULLETIN OF JSSD Vol 45 No 6 1999 i'if.r tr\-ve
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JapaneseSociety for the Science of Design
DIAcHRoNIc
Prata-histotic(1521)
SYNCHRONIC
Rdiww,ofkajiutiiltwIiei{・
E,eesw,eenillllllllrs'n,s,
gh1andSPATIALDESICNCHANGESLowlan
End.ef20thCentury
tt t/tttt ttttttttttttttttttt.t..t..t..t..tt.ttt t.tt. t t.tt/tt.t/tt. ..t..t..t..
Histotieal Events.ITechnologicallnnovatiortandEme enceofGoods
Acculturhtion
1i'ttt/ .//t.ttt ttt 11/・・e
fypoleglc.Changet Pragmatic Change-AnalogicChengeeCannonicChange
Figure2 MethodologicalFramework
altered and remodeled to suit new patterns of living, (3) olddwellings that were not demolished but were used as extensions
of present habitats, (4) newly-built abodes with similar forms tothat of previous generations, and (5) recently built structures
refiecting the present architectura1 style of the towns.Task 2: [[?ie adaptation of a particular vocabulary of design asthe general order for comparison in defining and recording thetypology of dwellings and spatial patterns.
Task 3: The codification of space organization through an
analysis of spatial functions and domestic activities.
Task 4: [Ihe plotting of basic spatial functions into linkages.
Task 5: The review of historical literature, anthropological data
and architectural documents in search of the vernacular
dwellings' spatial pattems from the periods under study, and
their comparison with results of tasks 2, 3 and 4.
Task 6: The diachronic and synchronic synthesis of the results
extracted from tasks 2 to 5 to show the basic historical
continuity of spatial patterns and define how the original
vemacular arvhetypes in each region have been transformed bythe series of phenomena.
3.0 RESULTANDANALYSIS
3.1 Present Forms of Vernacular Dwellings
Certainly, inhabited space is where man's domestic life occurs,
either defined by the house enclosure or physical elements,
spatial articulations, and by the events or activities that take
place in it. In short, there are dwellings with conceptual
thresholds, tangible boundaries separated by architectural
components and partitions, temporal or experiential spaces
marked by transition of usage as well as spaces demarcated by
specific functions, From a synthesis of two surveys conducted in
May 1996 and September 1997, types of dwellings andinhabited spaces in the highlands and lowlands were codified.
3.1.1 House Enclosure Elements
Space is hollow, limited internally and composed by physicalenclosure elements which include the following: plinth,framework, roof, floor or horizontal articulations, wall or
vertical articulations, openings, and architectural details likeceiling, interior partitions, facia boards and mouldings. A plinthis either a stone pedestal or a concrete foundation where a
column rests. Results of the survey are summarized in Figure 3,,
In Ifugao, plinths are noticeably exposed, while upon
verification, plinths in Iloilo are mostly buried. Exposed plinthsare related to easier transfer of dwellings. Present structuralframes of vernacular dwellings in both highland and lowlandbasically consist ofcolumns or posts, girders, floorjoists, plates,wal1 studs, and roof rafters. Materials vary from several species
of timber, bamboo and reinforced concrete, the utilization of
which being heavily dependent on the economic capacity of theinhabitants. Figure 3 shows the contrast between the two
provinces in the use of timber and bamboo. One similarity is in
the emerging use of concrete in vemacular clwellings.
Dominant types of roof in the highland are noted as the
pyramidal and gable-type, while the gable-type is more
common in the lowland, Other existing types are hipped roofs,
halfihipped roofs, and shed-type roofs, Oftentimes, interesting
pyramidal and gable roofs are adorned with dormer windows.Most common roofing materials in both provinces arecorrugated iron sheets, traditional woven nipa (a type of tropical
palm) and thateh,
In this study, the horizontal aspect of spatial relationships refer
to the level variations of liying spaces, [[1ierein, the manipulated
spatial character ef the enclosure were unified by: the grounditself, an artificial ground or platform, an elevated floor, a split-
Ievel flooring, or a two-storey level. Results generated from thisinquiry reveal that vernacular dwellings in the highland either
built their living spaces on an anificial ground (i.e. cemented
floor, timber floorboards) or elevated from the earth. While inthe lowland, dwellings were mostly built the split-level wayusing bamboo.
On the other hand, the internal space of the dwelling wasanalyzed within the parameter of venical articulations where
elements like columns or walls render an explicit space knownas: single spatial volume, spatially juxtaposed or adjacently
articulated spaces, spatially interpenetrated or interlocking
spaces, and single spatial volume with outside auxiliary spaces.
[lhese elements of spatial articulation characterize the degree to
which the space remains autonomously contained, related with
or linked to other spaces. [ftie survey showed that most of the
highland dwellings follow the pattern called single volume with
auxiliary volumes while lowland dwellings are done in spatial
7Vt)\Mve BULLETINOF JSSD Vol.45 No,6 t99967
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JapaneseSociety for the Science of Design
.",:/.... .1 I
'・・,. ":tt
"' t '"'
K ,el .1.l t tt " tt tti.J><.,. ,X.I
nj y gy
ttt" a.'
."..ip.."
Plinth/Foundation
Frame
・.,..;,-Roof
v.gdipt
ttttt
Openings (Door)
"/i"'k..
`・!
I[lli)xi ,
Ltc,..,.iP・
'
Openings(Window)
'X"'----x...SIme' IFUGAOmomo
FAcroRs"""'------L.xHihlandLowland
'・'is:R-s-:・・.l!li'1'L:1111ii"il',';':;::Ztt"f,,:・l:illlllill・1;ili:I:i・!Xl,,,il・li・:i・;i:ilg/,/t.s..,,m-":'::.[i:'1').Ip,1,,.,t,....t
Exposed 58% 70fo
Unexpesed 57% 93%
X..l\':-'nj.l,i,i,ili,Si,l;:li.'.11・1Iliii:ilill,f・ISIIi:l:I,lil:ll'i・irtrt/tt/ttt:t7ttt!t11'lil!III・:i:q:s;1/・/ttt///ttr/tt:ttt::,.,,,/,,..,.,..%tt,t.tt/tttttConcrete 110fo11%
Timber leoof.61%
Bamboo 2"fo 89%
ge.nyi'ss/,'ee..:il:・:l,t・;.i,'lvl:';i":EEII;]/・l'./1'iElll'[:,'i:'i::i-::t:/ttt!ttt/ttlttttt:t:tE!/'.'./,.1,/:'.:.:S:/i.I,;l・[.i',lii:tttttFlatroof ocf. ocl.
Gableroof 34% 87%
Shedroof 150fo 2%
Hippedroof 11Yo OCA,
Half-hippedroof 13e/.401,
Pyramidal
ltL!'tau."k".'il//'//iil;I:I::ill'・i'-il:r[z:li・i'Slillif,,'v''li・llill':l3ocy./L,/,,,'/;t',:..'./,/:'L'"','::::::::2ef.;//t,/'i.r.',1,/,,.ti'Greunditself 20fe 63%
Artificialtreatedground 19oro3orf.
Elevatedfromearth 87Dfo200fe
Split-levelFloor oof. 6101o
Two-storeyType
6i/{/pt1.is.if.llE:i.:l:i{-:ll:zl:i:1・11-/・i-i・:l::::;ri,{/t,/,:,Ieis/:80fey・/,/::g:E:::;:.::/ttttt.t..7ef.t//t:ttt//tlttttt:tttttSingleSpatialVolume 57% 60fo
Spatiallyjuxtaposed 43% 93of.
Spatiallymterpenetrated eof. 6Ve
Singiespatialwithauxuliaryvolumes
lj:1.:'..',b}'"s'1,'iiE,',fe,'th'£i?ag',rk1'l'Igl}''dw"'si';'://;:.tttttbt.ttt",t....,,,...,,..870fottttttttt.ttt/tt,s:e:E:e:t:s:.1,t.',:eof.t::::1.::;::i;:::ttlt.t.tt.t.t.tSingleDoor 81% 330fo
Morethan1door 19% 67of.
Nowindows 9% evf.
SingleWindow 32% 9%
2-3Windows 43% 35Vo
4andaboveWindows 15% 56%
OpeningsbetweenWallandRoof 8`fo 76Cfo
OpeningsbetweenWallandFloor o% 19of.
Half-openwalls
im'i::""':'"'''ial:tw"'tsi'I,.S':1'i/':i,/:/'llttttttttt't's'".'.'..,..,.t..tt.t.ttoOl.;il':igli/,/:'//tt
65%s:./...''..'e''tttttt.ttt
DecorativePainting 90fo 41%
RoofFittmgs(i.efaciaboard,chimney17el.220fo
ExteriorMoldmgs 21of.240fo
CasewerkandPaneling 42ef.370!o
SpecialCeilings 80fe 170!o
InteriorMoldings 6ele 9Cle
Turnings,CarvingsandDetails ool. 7eA,
WindowHardware 380fo24of.
DoorHardware 57"fo480!o
Stairtreads 32ef.22tfo
Floorcoverings e% 2of.
Fixtures(i.etoilet,sink) 9% 39el.
Figure 3Survey Results of House Enclosures
juxtaposition, Variations in the juxtaposition of spaces result
from the compesition of partitions which dictate the layout of
circulation.
Further, an investigation was made on the openings of space
serving the basic functions of human, light and air permeability,
Rendition of openings in the highland are limited to front deors
and windows. In the lowland, other articulations such as
openings between roof and walls, shutters between walls and
floors, half-open exterior walls like lattices or open-woven
walling materials, and auxiliary rear doors. AII these distinguish
the types of enclosures as: (1) closed or concentrated, and (2)open or centrifugal, Aniculations of doors and windows show
tttttrt ttt.ttlr
l t.tttt
Floor
N I/
'v'Wall
;:"s
ttt;tttt
ArchitecturalDetails
.1f'.
I:;.".
'・・. I -'
'・・・,yCei]ing
.・-r-・.,.'"
I "x.
J,)::
"tt
,.:l
';t I'・
1 ・L.i
t ttt>
'・.,.,,Li ,,i'
Partitions
that an opening in any
enclosure express the
quantity of light and air,
the quality of private and
public space being
delineated, the degree of
internai density, and even
the issue of crimes in
existence, It was
observed that Ifugao
dwellings were more
concentrated than Iloilo
dwellings and this aspect
of openings could be
atnibuted not only to the
regions' distinct climatic
conditions but also to the
scale of phototropicendurance of the
inhabitants and the
prevailing social
organlzatlon among
family members and
betweenneighbors.
Lastly, decorative
painting, roof fittings,
rain gutters, moldings and
ornamentationscomprlse
the architectural details,Statistical data of 1994
reveal that Filipinos
generally spend on the
average 14.1% of their annual expenditures on housing fixtures
and maintenance," thus not much of these architectural details
could be observed on vernacular dwellings at the sites of study,
They are more prorninent in dwellings built with the assistance
of legitimate housing contractors.
3.1.2 Interior Spatial Compositions
The spatial composition of the interiors were carefully
examined based on layout arrangements identified as linear,
centralized, radial, grid, or cluster. These basic system of
distributing rooms or simply grouping series of spaces ensure
the affordance of accessibility to the inhabitants and the
character of circulation, The survey showed that Ifugao
68BULLETIN OF JSSD vol,45 No,6 1999 irv'.fy\blsc
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Legend:
e Origin 1 Development
dwellings have two dominant types of
articulation known as linear and an L-
plan due to the position of the hearth atthe corner of the shelter. The L-plan
pattern is dominant in unremodellecl
vernacular structures which were built
prior to World War II, Likewise, thelinear plan was the most common formof articulation in Iloilo dwellings,
fo11owed by the cluster plan. Indicated
in Figure 4 are plans of presentvernacular structures which vary from
an L-plan of one-room dwellings,linear-plan of two-room dwellings and
cluster-plan of multiple-room
dwellings.
3.13 interior Spatial Functions
Spatial appropriation demarcates the
defined spaces for each domestic
activity. Most yernacular dwellings inIfugao and Iloilo vary from single
spatial yolumes or partitioned into
several rooms, generally having more
persons than the number of rooms. If
compared to western standards,7
present spatial morphologies do not
conform to acceptable human density
per room which is two persons for a 16
square meter room space, Articulation
of spaces do compositionally vary, Table 1where single or multiple room-
dwellings perform functions that accommodate all human
activities attuned with living or residing. Tl}e image of how the
configurations of dwellings fu1fi11 domestic functions were
constmed from the 60 pattern language as shown in Table 1. [lhe
patterns were synthesized from visited habitats and observations
of household activities that daily transpire within the culture.
Terms were adapted on the basis of which elements suit the
concept of vernacular dwelling, Such proved useful in
describing and comparing the character of interior space
distribution and usage. As spatial articulations are significantly
different in each dwelling; the plotted terms give an explicit
picture of the preyailing "concept
of habitus,''" It can be notedfrom the column of percentage that present highland and
PRESENT
PLILandintitEntrance
ARCHrrECTUHAI.PERIODSPREHISPANICSPANIS!・IAMF.RTCANCONTamRILRY
PFRJOOPERIeDeEKtOP ]NIIODFACTORS (IS21"5S5){]56S-ISgS){1898-1946)Cl94Eny)
e
1996-199TSurvey
4.a'/'.so"/.
?LaticierfStepsetrheEntrance e e GS,/t.11or.
3ReceMngArea . e e 2S,/,/,63%
4MultFpsrposeCommunalSpa:e e 75,/t.43V.
SPIatformCauch e zv.Oetn
6UnconvenlionalSeatSpotslPorch e e e 4'r.3oe/.
7Bult-InSeats e o'/,e20To
8FurnitureSeattwtE e 4,3,±/,8om,,.
109SeatinenthefioerParentsRealm
e
e
ss'n9e/.17ot.44rle
ITCouplesRealm e 13T.13V.
IZChildren'sRealm to 11'/o39"1.
13SleepintotheEest e or・:30fit.14SleepingMatsDntheFioor e 62,/・/,]ov.
15BedCEusler ' e 9V.9-Z,
16CommufialSleepLng e ' sn・asgv,17Built-]nBeds e VE(,17'le
ISBedAIcovetSemaiprivate'e
lsn/.17-t/,
lgSleepmtters e 34,va70%ze21Ctosets/Dresser'
DesinatedSpaceforFireofStove e
e 13V.4./..30et.401u
Z2Hearths e 75Vo2Yn
23Commofiareasatthehesrth ee 74.,/,44VoZ4KltcheElExtens[en ' Oe,,,,ti.soa,zsFaodPrepar3tienspace e 81VrVl'rn
26HandamciDIshwas,hingSpace e ta e ?8.I,S7V.
27Kltchen[ounzerwlths(ove e e 21.],Z4v.
2BFoodStofageS.paces e e e 94,Y.59V.29RiceS(orage ' e 47'/'o4e/.
30Communalf.atli)gontheF[oof e 7er'.19or,
313233UseofDinpttbl
SeafateDiminArea
Bal.hroem
oee eee e7ee ?St,h'4./.1.1.81,1,a"/.20er,
34BathingArea e sO,'.76't'"3sToi:et e e e sr,/,33,za
3SHouseholdshrines
e6Washstands e de eS7DressinArea ee
2!,:o",'.
o'g,u,y.
801.S50tGagSpa[efergulkS(orage e 11E,/ljrt/.'4eOpenXCan(IIeveredShelyes e . e a,3o,{,9'/te
41StnirczseEay e ve,1,:6./.
42[nclosedStaLrhall e get,,GVn
43CIrcutatienCerridef e e c,tt,,O'ltn44A)coves e O"/eav.
45AtticerLeft e 6'r.4%
4SSecretPlace . o%2Vn
41'
LeundryArea e Ot,L24or,4SADeflnedPIaceforCrafts e 11t,:2, ±u
4g5051EnclasedWorkspeteAddlt]enalUtilitRoom
Fro"tDoDrBench
eeMee
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52APIaceteWait e 64e,.3ed/.S3AuxliarKitchen e
'lue,.17",'.
S4ExternalGreufidasaWerkspace e sl'r.7C)Ve
5SAFtaceforHemeCrafts e 11,)"4e/.
S6DetachedCuble[efofTeFlelNeeds e e' ns')361V.57TheQuasFsecfalGranery e er・;4%58WateFfpomtheWeH e e 79,/・/,67'le
S9APIaceforOomesticateciAnimals e e S7'/'e74.1.
60APIacefoFRitualsandotherRites s ijo,,.Oe/.
Survey Results of Spatial Functions and their Historical Attributions
lowland dwellings have contrasting prevalent and less prevalentpatterns, Eyery spatial pattern render the physical character of
how space is allocated and aiso connote primary messagesystems'j of the regions" cultural scheme. It can also be discerned
that PreHispanic pattems are differently upheld in dwellings at
both sites. For example, the use or non-use of furniture, sleeping
on beds or mats, communal eating on the floor or use ofdining
tables distinguish the lifestyles in the highland and lowland.3.1.4 Spatial Linkages
Shown in Figure 4 are some photographs and spatial genotype
representations of PreHispanic archetypes, models of American
and Spanish dwellings in Philippine architectural history, and
present inhabited spaces in the highland and lowland, A spatial
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,・l・i・eeil・lll・liill/1'
eeg,,,'itwli-'lll::'ie
,' /:k,ii:1:I:l';:r:::/
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Elll mp
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I.owland Archetype
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Legend:
DK
Rcrmj u
B L
P
Spantsh Antil]an ffouse
CT
AmericanCinalct
mp HighlandDwellings se LowlandDweHings
O - Entrance, P-Porch, L-Living, D-Dining, H- Hearth, K-Kitchen, B-Bedroom, C-Corndor,
Figure 4 Dwelling Types, Plans and Spatial Genotypes
T-Toilet
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genotype refers to the linkage of major space functions within
the dwelling, In the comparison of the plotted spatial diagrams,
one can construe images of cultural patterns where spatial
configurations basically interlock with lifestyles. The diagramscould illustrate the basic scheme of crowding of an average
family size of six members in single family-room dwellings.Likewise, the accepted practice of living by extended familysystems that prevail in Philippine regional societies could beseen in multiple-room dwellings, Further elucidated from the
review of spatial linkages between the Spanish or American
models and multiple-room type of vernacular dwellings are the
fo11owing influences: (1) emerging use of two entrances, (2)adoption of porch as transitional space, (3) allocation of the
living room as a prominent area in the dwelling, (4) commonorganizational link of living and dining area, (5) articulation ofservice areas at the rear of the dwelling, i.e. kitchen, indoor toiletor bathroom. It has been observed in the survey that everyday
activities or events express the physical geometry of the
dwelling. Basically, the function of communal space in a single
volume shelter is rnultiple, and becomes distinct as rooms are
added to the structure or as partitions are installed. The
multiplicity of functions occuning in Qne space at different time
intervals is a classic example of the concept called "scheduling
of space". Historically, the use of comrnunal space in highlandand lowland dwellings are PreHispanic patterns.
3.2 Attributions of Continuity and Change
Directing the attributions to the plurality of architectural styles
is a formalist approach which this paper tries to deviate from. It
is postulated by architectural critics of the late 20th century that
an inclusive or holistic study giyes a better review of dwellings.
A holistic approach is the consideration of integrated elements
which make a whole. Based on this inclusive viewpoint, we
categorically attribute the observed design transformations to
other modifiers ofdiachronic change namely; (1) Philippinehistorical events and policies dictating levels of socioeconomic
transition from proto-historic period to the present survey, (2)manner ef acculturation which include early trade contacts of
the Filipinos with neighboring countries, Spanish and Americancolonization and inter-regional migrations, and (3)technological innovation and emergence of domestic goodsgiving birth to new consumption and behavioral patterns. This
could be discerned in Figure 5. Transformation do speak of
larger issues, but is not design history an inquiry on the
multiplicity of factors causing transitions?
3.2.1 Modes of Spatial Design Transformation
Synthesizing the results from the types of house enclosures,
spatial compositions, functions and linkages, it is evident that
certain features and patterns did not simply evolve
diachronically with the historical styles known in Philippinearchitectural history. Thus, design transformation can becategorized into modal sets known as: (1) Typologic: Spatial
patterns resemble the PreHispanic archetype when obseryed
tradition, shared culture and source of livelihood remain intact
(2) Pragmatic: Spatial patterns resemble the PreHispanicarchetype but reflect basic change in size, materials or methods
as socioeconomic conditions improve. (3) Analogic: Spatial
patterns change people consciously imitate and translate the
Spanish, American and centemporary architectural styles, and
absorb the living patterns of other cultures in their abodes which
render an image not intrinsic to their area. (4) Canonic: Spatialpatterns change when forms and elements of dwellings indicatethe indiginized fusion of the PreHispanic archetype and all other
styles, thereby emerges as a new type of dwelling in the area
(refer to Figure 5). Therein, the quality of modal design
transfoimation of vernacular dwellings in Ifugao and Iloilo are
represented by an invariant known as typologic and variants
known as pragmatic, analogic and canonic,
4.0 DISCUSSION
Within the hierarchy of environmenta1 design fields arranged
in an inverted pyramid form which include from the top town
planning, urban design, architecture, interior design and lastly
product design, transformation is an outgrowth of different
dimensions of diachronic change. It is in this context that we
associate the elements of change and continuity in thecharacteristics of the dwelling and habitual spaces to certain
modifiers explained fLnther in this paper.4.1 Space and Historical Periods
Set against a generai historical background of the Philippines,the present index of inhabited spaces could be reinterpreted inseveral ways.
(1) House Enclosures - From primordial time, dwellings were
referred to as barometers of the prevailing social strata. In the
same note, certain events in Philippine history like the style of
town planning imposed by the Spaniards during the Spanish
periodlO which facilitated the colonial appropriation of landsettlements popularly known as friar estates.ii Funherrnore, the
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Highland Lowland
Figure5 ModesofTransformation
land distribution and tenancy system developed during the
American period which are primarily geared towards global
trade; as well as land policies of the post-war decadgs':" wherein
proper land titling or blatant land grabbing either made
dwellings permanent or not in structure, i,e. use of stone plinths
and stable frames. Policies also nurtured the growth of
settlements lacking in infrastructures and widened the gapbetween the wealthy minority and poor majority. In this light,
the lingering social hierarchy redefines the PreHispanic
vernacular archetype as the dwelling of the common people,
mostly settled in underdeveloped communities.
(2) Spatial Compositions - Historical transitions were also
layered with some economic advantages and oPened
employment opportunities beyond the traditional jobs offarming and fishing. Apparently, the transition of single-room
dwellings with L-plans to multiple-room dwellings with linear
or cluster plans reduced the number of persons per room to
adequate human density standards, and enhanced the concept of
privacy within the family. Contemporaiy times also gave rise to
households with double incomes and rendered improvements in
space allocations which are reflected in sleeping room
segmentations between parents and children. As the typical
neighborhood also develops, there is less use of common
facilities such as in toilets and artesian wells.
(3) Spatial Fllnctions - During the mid- 18th century, majority
of dwellings in Iloilo province had a space for the frarne loom
due to a lucrative weaving industry,"3On one hand, the
construction of the national road from Manila to Ifugao in
1978i`encouraged micro trading between regions and inter-
provincial migrations which affected pTesent dwellings the less
72BULLETINOFJSSD Vol.45 No.6 1999 f.tiIV\Mse
significant fusion of PreHispanic and contemporary styles, As a
result, articulated spatial patterns have changed which spelled
both pragmatic and analogic modes of transfbrmation, A
pragmatic mode is observed in wider communal areas, pyramidroofs of corrugated iron, or the basic addition of windows and
counters. Furthermore, new norms of thinking were promoted
by the Catholic church and American schools through religious
and educational advices,"S implicitly touching issues on the
morality of communal sleeping, of bathing by the river, and
acceptable norms of hygiene like the use of pit-toilets. Thus,
washstands, indoor toilets and bathrooms have changed the size
of dwellings, [lhe analogic change could be attributed to layouts
of American chalets and Post-WQrld War II apartment units.
4.2 Space and Acculturation
Movement of people between counnies and regions filtered
in new customs and practices into the communities and such
were assimilated by the inhabitants into their local cultural
patterns resulting into another set of continuity and change.
(1) House Enclosures - It could be discerned that vernacular
orientations of layout in the dwelling and beliefs in building
constmction are still foliowed today. An example of which is the
elevation of living space always considers the number of steps
for good luck. The typical elevated dwelling in the highland
which employed new materials of precut lumber is not a new
type of horizontal articulation, but an old archetype brought
fbrward from the PreHispanic period; thereby essaying both
pragmatic and typologic transformations. While in Iloilo, the
commonly called balay or dwelling have been eclectically
mixed with influences attributed to the typical Arnerican chalet
and Spanish Antillan house popularly known as the bahay na
bato or house of stone (refer to Figure 4). Major infiuences in
present multiple room dwellings could be seen in the existence
of porch or foyers, of allocation of receiving areas, conidors and
sleeping quarters. This is a clear indication of the analogic mode
of transformation, On the contrary, the fusion of architectural
styles is not a simple matter of eclecticism, but also an
adaptation of the foreign styles to the regional peculiarities ef
the sites, Thus, a number of structures with pluralistic styles
have been observed which can be categorized as the canonic
modeoftransformation,
(2) Spatial Compositions - Dwellings in the highland and
lowland express more differences in house enclosures and
functions than the spatial compositions when compared with
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their diachronic architectural precedents. Though most spatial
articulations are linear, the implicated differences are in how the
giyen interior space serve a single or extended householdcomposition. Therein, it follows that dwellings in both regionswith mere room divisions primarily house an extended farnily,oftentimes with two or more related households.
(3) Spatial Functions - The extent of assimilation that
transpired in Iloilo elicit observable patterns of habitations
which required a refunctioning of spaces or additional areas; an
occurrence of a lesser degree in Ifugao. Notably different amongthe two cultures lies in the multiplicity of domesticappropriation in the inhabited spaces, The existence of separate
living spaces, dapog or traditional farmhouse kitchen as
auxiliary kitehens, elevated kitchen counters, conidors, separate
sleeping quarters for the children and household altars in Iloilo
prove the occurrence of more changes. While, lingering spatial
functions of the rice granary, hearth, and common spaces forvarious functions in Ifugao are indications of a lessertransformation of everyday culture,
4.3 Spaoe Defined by Tedhnalogical Irinovation
Highland and Iowland dwellings also showed significant
distinctions in spatial organization as attributed to technological
innovation, The emergence of new materials, structural
methods, architectural components and domestic goodssubsequently created new modes of thinking and afliected dailyactivities. Architectural components include doors, windowsand toilet fixtures, while domestic goods include appliances,furniture and furnishings, It has been proven in a separate
studyiC that as materials, skills, and domestic goods develop,domestic interiors relatively undergo changes and contribute to
the aesthetic sense and values of the people.
(1) House Enclosures - Ihe field survey in both areas generatedsarnples of vernacular dwellings built with contemporary
materials. Corrugated iron sheets have replaced the thatch to doaway with the occasional repair or replacement, but fo11owed
the same pyramidal or gable forrn of construction. Concrete
hollow blocks, as partial walling material believed to resist theworst of tropical depressions are mixed with the traditional
woyen barnboo panels. Use of semi-processed lumber like
plywood and wooden mouldings for walls complement the
woven mats, both painted or lacquered for terrnite protection.
Windows are in several renditions like sliding, awning,
casement or shutter types utilizing various materials such as
plain galvanized iron sheet, glass and wooden jalousies. The
existence of elecnic faii not only replaced natural ventilation but
also changed the yernacular rudiment of window placements,Interior floorings are still made of bamboo or wood planks withthe addition of cement as a construction material, Apart fromcost factors, these plethora of materials rnade available in thecommunity lend the fusion of four design modes in presentdwellings. An econometric analysis conducted by Solon!"explains that "improvement in housing characteristics enhance
the health status of children", In the same manner, some
inhabitants of Ifugao and Iloilo adopt new fOrms of building
giving consideration to their health.
(2) Spatial Compositions - Sewage and solid waste disposal
system was a late development in Manila where a plumber doesnot even exist in a 1898- 1902 list ofjobs and wages,iS and most
likely inexistent in the previnces of Ifugao and Iloilo. 1996statistics show that 69.19% of households in Ifugao and 17.94%in Iloilo are without sanitary toilets. Water service coverage inIloilo is noted at 84% while Ifugao is placed at 6l .9%,i9 Tlie bigdifference of22,l% explains why some vernacular dwellingshaye no bathrooms, washstands with running water, especially
in peripheral communities, The recent addition of sanitary
plurnbing and potable water system in the existing spatial
morphology follows then the linear trend of placing serviceareas at the rear of the dwelling or the construction of an
auxiliary addition outside the main shelter frame, Refer back toFigure 4. People commonly express that the toilet or bathroomwithin the house interior is an expensive amenity in rural life,Thus, owners ofdwellings with toilets within the interior are
looked up to in the community.2U(3) Spatial Functions - The availability of furniture and
furnishings, appliances and architectural domestic goods have
affected the seating on the floor lifestyle of the common people,altered the spatial compositions of dwellings, the architectural
mensuration of built-in counters, and structural feasibility for'dead
loads'.2i Architecture have two types of structural load,live load for movement of inhabitants and natural elements likewind and rain, and dead load for weight of fUrnishings and
fixtures, Further affected are the communication patterns and
social interchange within the family. The placement of the
teleyision set in the living room notonly enlarged the space area,
but enhances family bonding and neighborhood relations. AIIthese censtrue a pragmatic transforrnation, i.e, physical changein spaces to accommodate the new fixtures, while analogic in
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being similar to the American style of room aiTangement.
5.0 CONCLUSION
This paper synthesizes the survey undertaken in Ifugao
highland and Iloilo lowland and the conducted literature reyiew,
Significant findings are outlined as fo11ows: First, present spatial
enclosures of vernacular dwellings in both provinces come in
forrns which are distinguished as: forms related to PreHispanic
archetypes, forms bearing improyements ef the PreHispanic
archetype, forms expressing elements of foreign and
contemporary architecture, and indiginized foTms which
developed from the eclectic fusion of local and foreign
architectural elements. Second, spatial compositions of
highland and lowland dwellings construe minor changes as
expressed in basic linear plans. However, single spatial volumes
which are dominant in Ifugao still reveal an L-pattern, while a
cluster pattern is an emerging pattern in Iloilo dwellings. Third,
spatial functions are apparently different between the two
provinces as embodied in the sixty features of the patternlanguage which reyeal contrasting images in the use of space.
Fourth, spatial linkages illustrate some form of improvements
wherein morphologies result from factors concerning type of
family, i,e. single or extended, economic capacity of the
inhabitants, and adequacy of basic utilities, Lastly, all these
patterns found in present vernacular dwellings of Ifugao and
Iloilo constitute the continuity of old, emergence of new and
innovative renditions which are related to modifiers:
architectural styles, historical transition of the provinces, level
of foreign and inter-regional acculturation, and technological
innovation, Thus, within long time frames, spatial design can be
iconoclastically classified in four modes of transformation such
as: typologic, pragmatic, analogic and canonic.
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