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Paul D. Anderson - Trends in Early Seral Forest at the Stand and Landscape Scales
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Trends in Early-Seral Forest at the Stand and Landscape Scales
Paul D. Anderson & Janet Ohmann
PNW Research Station, USDA Forest Service, Corvallis, Oregon
Factors influencing forest composition and structure
Regional scale
Local scale
Landscape and regional pattern
Populationprocesses: biotic, social/economic
Topography,microclimate,
substrate Speciesinteractions
Climate
History
Community composition,
structure
Disturbance (human: forest
management, land use; natural: fire, wind,
insects)
landownership
Factors influencing forest composition and structure
Regional scale
Local scale
Landscape and regional pattern
Populationprocesses: biotic, social/economic
Topography,microclimate,
substrate Speciesinteractio
ns
Climate
History
Community composition, structure
Disturbance (human: forest
management, land use; natural: fire, wind,
insects)
landownership
Outline
• Historical Trends in Silvicultural Practices
– Custodial Management
– Production Forestry
– Ecosystem Management
• Current Emphases in Silviculture Research
– Intensive Forestry
– Alternatives to Clearcutting
– Restoration Management
Historical Trends in Silvicultural Practice
•Custodial Management (Pre-World War II)
– Harvest of old-growth
– Natural regeneration
– Attempts at partial cutting
– Large-scale fire reforestation
Historical Trends in Silvicultural Practice
• Production Forestry: 1940s – Present
– Sustained Yield / Multiple Use
– Artificial regeneration
– Clearcutting and other even-age silvicultural systems
– Intensive management
– Quantitative silviculture
Seed Source?Seed Source?
Seed bed?Seed bed?
AdvancedAdvancedRegeneration?Regeneration?
Stock?Stock?
Planting Sites?Planting Sites?
Labor Force?Labor Force?
Acceptable LevelsAcceptable Levelsof Uncertainty?of Uncertainty?
TimingTimingSpecies CompositionSpecies Composition
DensityDensityGenetic PotentialGenetic Potential
CompetitionCompetition
Production Forestry: Natural Regeneration or Planting?
Photo: Doug Maguire, www.forestryimages.org
Photo: Sam Chan, USFS
Photo: Dan Mikowski, USFS
Photo: Dan Mikowski, USFS
Production Forestry:Site Preparation and Vegetation Control
Photo: James N. Long, Utah State University, www.forestryimages.org
Photo: Paul Anderson, USFS
Photo: Doug Maguire, www.forestryimages.org
Production Forestry: Vegetation Control
Adapted from Wagner (2000)
Tree Growth Variableof Concern
Level of VegetationControl
Level ofStand Productivity
Diameter(Biomass)
Height Survival
OvertoppingWoody Cover
< 20 %Cover
Present
MaximumSite Potential
20 – 30% ofSite Potential
ZeroProductivity
All Woody and Herb
Cover Removed
Competing Vegetation
Historical Trends in Silvicultural Practice
• Ecosystem Management: 1980s – Present
– Broadened ecological, social and economic objectives
– Alternatives to clearcutting
– Thinning for structural diversity
– Intensive forestry
– Restoration management
Historical Trends in Silvicultural Practice
• Ecosystem Management: 1980s – Present
– Broadened ecological, social and economic objectives
– Alternatives to clearcutting
– Thinning for structural diversity
– Intensive forestry
– Restoration management
Photo: Paul Anderson, USFS
Photo: Paul Anderson, USFS
Historical Trends in Silvicultural Practice
• Ecosystem Management: 1980s – Present
– Broadened ecological, social and economic objectives
– Alternatives to clearcutting
– Thinning for structural diversity
– Intensive forestry
– Restoration management
Photo: Paul Anderson, USFS
Photo: Paul Anderson, USFS
Historical Trends in Silvicultural Practice
• Ecosystem Management: 1980s – Present
– Broadened ecological, social and economic objectives
– Alternatives to clearcutting
– Thinning for structural diversity
– Intensive forestry
– Restoration management
Photo: Paul Anderson, USFS
Photo: Paul Anderson, USFS
Historical Trends in Silvicultural Practice
• Ecosystem Management: 1980s – Present
– Broadened ecological, social and economic objectives
– Alternatives to clearcutting
– Thinning for structural diversity
– Intensive forestry
– Restoration management
Photo: Sam Chan, USFS
Photo: Dan Mikowski, USFS
USFS Regional Reforestation Effort
Year
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Acr
es
0
20x103
40x103
60x103
80x103
100x103
120x103
140x103
PlantingReplanting Seeding Reseeding Total
Historical Trend in Regional Silviculture Activity: Reforestation
USFS Regional Timber Stand Improvement Effort
Year
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Acr
es
0
20x103
40x103
60x103
80x103
100x103
120x103
140x103
Release Pre-Comm. Thin Pruning Total TSI
Historical Trend in Regional Silviculture Activity: Timber Stand Improvement
Trends in Forest Harvest: Siuslaw NF
Timber Volume Sold and HarvestedSiuslaw National Forest
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
Mill
ion
Bo
ard
Fe
et
Harvested
Sold
Some Current Issues in Silviculture Research
• Intensive Silviculture
• Alternatives to Clearcutting
• Thinning for Structural Diversity
• Restoration of Disturbed Ecosystems
Intensive Silviculture
e
Whole-plant Transpiration Rate:Family x Spacing
Time of Day
05:00:00 09:00:00 13:00:00 17:00:00 21:00:00
Wh
ole
-pla
nt
Tra
nsp
irat
ion
Rat
e (g
hr-1
)
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1600
1800
Family 5 6x6 Family 5 12x12 Family 4 6x6 Family 4 12x12
Family Variation in Stemwood Production
Family
Fam 1Fam 2
Fam 3Fam 4
Fam 5Fam 6
Fam 7Fam 8 NR
Ste
m V
olu
me
Ind
ex (
m3)
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.06
0.08
0.10
0.12
0.14
0.16
6x6 Spacing 12x12 Spacing
Photo: David Larson, USFS
Photo: David Larson, USFS
AGENDA 2020:Forest Products Industry -
“Focusing Research, Development & Demonstration”• National Strategy
– Advancing the Forest Biorefinery
– Sustainable Forest Productivity
– Breakthrough Manufacturing Technologies
– Advancing Wood Products Revolution
– Next Generation Fiber Recovery and Utilization
– Positively Impacting the Environment
– Technologically Advanced Workforce
• Western Regional Projects (2002-2007)
– Mechanisms of genetic variation in Douglas-fir productivity
– Discovery of genes controlling adaptive traits in Douglas-fir
– Ecological effects of understory species on the productive potential of young Douglas-fir plantations
– Soil productivity management in the dry forests of the northern Rocky Mountains
– Using biosolids compost and mill residuals for watershed imporvement
– Lidar remote sensing for precision forest management
– Nitrogen efficiency in short rotation hybird poplar plantings
– Tools to predict and manage Armillaria root and butt rot disease
– Influence of stand density on riparian vegetation
– Effects of soil and climatic factors on early growth and long-term productivity of Douglas-fir
– Generalizing the GRINCH/Wood quality relationships in Douglas-fir
Alternatives to Clearcutting &Thinning for Structural Diversity:
Regional Large-Scale Silviculture Research
Photo: USDA Forest Service, PNW Research Station
Photo: Doug Maguire, www.forestryimages.org
Photo: Doug Maguire, www.forestryimages.org
Alternatives to Clearcutting &Thinning for Structural Diversity:
Regional Large-Scale Silviculture Research
Poage and Anderson (in press)
1,000 ft
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 9080 100
60
70
80
90
50
100
Treatment-Wide Percent Residual Basal Area (%)
Mat
rix
as
Pe
rcen
t o
f T
ota
l T
reat
men
t A
rea
(%)
CFS (4a)
DEMO (2a)
DEMO (3a)
DEMO (4a)
DEMO (3b)
STUDS (2a)
STUDS (4a)
STUDS (3a)
YSTDS (2a)
YSTDS (2b)
YSTDS (4a)
UAMP (4a)
CFS (2a)
UAMP (2b)
OHDS(3a-d)
LTEP(5a-d)
FES (3a-b)
DMS_RT (3a)
DMS_IT (3b)
DMS_IT (3a)
DMS_IT (2a)
gap (overstory removed)
patch (unthinned)
10 ac
Controls (1a)
CWS (3a)
CWS (4a)
CFS (5a)
DEMO (4b)
CFS (3a)
CFS (3b)
(unthinned)
CWS (4b-c)
LTEP(3a-b)
UAMP (2a)
Poage and Anderson (in press)
Ongoing Large-Scale Silviculture Experiments
of western Oregon and Washington
Regional Large-Scale Silviculture Research: Response Variables
• Vegetation – overstory & midstory 12
• Vegetation – understory 12
• Lichens, mosses and bryophytes 9
• Large mammals 1
• Arboreal mammals 2
• Small mammals 4
• Bats 2
• Birds 6
• Arthropods 4
• Amphibians/Reptiles 6
• Fish 1
• Mollusks 4
• Forest floor 10
• Snags 11
• Down woody material 11
• Fungi 7
• Soils 3
• Climate 2
• Microclimate 6
• Hydrology/geomorph. 2
• Forest Pathology 2
• Social Perceptions 4
• Wood Production 7
• Economics 3
• Operational Factors 4
• Roads 2
Based on Twelve Studies Reviewed; Poage and Anderson (in press)
Restoration of Forest Stands
• Insect and Disease Mitigation
•Riparian Functions and Habitats
• Post-fire Reforestation
Photo: Paul Anderson, USFS
Photo: Paul Anderson, USFS
Photo: Paul Anderson, USFS
Photo: Paul Anderson, USFS
Photo: Dan Mikowski, USFS
Timbered Rock Reforestation Alternatives
Passive Intensive
Treatment
ManagementIntensity
ManagementPriorities
Natural Development
Tree & Shrub Diversity
Tree Diversity & Productivity
Productivity & Diversity
Mixed-ConiferMixed-Conifer435 TPA435 TPA
UnweededUnweeded
Mixed-ConiferMixed-Conifer435 TPA435 TPA
Manual WeedingManual Weeding
UnplantedUnplantedUnweededUnweeded
Mixed-ConiferMixed-Conifer190 TPA190 TPA
UnweededUnweeded
Mixed-ConiferMixed-Conifer190 TPA190 TPA
Manual WeedingManual Weeding
Douglas-firDouglas-fir435 TPA435 TPA
Manual WeedingManual Weeding
Summary: Silvicultural Practices and Early-Seral Forests
• Historical changes in management objectives have been associated with changes in silvicultural knowledge and practice
• Expanded array of silviculture objectives associated with changing priorities for ecological, social and economic outcomes
• On federal lands, harvesting as a whole has decreased substantially - regeneration harvests have declined, and commercial thinning as a proportion of harvest activity has increased
• Silvicultural opportunities to influence early-seral forest condition occur at primarily at two points in stand development
• Quality of early-seral forest produced by various silvicultural alternatives is not generally well-known and is a current research emphasis
(Paul - Stop Talking!)
Thank You