Paul Ramesh Forensic Neuro Psychological Interview

8/14/2019 Paul Ramesh Forensic Neuro Psychological Interview

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FORENSIC NEURO-PSYCO-

PHYSILOGICAL

INTERVIEW

FOR

DETECTION OF DECEPTION

P. Paul Ramesh

Central Forensic Science Laboratory,

Directorate of Forensic Science, Sector 36A, Chandigarh


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How to catch a liar ?


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Drawbacks in Poor detection of deception

Lack of Motivation Some lies remain undetectedbecause observers do not want to detect these lies.

Poor Knowledge People to detect lies, the often fail to

do so, because they often look at the wrong clues to detect a liar.

Good Liars some people are better liars, it is difficult tocatch that person. They are (I) being original (ii) think quickly (iii)

being eloquent (iv) not experiencing feeling of fear


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Ways of catching a liar

Psychological

Physiological

Neurological


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Psychological

Interview

Non-Verbal detection

Statement AssessmentHypnosis


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NERVOUS SYSTEM

CENTRAL NERVOUS

SYSTEM

AUTONOMIC NERVOUS

SYSTEM

Conscious Actions

Reasoning

Voluntary Motions

Instinctive Acts

Involuntary Component

of

voluntary activity


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Interview Reading peopleEmotion, Personality, Character, Motivation,

Deception

Communication ModesWords, Paralanguage, Non-verbal cues,

Artifacts, Use of time, Use of space,Physiological responses

Warning SignsAttempts to hide information ,Attempts todelay, Attempts to distract, Unusualbehavioral cues, Statements that dontmake sense, Attempts to sell,Motivations to lie

Impression ManagementattemptsIngratiation, Self-promotion, Intimidation,

Exemplification, Supplication


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Non-Verbal detection

Voice pitch is higher

increased grooming gestures

frequent swallowing

fast or shallow breathing

increased rate of eye blinks

increased body movements andpostural shifts

pupil dilation

rigid posture

Stiff and rigid posture

Increases in microexpressions Closed rather than open body

posture


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Statement Assessment

False statements have

Few details

An unusually large

number of details

True statements have

Many details

Unusual details related to

the event

Superfluous details

unrelated to the event


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What is hypnosis

Hypnosis comes from the Greek hypnosis

It means sleep

But it is not sleep or wakingNormal waking transition hypnosis

transition normal waking state


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Applications of Hypnosis

Stage hypnosis - entertainment

Clinical Hypnosis - clinical

Behavioural hypnosis

Biological hypnosis Forensic hypnosis - Testimony


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Requirement of hypnosis

Freedom from fear

Willingness

Confidence in the hypnotistMotivation + expectation +imagination =

Hypnosis


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Laws of Suggestibility

The law of concentrated attention

(more we concentrate on something, the more likely

something will happen. ex-advertisement in TV)

The law of reversed effect(harder you try to do something the more likely you will not

able to do it . ex - recall of name)

The law of Dominant effect

( The strong emotion will take the place of weaker one. ex-

smell of burning)


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Forensic Hypnosis

Natural hypnosis

Artificial hypnosis

Narco analysis

Truth serum technique

Memory recovering technique


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General Procedure

Sodium amytal or sodium pentothal

Inject slowly 5% to 10% solution

Establish the semi narcotic state

Question the subject

Additional amount can be introduce if required.

Under the observation of anesthetist, physician,

Psychologist, and investigation officer


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Forensic hypnosis session

Begin audio-video taping of session when subject enters room initialgreeting and meeting for the hypnotist and subject

Pre-session interview

Personal information

Explanation of hypnosis

Memory of incident before hypnosis

Induction (relaxing of the subject)

Memory of incident under hypnosis-Clarification of details

End of hypnosis session Bring subject out of hypnosis

Review of memory of incident after hypnosis

Debriefing of subject Answer questions about hypnosis or what subjectexperienced

Stop audio/video taping of session when subject leaves.


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Physiological

Voice Stress Analyzer

Polygraph

Thermal imaging


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Background

All physiological changes are controlled by Autonomicnervous system (i) Sympathetic and (ii) Parasympathetic

Most of the living organisms have a tendency of fight-or-flight when they encounter danger.

Due to this, there are some changes that occur in thephysiological level.

When the brain is stressed the human body secretes hormoneadrenaline, or epinephrine.

These hormones stimulate the circulatory system and the

sympathetic nervous system to divert blood from other organsto muscles.


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REACTION TOREACTION TO

STIMULISTIMULIPHYSIOLOGICAL

ACTIVITY

F

I

GH

T

S

T

A

Y

F

L

I

GH

T


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Background Contd

The breathing rate and the blood flow rate

increases so that the muscles can get more oxygen.

Deception is the emotion that produces above

physiological changes in humans. The blood flow in the eyes and ears increases.

Parasympathetic system re-establishes the

chemical balance of the body with-in a fewseconds


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AUTONOMIC NERVOUS

SYSTEM

SYMPATHETIC

SYSTEM

PARASYMPATHETIC

SYSTEM

Res

t

Activit

y

Blood vessel

dilation

Peristalic Action

Achieve relaxationPupils are reactive

Heart relaxation

Vesselconstriction

Peristalic

absence

Pupils dilate

Heartacceleration

Hiperventilation

Present

Threat

Peaceful

Environment


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Voice Stress Analyzer

Definition

An instrument that measures and registers in a graph

(screen and print) involuntary physiological answers

in a person challenged by psychological stimuli (For

example, a question. )

It measures the micro oscillation or microtremor that is

present in the smooth muscle in the voice box that

contracts, causing the vocal chords to emit between

8 - 14Hertz which is related to the level of

stress that the person experiences.


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PRINCIPLES

It is more difficult to lie than to say the truth

Anxiety and guilty knowledge from lying produce

known physiological changes (MICRO-TREMOR)

The JEOPARDY effect:

Fear of losing what has been achieved with great

difficulty or, the contrary, negative, punishing

action of the law or community.


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Computerized Polygraph


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Polygraph

The respiratory system : it will record

thoracic breathing and abdominal

breathing through convoluted rubber tubes.

Galvanic Skin response : Two small sensors

are connected to the fingers to record the

filling up of sweat glands.

The Cardiac system : it will simultaneously

record blood volume and pulse rate.


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Polygraph Chart

thoracic

abdominal

GSR

Cardiac: bloodvol. & pulse


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Question type

Irrelevant Questions: essentially questions which willgive the examiner a truthful answer. Ex:- Is you nameRohan ?. Ans. should be Yes.

Control Questions: Questions on which all subjects will

be potentially untruthful. Ex:- Before this year, did youever lie to someone who trusted you ?Ans. should beNo.

Relevant Questions: Questions for which the examinerwants a result. Ex:- Did you steal that car ?(primary

involvement), Did you help any body to steal that car?( secondary involvement), Do you know who stole thatcar?(guilty knowledge), Do you know where that car isnow?(evidence connecting). Ans. should be No


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Test methods

MGQT(Modified General Question Technique): to

identify level of involvement ( primary

involvement, secondary involvement, Guilty

Knowledge & connecting evidence)and to covertotal crime

ZCT (Zone comparison Technique): It is used to

compare the level of involvements

Ranking : It is used to know other people`sinvolvement or importance.


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Preparation of Examinee

Examinee should take full rest before the

examination day

Examinee`s consent should be taken before

coming for examinationNormal food should be consumed by the examinee

Examinee should not be under the influence of any

drug or intoxication on examination day Subject should be physically fit for test


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Rights of examinee

Allowed to bring his/her own lawyer

No one allowed to be present in interview

room or test room. They can see from one

side glass

He/she can bring his person to write consent

of the subject, if illiterate.

He/she authorized to know about the

polygraph instrument before the test


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Requisition for test

Case forwarded to the Director,CFSL, Chandigarh-notbelow the rank of SP/ Magistrate

Brief facts of the case/copy of FIR

Sketch or photographs of SOC

Postmortem/medical report

Copy of the statement of complaint

Copy of panchanama

Mechanical and chemical report, if any

Statement of Witnesses

Statement of suspects

Fitness report in case of a patient

Consent before a magistrate


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Thermal Imaging

Facial image acquired

by accurate mid-

infrared camera

Transform the thermaldata to blood flow rate

data

Classifies the subject

deceptive or non-deceptive.


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Neurological

Study of brain electrical activity(brain

finger print)

Brain mapping


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HUMAN EXPERIENCE

SENSATION

PERCEPTION

ACTIONS - RESPONSES

EMOTIONS

SENSATION

PERCEPTION

ACTIONS - RESPONSES

EMOTIONS

A REFERENCE TO THE PAST

illi f f i l i i i l


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Millions of arrays of signals pouring in continuously


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EXPERIENCE

Participation Voluntary / Forced

Being there Sharing

Personal InvolvementPersonal Knowledge

Emoting directly


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Experience

is the primary source of Information

Experiential Knowledge - Experience leads to

Primary Encoding in the Brain.

Conceptual Knowledge - Information that wereceive through hearsay and other sources

(e.g. reading) leaves only Secondary Encoding

in the Brain.


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PRIMARY ENCODING

1. It takes place only during Experience

2. It is a Neuropsychological Event


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Primary Encoding may

be qualified to be called a

BRAIN FINGERPRINT

of the Experience.


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A Brain Fingerprinting Procedure uses

Visual priming pictures relevant to crime

Pictures as stimulus

Words relevant to the crimeSuspects would have come to know of several facts of

an event either through their participation or through

other persons.

Relevant information is also shared by many who may

be connected with the event, or who have merely come

to know of it because it has happened in their proximity.

Neutral words

Randomly selected and not connected to the crime

under investigation.


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Brain Fingerprinting may become

a Technique to retrieve

Evidence

Directly from the Suspects Brain


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Brain Mapping

Glucose activityincreases in brain areasbeing used

Activity is detected byfRMI scan Red & yellow = very

active

Blue = less active

Different tasks producedifferent brain activity


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CONCLUSION

Detection Lies is not an easy task, that does

not mean that detecting lies is impossible

There is no technique superior or inferior.

All the techniques will be used for detection

of deception accordingly as per expert

ability and suspects behavior.

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Paul Ramesh Forensic Neuro Psychological Interview