Paul Signac, The Gulf of Sainte Tropez, 1892compared with Henri Matisse, Luxe, Calme, et Volupté, 1904

Signac and Matisse painted side by side in Sainte Tropez

Creative Friendshipand

The Making of Modern art

Vincent van Gogh & Paul Gauguin

His coming will alter my manner of painting and I shall gain by it….

Vincent van Gogh awaiting the arrival of Paul Gauguin: Arles, September 1888

Anselm Feuerbach, Plato’s Symposium, 1873, oil on canvas157 x 295”, Berlin, Alte Nationalgalerie

The Symposium tradition and avant-garde Modern art

Those who are pregnant in the body only, betake themselves to women and beget children -- this is the character of their love […]

But souls which are pregnant -- for there certainly are men who are more creative in their souls than in their bodies – conceive that which is proper for the soul to conceive or contain. And what are these conceptions? -- wisdom and virtue in general. And such creators are poets and all artists who are deserving of the name inventor. […]

He wanders about seeking beauty that he may beget offspring […] above all when he finds fair and noble and well-nurtured soul, […] he brings forth that which he had conceived long before, and in company with him tends that which he brings forth; and they are married by a far nearer tie and have a closer friendship than those who beget mortal children, for the children who are their common offspring are fairer and more immortal. Who, when he thinks of Homer and Hesiod and other great poets, would not rather have their children than ordinary human ones?

Socrates on the highest love

Plato’s Symposium

I had a dream the other day. I had written a beautiful book, a wonderful book, which you had illustrated with beautiful, wonderful pictures. Both of our names shone in letters of gold on the first page and, inseparable to this fraternity of genius, passed on to posterity.

Letter to Paul Cézanne from Emile Zola, c. 1863

…we shall enlarge our enterprise, and try to found a studio for a renaissance and not for a decadence. . . We are at the beginning of a very great thing, which will open a new era for us . . . We shall be giving our lives for a generation of painters that will last a long while.

Letter to Paul Gauguin from Vincent van Gogh, October 1888

In spite of out very different temperaments, we were guided by a common idea. . . .the differences didn’t count. . . . We lived in Montmartre, we saw each other every day, we talked. . . . It was a little like being roped together on a mountain.

Georges Braque on his friendship with Picasso

and the formulation of Cubism

Vincent Van Gogh, Dutch Post-Impressionist / Expressionist, 1853-1890 (37 years)Paul Gauguin, French Post-Impressionist / Symbolist, 1848-1903 (55 years)

Vincent Van Gogh, Self-Portrait Dedicated to Paul Gauguin, 188835 years old (as a Buddhist monk)

Paul Gauguin, Self Portrait Dedicated toVincent, Les Misérables, 1888, 40 years old

Artistes maudits (martyrs to the establishment, “criminals” like Christ or Jean Valjean of Hugo’s Les Miserables)“le bon Vincent et le grièche Gauguin”

Vincent Van Gogh, Self Portrait with Dark Felt Hat, 43 x 33 cm., Paris, Spring, 1886

Van Gogh at 18 (1871)

(left) Van Gogh, Sorrow (Clasina Hoornik, called “Sien”) 1882(right) Worn Out, 1882, both made in The Hague

Van Gogh, Garden of the Presbytery at Neunen, pen and pencil, 1884

(left) Vincent Van Gogh, Two Peasant Women Digging Potatoes, Neunen, 1885 (right) Jean-François Millet (French, 1814-1875) Gleaners, oil, 1857

I have tried to emphasize that these people eating their potatoes in the lamplight, have dug the earth with those very hands they put in the dish, and so it speaks of manual labor, and how they have honestly earned their food.

Van Gogh, 1885

Van Gogh, The Potato Eaters, April 1885, oil, 72 x 93 cm.

Adolphe William Bouguereau (French Academic Painter, 1825-1905Home from the Harvest, 1878

Van Gogh, Potato Eaters, 82 x114 cm Nuenen: April,1885. Primitivism

With its calculated “ugliness” and religious overtones, The Potato Eaters (1885) is also an homage to Rembrandt's The Supper at Emmaus (1648) in the Louvre

Note: steaming potatoes and lamp create A halo effect around the child, the roof beams recession is an expressive use of perspective to suggest divine rays, small print of the Crucifixion behind the young man. These Effects appear again in later paintings, such as The Night Café, Arles: Summer, 1888

I should be desperate if my figures were correct…. I do not want them to be academically correct….my great longing is to learn to make those very incorrectnesses, those deviations, remodelings, changes in reality, so that they may become, yes, lies if you like – but truer than literal truth.”

Van Gogh’s emphasis

Van Gogh, Head of A Peasant Womanwith White Cap, Neunen: April, 1885, oil on cardboard, study for The Potato Eaters

In 1890 at 42 years

Paul Gauguin in 1873 at 25 years

Flora Tristan (1803 - 1844) grandmother of Paul Gauguin, a socialist writer and activist, one of the founders of modern feminism. Her father, Mariano Tristán y Moscoso, was an Arequipa-born Peruvian colonel of the Spanish Navy, and her mother, Anne Laisney, a Frenchwoman. Her parents met in Bilbao, Spain during her father's stay there. Tristan wrote best selling Peregrinations of a Pariah about her travels to Peru.

Gauguin, Portrait of the Artist’s Mother (Aline), 1894Political cartoon lampooning

Tristan’s feminism, c. 1830

Mette Gauguin and the five children, c. 1885

Gauguin, Mette in an EveningDress, 1884

Paul Gauguin, Self Portrait, 1885 in Copenhagen, “Everyday I ask myself if I mustn’t go to the attic andput a rope around my neck.

1882 Stock Market Crash

(Jacob) Camille Pissarro (1830-1903), an artist whose friendship and support provided encouragement for both Gauguin and Van Gogh

Letter from Gauguin to Camille Pissarro, July 29, 1879 My dear Pissarro, I know an employee at the stock exchange who has asked me to buy two paintings for him for 300 F. Naturally, I intend to suggest some Pissarros to him and so upon your return, I would like for you to bring over a few, but in the 6 by 8 format–there is no need for them to be large. Don't be offended by what I am going to say, but you know as well as I do that the middle classes are difficult to please, so I would like this young man to have two paintings whose subjects are as pretty as possible. He is a young man who knows nothing at all about art, and does not pretend otherwise which is already something; however, some of your works could frighten him despite my influence on his judgment. So act for the best and see you soon. P Gauguin

Portrait of Camille Pisarro by Gauguin (right)Portrait of Paul Gauguin by Pissarro (left)1879-83, chalk on paper, Musée d’Orsay

Paul Gauguin (left), The Garden in Winter, rue Carcel, 1883, oil on canvas, private collectionCamille Pissarro (right), Rabbit Warren at Pontoise, Snow, 1879, oil on canvas, Chicago Institute of Fine Art

Gauguin’s Impressionist paintings adopted Pissarro’s subject matter and thin, straw like brushstroke.

Paul Gauguin assumed the role of renegade (maudit) artist in 1885

Paul Gauguin, Four Breton Women Gossiping, 1886First trip to Pont Aven – 4 months. Brittany’s peasant types were a pre-industrial subject

that suited Gauguin’s emerging Primitivism

Paul Gauguin, (left) Portrait of Charles Laval in Profile, 1886 (right) Martinique Landscape, 1887

Gauguin and Laval left for Panama and Martinique in 1886 and spent several months until illness forced them to return to France.

I had a decisive experience in Martinique.It was only there that I felt like my realSelf, and one must look for me in the worksI brought back from there rather than thoseFrom Brittany, if one wants to know whoI am. Paul Gauguin (1890)

Paul Gauguin, Among the Mangoes, Martinique, 1887, purchased by Theo van Gogh, Parisian art dealer and Vincent’s devoted brother

Everything his hands make has a gentle, pitiful, astonishing character.

Vincent van Gogh on the art of Paul Gauguin, Paris, 1887

Vincent Van Gogh in Paris

Van Gogh & Gauguin Meetin the Autumn of 1887

Two Sunflowers, 1886-7, is one of two paintings of sunflowers that van Gogh presented to Gauguin in an exchange of art works shortly after their first meeting in Paris. It depicts a subject that would come to symbolize Van Gogh's hopes and beliefs. The two cut blooms signify his yearning for a symbiotic union, but sunflowers had multiple other associations from the religious (the cosmos, faith, devotion to God) to the aesthetic (ideal beauty).

The broken brushstrokes of bright spring colors as well as the choice of subject – a view of the Seine on the outskirts of Paris – mark the transformative influence of Impressionism on Van Gogh following his move to Paris.

Compare Van Gogh’s 1887 painting with a 1868 composition by Claude Monet

Claude Monet, (French, 1840-1926)On the Bank of the Seine, Bennecourt1868, oil on canvas

Van Gogh, Fishing in Spring, the Pont de Clichy (Asnières), 1887, oil on canvas

Compare the Van Gogh Impressionist painting and a study by Neo-Impressionist Georges Seurat.

Georges Seurat, Bathers at Asnières

Van Gogh, Fishing in Spring, the Pont de Clichy (Asnières), 1887

Georges Seurat, Horse and Boat. (Study for Bathers at Asnières). c.1883-84

In May 1886 Vincent van Gogh saw the 8th (last) Impressionist Exhibition, which included Georges Seurat’s Neo-Impressionist masterpiece, Sunday Afternoon on the Island of the Grande Jatte, 1884

Van Gogh, Interior of a Restaurant, 1887, Paris,short-lived experiment with pointillist technique

Compare Van Gogh pre-Paris 1883 (left), and in Paris 1887 (right)

Van Gogh, Wheatfields, 1887

Van Gogh, Farmhouses, 1883

Compare Van Gogh’s brushstrokes 1883 (left) and 1887 (right)

Japonisme

Vincent van Gogh & Paul Gauguin were both influenced by ukiyo-e woodblock prints

Van Gogh, Plum tree in Bloom (after Hiroshige), oil on canvas, 1887 (Paris)

Hiroshige Ando, Plum Estate, Kameido, 1857, woodblock print

The Montmartre gallery of Samuel Bing was next door to Théo van Gogh’s Parisapartment. Bing kept thousands of Japanese prints in stock. Vincent became an avid collector of ukiyo-e prints.

Vincent van Gogh, Portrait of Père Tanguy, 1887-88, oil on canvasJaponisme and emergent Expressionism

“Studio of the North” in Pont Aven, France,1888Cloissonism and Japonism

Post-Impressionist (Symbolist): linear, flat patterning, subjective rather than objective vision, no visible light source

Emile Bernard, Breton Women in a Green Meadow, 1888 (Pont Aven)

Paul Gauguin, Vision After the Sermon: Jacob Wrestling with the Angel, 1888(Pont Aven)

Gauguin, Vision After the Sermon: Jacob Wrestling with the Angel, 1888(Pont Aven)

Van Gogh, Plum tree in Bloom (after Hiroshige), oil on canvas1887 (Paris)

Both Van Gogh & Gauguin appropriatedJapanese perspective and composition

Vincent Van Gogh, Vincent’s House (The Yellow House), Arles, 1888

“The Studio of the South”

Vincent van Gogh, The Poet’s Garden, September 1888Painted to decorate Gauguin’s studio before his arrival in Arles

Friendship PortraitsThese two intense personalities lived together in Vincent’s

Yellow House in Arles from October 23 to December 26, 1888

Vincent Van Gogh, Self-Portrait as a Buddhist Monk, dedicated to Paul Gauguin1888, (Arles) 35 years old

Paul Gauguin, Les Misérables, self-portrait dedicated to Vincent, 1888, (painted in Pont Aven and brought to Arles) 40 years old

Van Gogh, The Night Café, 1888, painted just before Gauguin’s arrival in Arles at the same time Paul Gauguin was painting The Vision after the Sermon in Pont

Aven. The two were corresponding by letter, many through Theo van Gogh.

The expressive psychological power of modernist perspective and color. For Van Gogh the saturated vermilion and color contrasts conveyed the dissolute

atmosphere of the café, the “terrible passions of humanity.” For Gauguin the unnatural palette conveyed the quasi-mystical state of the Breton women’s imagination

Vincent an Gogh, The Night Café, 1888 Paul Gauguin, Vision After the Sermon: Jacob Wrestling with the Angel, 1888

Van Gogh, Van Gogh’s Room, 1888, painted early October, just before Gauguin’s arrival in Arles. Van Gogh thought this room “ought to rest the brain, or rather the imagination. . . . The broad lines of the furniture again must express inviolable rest.”

Paul Gauguin, Les Alyscamps (ChampsElysée), 1888 A Symbolist’s mystical locale

Vincent Van Gogh, Les Alyscamps, 1888Grounds viewer in reality: smokestacks, factories of the Paris-Lyon rail line, sarcophagi

Painting together in Arles

Vincent van Gogh, Madame Ginoux, 1888“slashed on in an hour”

Paul Gauguin, The Night Café, 1888

Van Gogh, The Night Café, 1888

Van Gogh, Memory of a Garden at Etten1888

Gauguin, Women of Arles, 1888

Vincent van Gogh, The Sower, 1888. Synthesis of Gauguin’s theories with his own. Symbolism and simplification of detailapplied to a favorite Van Gogh biblical subject

Gauguin, Madame Roulin, 1888

Van Gogh, Madame Roulin, La Berceuseboth 1888

Gauguin, Grape Harvest at Arles: Human Misery, 1888, oil “laid on thickly with a knife on coarse sack-cloth.” Impasto brushstroke like Van Gogh’s, heightened mystery make this a breakthrough work.

Van Gogh, Sorrow1882. Inscription fromMichelet: “How can therebe on this earth a single, desperate woman?”

Paul Gauguin, Vincent van Gogh Painting Sunflowers, 1888

“It is certainly I, but it’s I gone mad” (Van Gogh’s response to Gauguin upon seeing this painting)

Aftermath

Van Gogh, Vincent’s Chair, 1888-9 Van Gogh, Gauguin’s Chair (with Candle) December,1888

Multiple allusions – Symbolism, Primitivism - and self-identification with Van Gogh’s post-ear-cutting identity a saint or Christ-like (here bloody and earless) figure martyred to his art as to a faith.

Moche portrait jug, Peru, c.700 CE

Gustave Moreau, Orpheus (mythical martyr of Western culture), 1865, French Symbolist

Gauguin, Self-portrait Jug, 1889, 7 5/8”, glazed stonewear. Created several weeks after leaving Arles.

Gauguin gives the Savior his own features and the red hair of van Gogh, making an explicit self-identification with Christ and Van Gogh’s myth. Gauguin’s distanced, anthropological attitude toward religious subjects is gone.

Gauguin, Letter to Van Gogh November 1889

Paul Gauguin, Agony in the Garden, 1889

Paul Gauguin, Be in Love and You Will Be Happy, 1889

Paul Gauguin, Self-portrait with Halo, 1889, oil on wood, 31x20“

Gauguin, Madame Ginoux,drawing, 1888 (Arles) Van Gogh, Madame Ginoux, 1890

one of five oil on canvas copies hedid of Gauguin’s 1888 drawing

. . . it gives me enormous pleasure when you say the Arlésienne’s portrait, which was based strictly on your drawing, is to your liking. . . . Take this as a work belonging to you and me as a summary of our months of work together. For my part I paid for doing it with another month of illness, but I also know that it is a canvas which will be understood by you and by a very few others, as we would wish it to be understood. Van Gogh

Vincent van Gogh, The Starry Night, Saint Rémy, June 1889, oil, 29 x 36“

"This morning I saw the country from my window a long time before sunrise, with nothing but the morning star, which looked very big."

Rooted in imagination and memory (influence of Gauguin) as well as optical sensation (his own Impressionist-based theory) as well as Netherlandish landscape sensibility.

Dr. Paul Gachet, Van Gogh on His Deathbed, July 29,1890Van Gogh, Crows over the Wheat Field, July 7-10, 1890

Two weeks before suicide

Paul Gauguin, a page from his memoire, Diverses Choses with a drawing by Van Gogh glued in by Gauguin with reflections on collaboration in general,1896-7

Paul Gauguin remained preoccupied with Vincent Van Gogh as he composed his last memoir, Avant et Après, in the winter of 1902-1903 shortly before his death (1903).