payne richard - the ritual culture of japan

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Te Ritual Culture of JapanSymboism, Ritual, and he Ar

Te term "itl e s sed here enmpss he fl rnge f it

lized ptes, bt s nd elgis it te prvdes n

ing egy tha lws nsidering e nerens beeen l

pes nd eligis t nd symbl n wys tht nsdeing hem s

ee sepe eges des n Fm the pespetive e stdy

Jnese eligin n nly rtl ties bt s elgis t nd sym

bism mst be nextlied ithin te r lre bee beng

ntereted f ter thee esetives sh as eshes, t

isry r syhlgy he i te s ls my mprne t

ndestndng te tes f nese regn s t s ied

by e st mjity ee (RE nd 8) s is

hs pinted t in egns genery, he eigs lte f

pn gives gee mne t tie h t dtine (8,

p 387-0) t s ptie wih mkes pssible ne t tn ne's





RICHARD PAYNE

nines n e resen d s r f e res f ne rensf exe,Snnen nd r (see VS 1980)nd n e ne es f e srnes s s een dened s e sr rnd f e dnes erfred feesne endns (mi) n nerr Sn snes (see BLCKR 195) Pssessn fx srs rdn edened ns en s nre se f ne n f s nrs, nefnd es in er (MERS 1999, .78) nd e s nd eenr es (see s IN 999), fs nsndn reis re nd er ee n e e er, een f fx ssessn fee sns s dsed Wesern, nd edned, edne nds (see FGE 1999, 99). Dese e nresn ed f s ersen reed s ed s res ers f fx srs nnes n

ner n sr sr ner f res s sed n fe f e e sed seded n n f nnens e e nsfred n ness ee nr ss (n gi m S; see 999) Lese, ee se dner nes n ness re f ne esn r ne dssised nd sn ns n er in es. S nerns e res sed nss nd dsssed ness re s nern e fe f ed fesesnd e e e n se fr s s (n ri $, edn e reen rein f er rs fr e sr f e red fes (n mi 73

ese s e r f e eer er f er rs (Jn S pj e een efred fr n ens nd e ds f er rerdn e rdn refes n s se f rsden eer e end f ens (de e nn f sred jesCnen e fer e nd es nd res fr e ness n e efe f eded eers f e f {izn ) s res fr se ded esee e n een en re f er ereed e rned n n ss (gm ) n e rs fr e nrn sred es ere e rseen ne ses (ig ) es f e sres (* , ee

es (n ) In er rds, n rn se f rs nssed n n ens ens nd ns d e e sin f e dnr (M BL

998 6 s e re s s s ened s n dene rer, s dn enn s een eended fr e enern f er nderen f sr s nd ssessn e reenn ded

Pssessn s ers s freqen nsdred n ner es sdeserre e er f res eeene Heer, ese ess n ne f nereed es, ees nd eerenes, 4 s e re nsder s

3 See UNDRW, 1990 ie he joumal of tze Arican Aady f Relgidvd e p ik ky, ih dil iclylze Hi WlmR e d Rld M e Se l HARCR 997 d TEFO 99

e ep w e i wed m ' wk (13 iee di. See l C d ENGTRM 993 e e ew hld

237



Rual Cultu ja an

pat of the ritual ulue e ategory of ego epeiee almot arialy perpetuateieteethetury oeptio of he mid a the paie eipiet of experee e. apatiet WRT 1998, p x I thi oepto the ore of eperee i a atie ageteera to he md the ae of ego expeee the meaphya tau of heaget mot ommoy thought of a oe ha i atoomou, ad uperhuma, eraodary or peatual he etioal harate of huma oioue hoee de-te the ole of he md a aey egaged he proe y hih eperiee eaedo idet poeo a pat of the tual utue o to dey ha ha expeeialquaie, ut rather o dey the theoreia e tha the oure of hoe expeee i aeeal ae aig o a patiet ho i the paie eipie of he experee

Furher it to dey hat epeee ex autoomoy ather tha a part of a et

or of pratie, eef ad epeiee a etor of patie i oaly aed5ad eared he oure of oalzaio. Soiazato eted to mediatie pae ael ee SAF 995 p 8 e eef yem hh ae a itegal pat of he etorof pae, ere o oly to epet he epeee ut hey alo ee o ee heoe fo poeio expeee o o moldg hem ad deg hem a poe-o experee u poeo ot eparae from he dagot rial, ludgrae poeio i hh he oue of the pirit ata o poeio deemed, adritua proedue for it relef are preried

Poeio alo maed y geder Whe thee are ae hh me are poeed(for exampe, y femae fox pri, he maoriy of thoe ho ethe e from poeioor egage poeio pofeoaly hae ee ome ee ACKE 97 e ae of theGni mng paulaly ifomate th oeo ee AN 997).

Rual ltre pode a heuialy alale perpeie o he udy of tal pra-ie, ad ymol ad arit epeeatio i Japa for eera reao irt theprioty of riual praie oer dotre Seod, a a lue ategory rua ltureao for eeig the tereato etee rta prae ad reigou art ad ymo

more ealy tha f he thee ere oidered a exig olaio from oe aotherd thd ritual prae ad relgou ar ad ymol eeariy ext hi oiaymaaied eto of pae, elef ad experee

FXD D

itual ultre omie eleme hh are ed ad elemet hh areporale Fixed eemet ae thoe hh are o oy ome ay uque, u more

tke s ipyi sb, itet y i ystem ie, i the wy tiismy he s I m t t mt the et f ewk ts h se th stdy t tes, thy c te f m y heet,hp s t Levi-tss's bcg e, m, SS 97

ssi stdy th i hte psssi i LWI 916 T tmiy e ptbe" ws the wk Lionel R (19

the pttes f Remti es



ICHARD PAYNE

mortanty ae oly eeva o a aua oae. For exame, he Sa6 u of Mie s oy relevat o he ocale of iei (see GRAAD 1987 ad 1998 Bo e ulof Omwa and at of wak ae additioa exames of newoks of tua ates

belefs ad exerenes xed a spei loao (see LCUTI mog he neweigios a arulary ea isae of a ed eeme e itual uure s enrky'semhasis o retuig "home o e Jiba he ste of humankds oigia ome makedby he Karodai ila (see OO 982 . 52). onras some elemes of a egous radio ae otabe: hey a be eoated from one ae o aoher o examlemay of he Vedi deiies wee iooaed no he ani Buddhs aheon and weebrough o aan ogehe w ult raes devoed o them see LuDVIK 9992A 991, oooa ad oob

oweve e ategoies of xed a otabe ae o mutuay elusive bu ahe forma ange wi may intemediae iaes o eamle some of he Kasuga deiies ae beleved o have bee eoaed fom thei oigina ses Kashima and Kao GAA199, 3 e very ossibiiy ha suh movemen ould ave oued suggess hahee was udy beween a ideao wh a aiua erioy and hei roe asa deies igmi Sima i seems ikely a uj was orginally a xed ulbu havng beome a symbol of he eie aio M uji s no ony woshed oalybu aso from afa/ leas eqa ambguous s he reaio of minaue eas of teShikou ilgimge eah of he eig-eigh saios o wih woud tadiioally reuie

some of he sol fom he oresoding eme on e sand u8la Gaad has agued foefly fo aeio to e uiue loal haaer of e

ligious rae and symbol eamle i hs isussio of he ni i heoy he says:

e ua oi is a ee sysemai assoaions wee aays esabshed a eeve of aiula shies d emes and ot a an absa aional eve. n oewods ShitoBuddhs synetsm remaied grounded n eah aruar reigousommuniy heeby eang oigial Shio haraeisis his is why sudies of

ese sysems of ommuaio bewee ulues mus be mae i it befoe anygeea ousions may be da he synetism found a the e shrnes s haaeisiay dee from ha oud at e asuga shnes Kumano snes ama shrines ad so on Kodaha nyloedia vo 1

he same ime e essing aes'9 of aans ua utue are no uely oabu ae also inteoeed wih gobl isoies of e movement of eigos aross ulua

7· brief discussion f e soal pta mei e Fuj e pe e, se e V 1 8 R 88; o fe ici pimge ee Ba A ey n

"Gogphy, Eve Pgrmg n s e pse s frm K!T p. 8 wo in urn rwed fo RG

an SYER 8

9



7re Rua Cl Japan

udas. aar ps bw lal ad gba rsptvs rigis ld by th atgs f d ad prtal may ass h qu haatr h al sts rm its bg th i itst btw h d ad

rta1a igis ms a d ds t ma ha hy ar ivarat Sm suh ash Oras f h hr Shris may lg drai hgh udgig grda,almst mrt hags (s BOCKING 201). th ass, ams varia adg duai ar mad ly rad riual ais s RGE ad HOSAWM99) h sam way h rabiiy sm rligus mts ds ma tha thris sm ra, mlss, hagg ss that s maifs i ah hs ims adlas t athr that hr s a hisrial uty ass h ural bdars

Madalas, goma ital ad ritati pras prvid hr di amps

hw prabl ligs lmts ha tratd wth h a rita tu aa a uqu rms Whi mh f Wsr sharship saly gags madalas asaitigs hat is as a fm f ar hy rga da as pstais f h smr a dity suudd by hs h mliy madaas s amus ad hasld sval sv stds dvtd sly h dals whh ds ar prsd what m ad what ai (TOGO 1932; DGSS 988; Z 199) sm ss, madalas ar frmd sutrs rathr ha aid w atilalyimprat amps a h mai ha a i i Kyt ad th astr agda a th ara

yasa (s NK 199, p 163-85) trras f madalas d giv may h at that th t i whh madaas ar atd is ital ad sym ahha simly viwg madalas as atisti rats

h si symsm h madala maks a vy t gaizg imag whh was tdd a wd varity f dr ralms As disssd y Babara m-brs i hi t th ggraphy aa was frqty s as a kd f madala asfr ampl, i h ma ilgrimags Shugd pratitirs s N O999 00) Cvrsy spi shm mps suh as Kasuga wrrsd as madaas idiaig hat th sard spa uti ts was assiad

wih h trasdal spa th sms buddhas ad bdhisavas (P99, 91 hs shw th quas w kami ad buddhas bdhsatvas ly d hs gv sm tmat gmss mdval igs i Jaa thy as rva th ui rgaizati h shmpl ptrayd Ev h b ddhis ks kesa Skt k$ya was itrd as a madaa ptayigh uddhs sms whi als bg hmlgizd with h sa f ghm (Stbdhiauja) th budhas FU 995 p 57)

rqy s i Shig tmps ar a pai madalas. Ths ar h kngi

ad tzi W madalas psig th mpassi ad wisdm ah(St Mahvaiaa) h hi dty (n th Shg aditi his

I0 it what appar t b h a a in in rt S CNG 000 l

t trmn rnl rcI 1 Fr a or nral cusion f th am ntmprary trira, 997 p Chtr rm Macr t Mirhstr: Hstory ry



RICRD PAY

ang o th two mandaa concid with h intgation n Shingon o two ita adiionth dt aad in th o mandaa bing th dt vokd in th co opomng th ta o ac linag o ital acti2

On o th mot amo o th aan mandaa th ama mandaa a na-ion o th P and o mda a dcibd in th Visaliati Sfra. Mdal lgnd o th miaclo catin o th ama mandala in on to h pa o thdvot nn Chjhm T ROTU How a a l o aminationo wal pantng at Dnhag t now idnt tat th omat o th aima mandalaoiginatd n wtn China (T ROTU 83 gadaion wnta and dama and h hgh pomati chaac o apan' ita c a idncd th lgnd o Chjhim gaphic ntation o which w mlod

n potizing omanc conting h gnd LS

4) vn hqaidamaic pomanc combn goba and local dimnion Victo AR 88)ha hown that ch pct totling can not on b tacd back to China bt hat tha t ogn in Inda.

gma Skt ma ao vidnc th wa n which a ital can poal acoclta bonda h hto o h gma can acd back thogh Chna to thmdva domn o ana (o mi6 in Inda, and n h to h ita o Vdic actic In it caic om th gma i a o votiv oing, o ac-ic n whch th ong a mad no a hogh oth going a known

h Shngon tadition aong ith oth tantic ddh tadition catgoiz it gmaand oth ita into v catgoi Jpn g accoding to ncion: poc-on n ssai Sk a inca (Jpn a M Skt pa�ia, gaion Jpn b Skt abicraa bodinaion n a { Skt vaaraw,and acqiiton n O Skt a dditionall h a gma dotd to awid vat o dnt bdda, bodhiaa dhama otco, and oh diti (PAY 000 In contmpoa Japan, th gma i known n a vat o latd om t ipomd in oth nda and Shngon tmpl wh th tantic om o ddhim habn paticla impotant h a dicnib dinc btn th Shngon and

ndai om o th gma. h a in lag at attital to th ac that h ndaitaditon n addion to th Daic- Skt airaba]1bdi-a andKgc- Sk Vaaara-sta alo daw pon th - Skt Siddaramaaa hi latt tt cam ncaing oa n Chin otc ddhm a th tim o Saich and Kka, whn nda plat ch annin ad o China in ach o additional otic mata ndd to comlt hndai oic tachng

hi n ddhi tting th gma i gnal omd nid a tmpl bidng

. e ic iemet f mds i it eme b ditige mth i tt the ptt m cm mt imge he etie f e md Atg thi t ide beme pt the mm stdig mdRb f h ecety dmttd t y f t w i Je icte e SHAF



T Ru uue p

ate fm deted it Sged6 s pefmed tsde s s as e go ; ad a be fd beig pefmed e gds f ddis tempes atSged tes, ad at Sit ses e medeal ped ads detedemsees as S, s as mia ad Yis Ysida) eaed tei go eemes atie f s ybid fms as mpeey sppessed dig te Meiji ped.

st as e go as mpted fm dia etati paties f as ids eti apa a as be aed ba dia di ta te is lagey mtiated by a de-stadig f te Vedas as e etea bay fda f e pemea d epe f te Vedas d e be da p i ta pefmaes tg te etatf pees f te Ved tets ta is, mata Mata ngon ad dhraJi (dn /) ee ided as pat f Sg ad te esei taditi iti edai Mst m-

my tday ae tse fms f eitati fd i te e Bddisms estabsed e amaa ea e sty f ese paes idiates e mpe ays i ielatiey simple tal paties me i te ppa ita le

Oe eample s te Cea Ligt Mata" ky ngon IN i as se-ea bees atbted t t As ped Japaese te mata s on b be-rshano kbod n hndo jb hb 1 (S ogh vcnhud J pd jl p t is peaps a mmet te df-ltes faed by se liig te amaa ea ta e f is ms ppla ses as

te empeme f mm dt is dt ld e be spkled a dyg pes,a pse, a gae pfyg e ama f e deeased ad assig bit i te Pead f Amida e lea igt Maa as pmted by may paties, peas tebest f m is Mye e (see O 1998)

Nie is assated t te eiat f te tite f e Lo S dok )famla i e fm f te pase n yhO ee ky, T Y paise espte f te s bssm f te defl Dama' espit te mm assmptat Nie iitiaed is patie it s pat f a seies f amst ideta iatis fe pe f te Lo S. ese eaie fms ide epessis s as nu cho

myoho ree kyo Y ad n gkuk n1 chgt yhO ng ky j as e as mbais s as ikig b te Lou S ada bdda ( as Amida; see OE 199

Smial, altg te tempay patie i te e Lad ss is f t s-aate at nu Ad bu �F ts ly beame te sada esi ad te tme f ey sdeed te sed fde f e S aditi fe Lad OS ad oES 99; OES 996) Eale e fms f te neuad bee sed ldg a eaae es: ky jn jpp g k nyo 9

�:[· e mbati f as symbli ad ital patie s eempiedby e may slls Rey sbed e ame f Amida yg teslls ee me flly lstated te aesteti epesetat bemig ee me m-pely sataed it symbi ad pefmate sgae bg te ies e dabetee tte ad sa epesetatis (see BU 00)

ese ee eampesmadalas ad eitatia eempi te iqe aaae f apaese ita te e ie aae aises f te iteseti f





7e Ritual Cultu n

dmio indi u ulu il no imp u o gion, h o ol nio

A m im, h go o iu uu i ud i od o inud idg o ivi hi iu udood mo no gn di om ohgn u mo iv, pgn, d dmmig b oug o xlud o d, mo nlv go i nid b onpo pomiv op igo hog nd pi AvEBUH p. 8; o A 997

A p o h u l h moli lon o p lgion lo onid-d h o b oi ion. n o od, no o on ogh o mo uoomou, hio pon o om im nd

vl igiou mnig. hi i impo o i, in n dmid o igon nll ppnion o mo di om h pphio o oi o u long ogizd in i lgol, d o doub, o h on i oil imn o mn u. n on n d o Romo . hnio o h ioii o i h no bn oud b h no Romni, pi vizig o ioil vi o il o mp, Mi d. Smbo,hov i lg pod hioil noPoi dn o nlgiou l, inod b noRomn o n n

polog o lgio hv obd hoi o mbo fh nqun f g mbol oomo n o i h o

o n nddng o mbol vng mnig p om io lgiou ing n h ol ul ond n ok o no o n ompiv ud o ligion ho mpiil p v o ml m m b ld univ hmni h id h mngo mbol i m v d l ime ool o i i h h -ing b udood ihou n o i hol, ul, go, poiil o

onomi oxSomm hi vi xpid dinguiing mbol nd ig

on md n ppo o diion il gn o onvnon mol in om n nul, nd do no dpnd pon lu o iming nl, d o nv hmnui bd upon mpi- popio n i o o igiou mbo nndn li iml lm· om h mbo dviv. n i mpi i impl, d Poni oo o inu m di o vn

Wi th discssi i his ssa css piaiy th piica cti ii is as iptat t t tat Wstr cadic stdy ii ss t systicaysc th cic ci f ii is pay is th t a raizd ai t ay dcti appach ad a spcic arsi t axis ty Yt witt ati t this disi th tiati bhid ciic ad h istittia sppt wid

ait itas cis ad stias cat b dsd Wh bth aizi a! iia t i t attat pigis ad th cic bts thy bi?



ICARD AYN

exlcte, mch less cl nto question. Such set of ssmtons, owever mkes t oo esy o resume n equence beween symbo wose menng s nown nd onewose menng s unnown spy on te bss of nlogy ese esmons my reslt n both redng onto e unfml symbol set of menngs not r of the Jneseundestndng, nd t te sme me obscung e ctu sgncnce he symbol hs st of te rtul cultre of an

An emle of ts s te moston of te dlstc dvson o e wod no scred nd rofne relms onto he elgos lndsce of n Ths symbolc dvso sery wdey emoyed becse o e nen roe o Ede nd becse hs dlscwoldvew buds on dulstc relgous ssumtos mlct n Wesern ndersndngof relgon (see EAD 5 In contrs, oweve, Edmnd GIAY 87 nd 0 hs

demonsted th te nese relgos woldvew comses hree s e ee deren rems ht Gldy detes re he montn, he eds nd he vge he mon s e rem of te m te lge e relm of humns, nd he elds he rem ofcntett beween te w: te m redn n te elds L te wner nd ovn tthe mountns dng the summe when umns e ove te eds or grcutur uoses GA suggests h "pcfn my be one wy o crcerze he objecve oll mi nsof s every mi s mked by n eo o enfoce rtc tculton of orde" 0 264

No ony s hee obem t e de of nvesl emeneuc or nversl

symbolc yoogy bu symbls do not hve ny chgng ermnen sgncnce ytretment of symbols tt decotules hem rom he socl nd storc locton s fundmenlly nccute For emle te symbol of Sh6tou Ts hs beenemoyed n vrety of deent hetocl stteges nd hence hs cred deentmenngs ccordg o he cnet Boh Budds dherens nd uddhs schors hefet e gency fo the conto of eesentton becse sch eresentons serve nlegtmng docnl nterettons nd rctces, omotng tcu soco-otcgend, or dvncng schol methodology o nteeton17 noter nstnce she Orces o he hree hres" (sj kuen whch exem he sorc

nd otcl crcte of sybols e ocles orgnted s oltc rognd drghe eod of conct between te orten nd outhern courts GoDgo enn, hed ohe ouhern court, s otyed s the rghtfu rler brngng togehe the regos tory o hs ddhs denty he s ortyed s hngon res), nd he edosemen o hethee most mont srne detes, se, Hcmn, nd Ksg (CI 00 4

note fndmentl drence between nese nd esten relgous cultues mon to n undersndng o te fncon of symbos s he bsence n n of nyconcern bo doly s hee s less of he sense tt everyng elgous s soeyeelly ybl tht s, esnng smthng s, ome e, ghe ry

See k Denis Siing Iges Pice ht: e Urgec the nl jRepeentin" ppe pesente t te erece te nein ssciti S his Sties 2Agst 2 ti Dig Kt pn, 3 F the phse he gen he nt epesenttin Denis cites p 2



Rua Cu ofn

oe ot mea at thee are ot symo assoaos ut rae that t is pose othe aua ojet a is ymoli gae to e homologie, ta is, treate a eti

a us, Dge a asrt ta ay ke se y a ey orie Ze mo, oe otymolay represet ut simpy s the roe of he Buha kyamu FAR p 34Lkeise otemporary Ze i t expot form e metato usho z � is o-mologie to t eru, the om mouta at he ee o e Ia uere Brar pos out tat ar fom msg te alue o he ojet su ual epoutiosutas te ful poey of te ogial p 352. Iee oe mgt uspe a tepotey o suh ojet s eate exatly trough ei eig itely repouile.

Whle tese examples are fou i the porale aspe ofapaese regio, e aseeof efeea symolism s ou i te xe apets a e For example, t Fuji oesot sta fo o represet aytg It is u a t s, a a u is ae te seeof eg a plae o grea poer hee a tmae elatiop amog te gos km)he a a s aat e oray or i explae a a area o e at-ty N p Exposue to e We may ae egrae t oge ulureoer he ast ure yeas so hat oe may suo aout u hgs as hey ere represetaey, or refeetaly meagful Hoeer, thi ou appear to ea aaptao o the asumpto a expetato o Wese regous utue. Jaaesereigiou uture pro to he moer ea osistety employ homologe tat s, aer-

o o a ietty goe eyo a referetially ymol taig fo a a primaryretoria strategy u homooges alo a heaha mpliato, as i the eoy otue aure a maifestao lj uu, a iome he eatio of paleae a kam (ee G 6

metoe y may othe authors this , he stio etee o aBuhm a e o tem toay a moe oe otae y atioalst resoseso Europea mpeaism i Eat a a ifome y omat oepto of eiga ear for te auteti the geous, he titutioa eparaio of te to

raitos as efore y a eres of mpea eits issue 6 (see EA 0B N 2000) iio reete e moe stuoa tem employeha , he tio etee hio es g o jj a Buhstemples te o j �) a esu e tem o mut e use t pope ateoo soiotoia oext appopate oy to e e o eoiously io moe-mets uh as ma a Yusu te late meeal a eary premoer pero ae suseque separato eii ee for exampe, he importe okeepig suh otexta oer m stuyg ritua ulture te ee o aoaahrosm hi a oly e aompishe y arty aout the toria oatio of

he rtua aro or ymo eg exameat o te reigou ereao o hto a a autoomou a igeous raitio

as te eato of a rtual utue, mu of i e a me as ake o the pa-ta ofae hito rites o exampe e hto eg eemoy18 hat s mlia

See MITH 99 For a sudy of recent chngs in weding pri, ee CH



RICAR PAY

oday ad cooly togt of a a acit cto wa wy cad 90 o wddig o t ow (lat, t ai o) S y a owowl t Mjod toi wa a ttd octd So a a a-t o aicato o wa ad ioy b ob ad a toaio o wat adal diad" (B 00, 9)

O o ato itd o oal o aoologialtdy o lgio i a ital baicaly coati o t oia od, at it iot itg oia od coy a dadig of at ocia od o yog bo at oiy, ad agig h dy o ao o ado ow,dilo a ta, wt coati o o, a o tl cagg,og y o a a y iy o, a ay ita, ot aa

ad lw w a actly i of oca o T a of t awami ald i ai L:! o oig d dc bot agig aac o ital ad it a a acity1 Pio to to odi aa a t cty, t oig d wa a y ac aot o a Sioit o od la a a day i o aco cotoa o walty ad gdy ay b yiay aatd ad ti oty daagd t oof al h fctoali aatio of c aaty atioal aio, dig a tialy o itotlia oi of ocial cto o daa, octly o , i at a catatic, at y a atiy af io

o oial tio wi i ot awd io d otad ciagt lad to a oal ca ad dio How, a Scot S gg ta a of lgio itua a a a of adatig too a odcigcag i t oioolitia od ai agy od (999,

olitcal o ota, oy, ad agat21 d togot aa toy ital ow of lic ad oitica oto of ta fo ti day bga i ia ad cotid tog Aiaga Accodg o ia UE (oo) ot' aoiatio o Bdda td t w at c bc oactd t lag o t o i ao i ad dayd ow o

LL al cnU' ay n thi Gude. ml tva r knwn nni n Er tntially aly cactr t r mtim l "rital ivini vn n r an imrtant r dic th i LN 18 Par : Rital.

nctnalt rmtn tht tabt th nrm t n th ratng a tti rinii llc in whih bca taity i amd, ctiviti ntr ttht tabilit a iml intrrt limatl rti th ial r trgh tatharti la f tnn. On t bi thi rmtin thn, mr xtrm rtn

r catgrz a mtng -blinn lin by rr t irt t nmic

1 Phili (1) rcntl ctiq th nrimnting f th trm tl a ctgry ncmn t mny rnt litica nt, an nd, th nt ribb jtni hr inc vrl rnt kin tiviti nc, th mrcmhniv it "ril crmn, n gt





ICARD AN

uc as ca ms, at s, usca plitical dmiac mpialca (M 19, p 3

a mts ad uas av a sciplitica uci ds a a a

t lgius atualstic vi ua ad sb g mpd avds tpsupi at igi is sui gis ad a igus pc gus m-i, s iduc ad sg dig caacistc igi Suc a ccpi igi giats i attps Ws scas igi i la tcu ad al t cu ptc igi m at s as dsuctiv duciist uiis s auts cad a ic a as lgi smgc ca paid, d ic is pad l dssuc a v ligi pcud sius sac, ut t is asd lgical ccptisigiatg m Wst iss, ad a t iapppia stud

Japas iual cultu. A sam tim t s aacsic mps t alapas siuati da at ig ligus i ds t av sca adplica ucts At a im pitcal ad igius as lss cal divddta csid m da: svg as simutaus ia ad p-tical ad ati (BR SE 189, p ; s as GG 997 pp 208-6 Stac ig s maistai is, ad i m at Japassat attptd ctl igi ig up t t dcaai gus dm tt ctu

THE INFLUENCE OF BUDDS A,

AND BDDS RTUA SCUES

As t u cs i t pcdg idicat stc uddis, i-ducd b Kkai ad Saic a gig i ctu, dpl pvadsapas ig A ala ap is psc Fud6 M (S AcaaaaVda, als as aQaaaa i ma lcats cld a aust-tis Jp g �) a pacicd Wappd i lams gad b is ccav

p Fud smb gai i at O cassic cds s sud Hi gri 8 cap v ai Mgau gags icld a ausitis ud t Naci as at Kuma i midit, vig sta tt das il ctig ud ata udd usad s Hstad i t zig at als l as t dg da A a pit Fuds ig atda uts vivd , ad assud im tat Fud k sv Rd i is cdc, Mgau ud t p ad sd ud a-a agai aks t t divi pc, big gas g picd is s; dscdig as am (MG 1988 p 7)

T pvas stic uddis is as vidt i t aa itua pactic, stctua avig b apppiad b t uddis scs u als ma-ti scs ic spcca idid tmsvs as Sit As md abv tia S ad Yuiisu ( sida S dvpd vsi t gmYuiitsu as d Egt Stags iual (acid + \ m Sg

29



The Ritual Clte ofJapn

tod it i the rt rit n th tinin o hinon iet (i !! ) nin it the ihtn i h third o h the i th od th ore o ii

i i oted o the Northe Dir rent o borowed ro hinon we ee n ntn o th nd o ttention to th orbit orit ri, eoriddhit it doted to he Northn ier were ood in Chin in ne tot iotnt roe o h Northern ie in o

ddh ti rti the ind o rit one obere in te o ntod, inii er to be e diere, nd ni to h ri et (sh *nd n inee (ry within th eneth the e, hower tin oni-tent eent nd ttrn n be een24 h onte in he ndin Mhn, whr

it nown th re wohi (or e oin t n25 Whieo rent oriin een eeen, other ron o o h o nine oond t h e ti, dirnt ei itri o rio ent o tht he to-t oo o tion i he o oon orin re eeen it ton: ieeneion, onion o , roin n he t o oth eqin he tehinbin t bddh not to bndon in ben oin or re, ow oon, o o bodhiitt nd trn o rit2 he r trditon o ddhihoweer h not bn tndd to in eern hohi nti rt reent

e nrontii whih eete tn riio tdie hie tiein he ot iortnt t o reiion. Thi ontribted to riin o hedden enihtenn thin o Zen, wht rnd FRE (1991) h d th rhetori o ii tothe with it ot o Zen edittion entre to ondition ore ontnt to norti t on o obed th itti hrr o oe o]ne reiion, h en editon ite whih hih itizd h i it rinied ho o whih rit od not be obd h

H S S p h xhibitio tlog lo icl lbl y b F itl i th Bhit pl f p· Sl Coll Mo S il Th Eolio of h Ig l p· S ih iimo p Bh otiv A Th mi i -4"

25 S 99 m bt to B illi f h i ih h tio26 mlog vi b

pi (vmulmt),ohp/ig/vt pija pn,cfioof f ft 5a pa-dsmw)oiig/oiig m/joiig i th i of th omt

odn uyudda,qg h hg (dye$bggg (r ., bggg th bh t bo livig big)goig fo fg S-gvo (prrdcri f lf ( cbrvamra)ol ofbhiit (bda) f m (p.



RICAR YNE

n c di J , oi dr fom mot n lngg oo on h itor of pn rgion

For rltd ron, n corhip h o ovood t coltc crctr ofJn Bddm ch h rditon of d in hngon nd in wic continnto t prn ch dt r oth g tizd nd coic hr tn tc nd mtc T m pn wh, log w d ot th dt in lttnd iogrpi of mon r o ntir ngcd in t td of pn Bd-dhm. fo m, mont dt condcd n nnin on KnA on migt pc, th toc r rd to t t Sa, nd th d cng cd whn vr id ting ntir ritl t lc ovr wohorrod, of whic o t lt fortv min r dvotd to dt pr t oc

tion n nnn indc t it i condcd for dcion nd mmnt of diti who rotct montin, o wod convntonll idnid into

OUSO

T d of n rit ct rir ri of intgtiv prpcivOn h viw of rit clt incoorting no ol l rcc mocnd rtitic rnttion w imil, it ct ncd milit pgnt ndoiticl crmoni w ligo rtl r i ont owrd wid ng of

conttin fctor t t m intgd whn l ctr i ntrid, tt in ocil odc Anotr prpcv tht of ctr nwor nvolv-ng it ctic, lif d pric, whch r oc minind nd ingrtdtrog v of ocilzion proc

n rit cltr oth chg nd n opportnit, i i d on mp-tion nd if which dc t vrinc wt tho of tn rgio tdio th tnt t h lttr grow o of trn lgio trdition i nd o ofmpicit mion, for p tht ritl driv fom doctrn, tht not porit to d of th rlgo ctr of pn

BOGAPHY

NI, 995 rtion of od nd ddh" t miw hrn in ii pnJapa Ja ofRgo Stes 22 9-59

VER, t, 995 ze G o g A S oth Japa tual Da Yama-bs Kagura tc: t Ai rogrm, on nivit

BRE ori , 1997 Woa eap Sp Pssso a fG onollUnvrt of wi r

BAKR, mn, 1975. ze talpa B A Su oShamac Pts Jap ondon:org ln nd Unwin

wa pviege ten ne hse ess n Ag 00, hg e gees Invtain the lte ev. hisei Atn hm wish hnk pcy

1





RR AY

FJA akas 996 pe a: Pwe a Pagea e japa ekeeyUversty o Caloa ress.

LA mu 987 he ate oats: Cosm Semes a Rtual lluso Japaese esvals hD sserato versy o Ccago

990 owe ays A trouto to apaese Fesvals jua fRa ue 46-9·

IRAR Fr, 990 U me e a ete Keg a pe e Kamaa e llJ-Jet e a e e Rve" ars oe Fraase !mere

LAA ak, 2"Show m te pae where my mothe s he Cjhme Legea Regous eormace ate Meeva a ay Moe Japa. Appagte Pe a Reg Pa te Ct fmtba e har aye a Kee Taaka Kuroa ste Stues as Asa uhsm Hoolu Uvesyo Hawa' ress

AAR Ala 1987 gust Csm A Sguly o luralsm te Sa Culjapa1ee jal fReg tes 1-

199 P fe A t fe Kasga C japaese H. ekeleyvesty o Caloa ress.

998 Kea eret erspetve o Mt He the eeva eo AY 1998, pp. -69.

, s.v Hoj suaku; Ks pea, vo 7 p 127 Tokyo Koasha

ARAR ee, 1997 aetg te eag Fets 1 japa Berkeey Uversy of Ca Seve, 999. g ape ap1g ext Pp a1 e e Ka

Hoolulu vesty oawa ressAAA ko, 0 Ctat Ea e Japa Kta eef a Pate

Lee . l.R Geog , 997 Hsgap te wetet Ce m et Obetvt

te Ptme Caege aove Wesleya vesty ess, vesty es of ewga

RA omas 99 e egap fPwe eeval Japa reo eoUversy ess.Y abeh, 996997 Sht Mortuary Rtes oemporay Japa ae

meAse 9 397-440AAR ames Ewar, 990 OfHeet aty e japa Bm a s Pe

et reto rto vest ress.ADR Emmaue eRoy, 979 aa Rma Mary eeey. New ork: George

zlerAOUR o 99 W ae Nee ee1 e. Tr Cathere oter Cambre: ava

Uvesy ressw, ae Mare, 997 Pppets fNaga: e Le Dea a Rebt fe japaee Aw

Ng reo reo verst essI M 97 Ea Re/g A Apga fp Pse a ama

m. Hamosworth, : egu ooks

3



Riu Cuu ofapa

OLN r 1989 Dsus the Cstut fSet Cptv tus f th,Rtu, Csst Ofrd: Oxfd Unirit P

N a, Mappng t ard Bd nt r Pa Blf at Mt Iwain Tgau n Sht Hst s ft K, d n Bn nd Mark uwnHnlulu: Unirit fHawa'i Pr

OZ Dnad , , 99 Frign at t Lam Ft In Cut ft Buh Ie Stu fBus ue Cs d Dnad Lpz, Cag: Unirit f Cag Pr

DK tn, 9992 Bnzatn it ra: rg d gr uapparn d araat Chs tAs u: 92-338

M, Frai, 1996-1997. rtg fatm: L fnrail t a diatin d tmiHidi

Ces xteAse9 44-6

t Vitr . 988 P1tg Pef Cs Ptue Rett ts eess Hnlu Unvit f Hawai'i Pr

M Uri, 1991 vut fthe Gbtu ; ataPaa i Indan itatur n 6 N l ntnatina adm fndian Cultr and ditaPaa an

ME ak, 993 arl ami r Tr ant Gdin In Ie Cbg stfp, : et Jp, d Dm M. Bn Camidg: Camridg UniitPr.

cCLOG Hn Cag, tr, 988 Ie e f te Hek tanfd tanfrd UniritPr

Hiti, 1 Shug: ss 0 t Stutue fJpes Reg d and ntrH Bn arart nn rr Cnt f apan tudi, Unt f Miigan

O nn imura, and aml Cl OR d, 99 Obt s sgt JeseBst At Rtu Katna Katna Mum f rt.

Rrt Trat, and xandr P 981 Ie At Ahtetue fJp 3rd d NHan Ya nirit Pr

N Rard Ka, 999 ingn fr t Dad n Regs fJp Pte, dGg ana, r pp 9-6 Prnctn: Prntn Unit Pr.

2 Rtua Manua f t Ptti Fr rng Dtd t Mar, Ci nag n t Pte, d Dad Grdn Wit Prntn: rintn UniritPr

N Rard, d, 998 Rs1g Ku Bu Kda ntitut tdi nat an Buddm 1 Hnu Unt f Hawa' P

O Ja R 997 I ee fpse Kgshp tanfd: tanfrd Unii P

MBL Fa 998 Ot, Rita, Tradtin Gnag f t Mmra i(Ku r Ot in apan Papr pntd t t nt tui Cnltatin anualmtg f t mran adm f Rligin, Orland

N n, nd i J BM d, 99 et1 f t Camidg:Camdg Unt P

a 988 Mnaturizatin and Prifratin: tud f mala Pilgrimag nJapan tues Cet st s Regs t 66



RARD PAYE

R, an and Geoe TANBE, J, 998 cill Reliis rldl Bene nd hemmn Reliin Jpn onol Unv o aa P.

oGERSMno , 1996 Renno Omi and h Shh e Land Tado In e red r H� eFoa Mc mon a

K a Bekl Bddh Sde Se ke Bel Bddh Sde SeoGERS, Mno L , and A 99 Rnn: e Secnd Fnder Shin Bddhism

Nanzan Sde n Aan Reon · kl Aan an eHKRU Lo 98 Rlgo a ad olv o: dd oolo

e n h Rnaa ad Roao. iril ReeinRi Hiries7 -

UPR Ban, 2 ewel in he Ashe Bddh Relic nd wer in Erl Medil jpn

avad Ea Aan Moa 188 ade ad Lodon avad nve AaCen, avad nve e.IDEVA 199 e Bdicrv Ka Co and Ade Sklon Ood Ood

Uv eS, So 999. e Rn Dm: Ril cice in Jpnese Cmmni onou

nve o f aa eS, Ro , 199 Sakdan Zn ad h Wa o he N Ron jpnese rnl

Relii Sdies 22 178, 2 Vaaon an adala n Shon Bddh n iin mes pnese

Bddhis cns in n, d Roe Sha and lah oo Shaf, 97Sanod Saod Uv

S, Ro , 99. Wddn and Fa Ral Anal a Movn ae I A R E- and ARIEZ 199, p 2-7

S Kan A, 1999 ·e nd he jeel Shred nd rie Menins in nemprrJpnese nri Wrship ono nve of aa Pe

SDA Adan, 1988 e Mix zd Dimnd rld Mndl in Shinn Bddhim vo aaaka See, ndoAan ea, no & e Dlh: Ada

aaha.SAA F, 1989 Rle wih Menin: Ril nr nd e mn Sciences e oke Lan

S, ald 199 O Sa a n aan onepon o ah ColevFo o ah Ral n Moa n A BR EN ad AREZ 99 pp 83-7

S, aqlne I, 1998 Chan he A Tle o h S: Dimk Pae nClaa and Medva aan In A E 998 6-66

S Shka, 996 h nv Fae o Sann lh Shno pnee JlRlii Sdies 2 6-8

T o , 999 nodo n Reliins p in cie ed eo Tana,, p -2 Pnon neon nv e

A Mhae 987 Shmnm lnilim nd he Wild Mn Sd in errr ndelin Chao ve o Chao e

GREH Eaeh, 992 Che he Weavn o e ed n lwin ce

5



7 Rtual Cuu aa

uddhi in h irary and Viual Ar apan ams H ano, Wia R.a and Maatoh Nagaom inon Pncon nsi Pss

, . apan Mandala: Rprnain acrd graphy Hono nvsi of

Haaii ssGO n 1¥ 132 Mandara n ey ?O. Koasan Kasan aga

panbIO, Kvn, 7 Rli Rual and Rprnain i Buddhi Rarialiing h ri

ana 7hrada radiin Cabidg s in Rgos Tadons 0 CabgCabdg nvs Pss

U phn, . Mass o Masi? Oasiisaa Cmon on isi Mnu-a Nppnica o 1-88

98 T aur irihian japan A udy hir vpn li and Riual Prn ay Rcmon K aan ba Czon ssL oa, 0 Miracl h au iy N Yo Cobia nsi Pss, san C, 12 T ul aua hruh Ar Mcgan Monogap is n

apas ds Ann Abo Cn o apans ds, nivs of MhganDOD Mdh, ags o via Womn, Aboon, an Poa igion

n Conpoa Jaan ual h Aca Acady fRligin 6= 3-.O, Ma . Romning ah in an o Mna of gh M Kbns

y hingn Dha anini n PY p 7 204 ingn Rracin: My and h Man h Boson WsoVN £1£N, P MZ ds 5 ny and Rual in a Rligiu

racic n 11 ndurialid ciy ondon Rodg.WI a hilphical Mdiain Zn uddhi Cabidg Cabdg

nivsi PssIKS Mii Ha . iraiui: uddhi Ar and Rgia liic in h-

nury apan Cambdg ava nisi Asi Cn aa nivs ss

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payne richard - the ritual culture of japan