Anatomy - Chapter 8 (Head and Neck) - Meninges

Brain and spinal cord protected surrounded by what?Meninges

How many layers in the meninges?3

Tough, outer layer?Dura

Delicate, middle layer?Arachnoid

Thin, inner layer?Pia

Cranial dura mater has how many layers?2

Spinal dura mater has how many layers?1

Outer layer of the cranial dura mater?Periosteal layer

What does this outer layer of cranial dura mater contain?Meningeal Arteries

Which layer of cranial dura mater extends through the FM and is continuous with the spinal dura?Meningeal Layer

What are dural partitions made of?Dura Mater

Crescent-shaped downward projection of meningeal dura mater that passes b/n two cerebral hemispheres?Falx Cerebri

Horizontal projection of meningeal dura mater that covers and seperates the cerebellum?Tentorium Cerebelli

Midbrain passes through what structure?Tentorial Notch (oval opening in the midline)

Small midline projection of meningeal dura mater in the posterior cranial fossa?Falx Cerebelli

Small, horizontal shelf of meningeal dura mater that covers the hypophyseal fossa in the sella tursica?Diaphragma Sella

Connects pituitary with the base of the brain, passes through the diaphragma sella?Infundibulum

Artery that supplies the greatest part of the dura?Middle Meningeal

Anterior meningeals are branches off of what artery?Ethmodial Arteries

Middle meningeal is a branch off of what artery?Maxillary

Where does the middle meningeal enter the skull?Foramen Spinosum

Which branch of the middle meningeal crosses the pterion?Anterior

Posteriro meningeal artery is the terminal branch of what artery?Ascending Pharyngeal A. (Jugular Foramen)

All the nerves that innervate the dura mater?First 3 Cervical N., V1, V2, V3, and Vagus

Innveration of the Falx?V1

Innervation of the middle cranial fossa?Medial: V2

Lateral: v3

Innervation of the Posterior Cranial Fossa?First 3 Cervical (enter through foramen magnum, hypoglossal canal and jugular foramen) + Vagus

Thin, avascular membrane that lines, but is NOT adherent to, the inner surface of the dura mater?Arachnoid Mater

Thin processes extend down, across the subarachnoid space and become continous with what?Pia Mater

Only fissure that the arachnoid mater enters?Longitudinal Fissure

Thin, delicate membrane that closely invests the surface of the brain?Pia Mater

Potential space is related with what?Dura Mater

Real space is associated with what?Between Arachnoid and Pia Mater

Potenital space between dura and bone?Extradural space

When can this potential space become fluid filled?Vascular Hemorrage (rupture of meningeal artery or a torn dural venous sinus) -> extradural hematoma

Bleeding due to a tearing of a vein as it enters a dural venous sinus can result in a ?Subdural hematoma

Arachnoid mater clings to the dura and does NOT follow what?The contour of the brain

Whereas, the pia mater does follow the contour of the brain, to create what?A real space between those layers

CSF is produced by what?Choroid Plexus

CSF returns to the venous system through what structures?Arachnoid Villi

These villi project as clumps into the sagittal sinus, known as what?Arachnoid granulations

The superior sagittal sinus is a dural venous sinus, and its lateral extensions are called what?Lateral lacunae

Dilatation of the cerebral ventricular system, due to obstruction or overproduction of CSF is called what?Hydrocephalus

CSF passes from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle via what?Intraventricular Foramina (foramina of Monro)

CSF passes from the third ventricle to the 4th ventricle through what?Cerebral Aquaduct

CSF passes from the 4th ventricle to the subarachnoid space via what?Midline foramen or the two lateral formina (foramen of Magendie or Foramina of Lushka)

Where is CSF absorbedArachnoid granulations in the walls of the dural sinuses

Most common cause of hydrocephalus in adults?Interuption of reabsorption through arachnoid granulations

Rare cause of hydrocephalus?Choroid plexus tumors that secrete excess CSF

Rare infection of the leptomeninges (combination of arachnoid mater and the pia mater)?Meningitis

Subcutaneous hemorrage (ecchymoses) is a feature of what type of meningitis?Meningococcal Meningitis

Mild headache, fever, drowsiness and nausea - then, photophobia, ecchymoses, + Kernigs and Neck pain.Symptoms of progressive meningitis

Lesion WITHIN the brain?Intra-axial

Lesion OUTSIDE the brain?Extra-axial

Meningiomas and Acoustic neuromas are typically which type of tumor?Extra-axial

Arise from the meninges and prefer Falx Cerebri, free edge of the tentorium cerebelli, and ant. Middle cranial fossa?Meningiomas

Typically found at the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) and in the cerebellopontine angle?Acoustic Neuromas

Most common type of intra-axial brain lesions?Secondary brain lesions from metastatic deposits

Metastatic tumor lesions are typically found in patients with either?Breast or Lung cancer

Gliomas, Oligodendrocytomas, and choroid plexus tumors can be classified as what?Primary brain lesions

During development, the cerebrum is called what?Telencephalon

Elevations in the brain?Gyri

Depressions in the brain?Sulci

During development, the part of the brain that contains the thalamus, hypothalamus, and other structures?Diencephalon

During development, the name for the midbrain?Mesencephalon

During development, the name for the part that gives rise to the cerebellum?Metencephalon

During development, the name for the medulla oblongota (CN VI - XII) are attached here?Myelencephalon

Two vertebral arteries enter the cranial cavity through what?Foramen Magnum

Two vertebral arteries fuse at the level of the pons to form what?Basilar artery

Where do the cartoids enter?Carotid canal

Before the two verebral arteries form into the basilar, each gives off how many branches?3

Connects pituitary with the base of the brain, passes through the diaphragma sella?Posterior Inferior Cerebral

Ends as a bifurcation and gives rise to two posterior cerebral arteries?Basilar artery

Each gives off the ophthalmic artery, post. Comm. Artery, middle and anterior cerebral arteries?Each Internal Carotid Artery

Formed at the base of the brain by interconnecting vertebrobasilar and internal carotid systems of vessels?Cerebral Arterial Circle

Connects the left and right anterior cerebral arteries to one another?Anterior communicating

Connects the internal carotid artery with the posterior cerebral artery?Posterior communicating

Acute development of focal neurological deficit as a result of localized or diffuse cerebral hypoperfusion?Stroke

Most common site for an athlerosclerotic plaque to form?Bifurcation of the common carotid

Less severe strokes that occur in the same manner, but usually resolve completely within 24 hours?TIA

Typically occur in anterior/posterior communicating arteries, branches of the MCA, and distal basilar artery?Cerebral Aneurysms

Patient complains of thunderclap headache, neck stiffness and vomitting?Ruptured Cerebral Aneurysm

Cannulation site for surgical treatment of cerebral aneurysm?Femoral -> Aorta -> Carotid -> Pack Aneurysm with Microcoil