MODULE 1

History and Citizenship II, Cycle II Where to begin?

With the first people? Over 30,000 yrs ago The first European contact? Less than 500 yrs ago When Canada is first considered a country? Less than 150 yrs ago

For the purposes of this course we begin when Europeans first arrive but in order to understand how their relationships with the natives developed first we must understand the aboriginal people.

Amerindians (2 main groups Iroquoians and Algonkians)What are each group’s traits?

1) Iroquois:

2) Algonkians:

These two groups existed for centuries in relative peace. Meanwhile across the Atlantic ocean in Europe events were occurring which would lead to their destruction.

Technically-The Vikings were the first Europeans to have landed in North America; however they never established a permanent settlement and were only here for fishing, so we don’t focus on them.

Why did Europeans become very interested in exploration in the late 15th

century?Answer: ?????

Goods which the Europeans wanted in the Far East (ex: ?????????) became blocked off by the Ottoman Turks. Since the overland route was blocked, a water route was the next logical choice.

What made water travel more possible/enticing?Answer: Inventions

Ships called CARAVELS (easy to handle, large cargo hold) COMPASS and ASTROLABE (star guide) MUSKET & CANNON gun powder weapons

NEW MAPS, made things safer for later voyages

Who was interested in going on these voyages? Merchants : WHY? Scholars : WHY? The Clergy: WHY? The Super-Power Countries of the time: WHY?

Many European countries sent voyages; each had different successes with their voyage leaders.

Insert a picture for each voyage.

Portugal1) Diaz (1487) sailed around Africa2) Vasco da Gama (1497) sailed to India3) Cabral (1500) sailed to Brazil

Spain1) Columbus (1492) set out for China, landed in America

2) Balboa (1513) landed in Central America, crossed land to see Pacific Ocean

3) Magellan (1519-1522) first to circle the world, proved earth was round

England1) John Cabot (1497) Landed in Canada’s east coast

France1) Jacques Cartier (1534,1535,1541) 3 separate voyages,

explored Canadian coast and sailed into the interior.

Revue Questions: Which Native Group has a matriarchyWhich Native Group Lived in LonghousesWhat type of weapons did natives not have the Europeans did?What was the main reason people wanted to start exploring during the 15th centuryWhat type of materials were they looking forWho blocked the overland routeGive two types of inventions that helped them Name two of the 15th century explorers Give 4 of the superpowers who were interested in exploration Why did the Clergy really want to be apart of these voyages

Why did Jacques Cartier come to America?Answers (3):

What did Cartier accomplish on these three separate voyages?

1534-Explored and mapped the Gulf of St-Lawrence, reported what he thought was gold but lots of fish, timber, and furs.

1535-Sailed up the St-Lawrence, reached Stadacona (Quebec). Nice natives showed Europeans how to survive winter and scurvy. They return with native captives (incl. Chief Donacona)

1541-Attemped to set up a colony (not successful). Missionaries attempted to convert natives. France lost interest for 60yrs. 60yrs later the King of France became interested in setting up a New World colony again...He was racing against the other Super powers..

The king first sent a voyage in 1605 to establish a settlement in Nova Scotia called Port Royal.Samuel de Champlain was a part of Port Royal.Port Royal failed because of its position

Champlain returned in 1608-09 to establish a trading post near Stadacona (Which is what modern city?), a point where the river narrows. What/Who were they trading with?

Who was in charge of the furs/controlled the industry?

In the years to follow Champlain explored the interior (Ottawa Valley, Lake Champlain etc…with some attacks from the Iroquois The trading post that Champlain established grew into a colony that would be called NEW FRANCE.

Where there any other colonies being established in North America? How were these colonies different?

What does Mercantilism mean?

Positive/Negative Influences that the Europeans/Natives had on each other. Europeans learned: Natives learned:

Time goes on and the Fur Trade develops…

Champlain’s 1632 map of New France

The Fur Trade Develops….

At first the main export back to France was fish (they were dried, salted, and returned to France).

This was quickly replaced by Furs because the beaver pelt was perfect for making felt (especially wide brim felt hats, popular among men)

Beaver felt hat

Because of over trapping furs were becoming scarce and New France was forced to expand its territory. (began to encircle the 13 colonies)

Competition increased as the British replaced the Dutch in Albany (NY). The native allies of the French have been destroyed by the Iroquios, the

French were forced to go out and collect furs deeper into the forest. The coureurs des bois are formed, they are French settlers who travel deep

into the forest, lived with the natives much of the year, and traded with the Amerindians. Insert a picture

The voyageurs paddled large transport canoes, to bring back furs to Montreal and Quebec. Insert a picture.

New France was still not developing, men who were there preferred life in the forests to settling on farms. (licenses required to get furs but no effect)

Because the fur trading post of Quebec was a success, some explorers were going further up river to establish new settlements….

Why are each of the following important to Quebec’s history? Insert a picture for each one.Maisonneuve: Laviolette: Jeanne Mance: Marguerite Bourgeoys: Lasalle:

Meanwhile back in France:King Louis the 14th had taking the throne at the age of five (his power has given to regents…people who ruled in his place). In 1661 he took control of France for himself. He had two objectives: settle wars in Europe, and take command of his colonies.

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