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THEORYCONTENTS
1.SomeImportantDefinitions3
2.ComputerSystemParts&Peripherals43.PowerSupplies&Testing7
4.ComputerCase/Chassis(Cabinet)11
5.DatastorageinCPU,RAM,HDD,DVDEtc13
6.BinaryCodedLanguage&Units16
7.MotherboardI/OPorts(USB…)&Devices18
8.StorageDrives(HDD,SSD…)&Ports24
9.ExpansionAdapters27
10.ExpansionSlots&Interfaces31
11.Chipset&Controllers3312.RAMTypes(Static,Dynamic,DDR1,2,3,4…)35
13.Processor/CPU(Core2,Corei3,i5,i7…)3814.ComputerPorts&Symbols44
15.OtherComputerParts&Peripherals45
PRACTICALCONTENTS1. AssemblyofComputer49
2. InternalandExternalConnections51
3. LaptopsandNotebooks53
4. BIOSandOptions54
5. IntroductiontoOperatingSystems58
6. HarddiskPartitionsandFileSystems61
7. WindowsVista/7/8/10Basics
628. WindowsVista/7/8/10Installation64
9. DeviceDriversInstallation71
10.InternetConfigurations
73
11. Virusandantivirus
78
12.SystemMaintenanceTips
80
13.Windows7/8/10Troubleshooting
82
14.HardwareTroubleshooting
83
15.AdvancedSystemCare
91
16.PrintersTypesandMechanisms
92
17.ScannerInstallation&Configuration
95
18.WebcamInstallation&Configuration
97
Definitions1.WhatisaComputer?
Computerisanelectronicdevicethatcanprocessandstorestheinformationordata.
2.WhatisInformation?
Setoffactsabouthumanbeingoraboutanobjectarecalledasinformation.
3.WhatisData?
Collectionofinformationiscalledasdata.
4.WhatisDataStoring?
Storingthedatameanskeepingorholdingthedataindigitalformat.
5.Whatisprocessing?
Performingbothlogicalandarithmeticoperationsaccordingtousergiveninstructionsoruserwrittenprogramorinstalledsoftware.
6.WhatisComputerHardware?
Thephysicalcomponentsofacomputersystemarecalledascomputerhardware.
7.Whatissoftware?
SetofinstructionsorprogramswhichwillbeusedtocontroltheoperationofacomputersystemandtoperformtasksarecalledasSoftware.
8.WhatisaProgram?
Acomputerprogram,orjustaprogram,isasequenceofinstructions,writtentoperformaspecifiedtaskwithacomputer.
9.Whatisfirmware?
Softwarepermanentlystoredinhardware(Ex:SoftwarestoredinBIOS).
10.WhatisPeripheral?
Input/OutputdevicelikePrinter,Scanner,WebCameraetc.ThosearenotthepartoftheComputer,theyareseparatedevices,foraspecificpurposeweareattachingthemtoComputer
11.WhatisaComputersystem?
Computerwithsoftwareinstalledandperipheralsconnectediscalledascomputersystem.
ComputerPartsandPeripheralsS Component/
No Peripheral Description
1
Computer
Case/
Chassis/Cabinet
A computer case (also known as the computerchassis, box or housing) is the enclosure thatcontainsthemaincomponentsofacomputer.
2
Motherboard/
Mainboard/
Systemboard
The main printed circuit board in a computer thatcarriesthesystembuses.Itisequippedwithsocketsto which all processors, memory modules, plug-incards, daughter boards, or peripheral devices areconnected.
3 CPU/Processor
CentralProcessingUnit/Processor.Thebrainofthecomputer - the device capable of performingArithmetic and Logical operations on data. Or forthinking.
4 Memory/RAM
Abbreviation for Random Access Memory.OperatingSystemSoftware,programsanddata areusuallycopied intoRAMfromadiskdrive for thecentralprocessingunit(CPU)tohavefastanddirectaccesswhenneededtoperformtasks.
5
Display/Video/
Graphics
Adapter
Display Adapter is an expansion card whichgenerates a feed of output images to a display. Itconvertsdigitalsignalsintovideosignals.
6 HardDiskDrive
AharddiskDriveisacomputerstoragedevicethatstores data on rotating magnetic surfacespermanently.
7 FloppyDiskDrive
A drive that reads from or writes to separatediskettes which the user inserts. Information isstoredonthediskettesthemselves.
8 OpticalDiscDrive(ODD)
An optical disk drive is a storage device that useslight or lasers to store or retrieve information.CommontypesincludeCDorDVDdrives.
9SoundCard/
AudioAdapter
Asoundcardisaninternalcomputerexpansioncardthatfacilitatestheinputandoutputofaudiosignalsto and from a computer under control of computerprograms.
10LAN/Ethernet
Adapter
The Ethernet card provides a standardized way ofconnectingcomputerstogethertocreateanetwork.
11MODEM
(ModulatorandDemodulator)
Adevicethatallowstwocomputerstocommunicateover telephone lines. It converts digital computersignals into analog and converts the analog signalbackintoadigitalformat.
12 TV/FMCard
ATVtunercardishardwarethatallowsanalogueordigital broadcast television signals to be receivedand converted or translated for display by acomputer.
13Monitor
The monitor displays the video and graphicsinformationgeneratedby thecomputer through thevideocard.Monitorsareverysimilar to televisionswithhighresolution.
14 Keyboard
The keyboard is an input device designed to entertext, characters and other commands into acomputerorsimilardevice.
15 Mouse
Themouse is a part of a computerwhichprovidesthe major way of interacting with graphical userinterfacesonacomputer.
16 Printer
Acomputerprinter isacomputerperipheraldevicethat produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics, usually on paper)fromdatastoredinacomputerconnectedtoit.
17 Scanner
A device that reads a printed page and converts itintoagraphicsimage(SoftCopy)forthecomputer.
18 WebCam
Used to capture images and videos and transferthemoverWeborInternet
19 Microphone
Amicrophone,sometimescalledaMic(pronounced“mike”), is a device that converts sound into anelectricalsignal.
20 Speakers
Youneedspeakerstohearthesoundgeneratedbyasoundcard.Youshouldbuyspeakerswithabuilt-inamplifiertostrengthenthesoundsignalandimprovetheperformance.
21
ThumbDrive/
PenDrive/
USBFlashDrive
AUSBFlashDrive isusedasasmall, lightweight,removabledatastoragedevice.Thishot-swappable,non-volatile.
PowerSuppliesCurrent:FlowofelectricChargeorFlowofelectricityorflowofelectrons(negative
chargedparticles)throughaconductororwire.
AC:AlternatingCurrent(~):FlowofElectronsdirectionwillbechangedalternatively(OR)Polaritywillbechangedalternatively.
DC:DirectCurrent( ):AlwaysElectronswillbeflowinonlyonedirection.(OR)
polaritywillnotbechanged.
ACSources:1.Mains,2.OutputfromStabilizer,UPSandInverter,3.Generatoretc
DCSources:1.Cells,2.Batteries,3.AC/DCAdapters4.Dynamosetc.
Voltage:Anelectromotiveforceorpotentialdifferencebetweentwopointsonacircuit
Note:INDIANVOLTAGE:230V,50HZACUSVOLTAGE:120V,60HZAC
Stabilizer/VoltageRegulatorA voltage stabilizer is an electrical appliance used to feed constant voltage current toelectricalgadgetslikeACsandcomputers,andprotectsthemfromdamageduetovoltagefluctuations.
BuckBoostStabilizerItworksontheprincipleofatransformer,wheretheinputcurrentisconnectedtoprimarywindings and output is received from secondary windings. When there is a drop inincomingvoltage,itactivateselectromagneticrelayswhichaddtomorenumberofturnsinthesecondarywinding,thusgivinghighervoltagewhichcompensatesforlossinoutputvoltage.When there is rise in the incomingvoltage, the reversehappens, and, thus, thevoltageattheoutputsideremainsalmostunchanged.However,outputvoltageaccuracyisusually±10%.
UPSA UPS (uninterruptible power supply) is a device that allows your computer to keeprunningforat leastashort timewhen theprimarypowersource is lost. Italsoprovidesprotectionfrompowersurges.AUPScontainsabatterythat“kicksin”whenthedevicesensesalossofpowerfromtheprimarysource.IfyouareusingthecomputerwhentheUPSnotifiesyouofthepowerloss,youhavetimetosaveanydatayouareworkingonand exit gracefully before the secondary power source (the battery) runs out.When allpower runs out, any data in your computer’s random accessmemory (RAM) is erased.When power surges occur, a UPS intercepts the surge so that it doesn’t damage yourcomputer
Internalbatteryups
ExternalBatteryups
Inverter:ThemainspowercomestotheInverter.Thisisdirectlysent totheoutputbut theACisalsoconvertedtoDCandthisDCisconstantlycharging thebattery.Asensorandrelaymechanismcheckswhether themains isONorOFF.WhenthemainswitchesOFF, the relay actuator triggers to switch frommains to inverter.Rest is same like theUPS.Becauseofthissensorandrelay,thereisagapbetweentriggering.UPSinvolvesmorecostlycircuitsandisthereforemoreexpensivetomakeandsell.
UPSVsInverter
While both provide backup power during mains outage, with the UPS the switch isinstantaneouswhereaswiththeInverterthereisagapofasecondortwo.ThisgapisOKfor household gadgets such as lights, fans, fridge, etc. but not OK forcomputers.
Apartfromthesethereisanotherdifference.TheACsupplyhasapuresinewavewhereasinUPS theoutput is anear sinewave,not apure sinewavewhere as for a inverter itssquare wave, waveformwhich uses less battery power for longer backups. This is thereason thatwe hear a humwhenwe attach a inductive load (Fan, Tube light etc.) to a
Inverter.Butwedonothearanythingwhenit’sonACsupplyorlowonUPS.
DigitalMultimeter
ComputerCase/Chassis(Cabinet)
AT(AdvancedTechnology)Cabinet:InoldendaysATcabinetwasused.InATACpowerenterintoON/OFFswitchinfrontpanelofCabinet.SotherewasonlyonewaytoPowerontheSystem.Andtherearenosafetyfeatures.
ATX (Advanced Technology Extended) Cabinet: Present Cabinets are ATX. In ATXPower controlled throughMotherboard. So there are somanyways toPowerON.Andalsotherearesafetyfeatures
SMPS:SwitchModePowerSupply(SMPSusesTransistors,byTransistorsSwitching
Operationoutputwillbeobtained.)UsingSMPStechnologyPowerSupplyunits
becamesmallerandlighterandConstantOutputwillbeobtained.
PartsofCabinet
1.PSU/SMPS:ItcovertsACintoDCandsuppliestovariousparts
2.PowerButton:ForPowerOnandPowerOff.
3.ResetButton:ForFastOff&OnwhenComputerbecomeStruck/Hang/Freeze
4.PowerLED:PowerStatusIndicator
5.HDDLED:Datatransfer/ProcessStatusIndicator
6.SystemSpeaker:ForSystemDiagnostics.
PowerSupplyVoltages
1.YELLOW+12VOLTS
2.RED+5VOLTS
3.ORANGE+3.3VOLTS
4.BLACK0(GROUND/COMMON)
5.WHITE-5VOLTS(NotusedinPresentMotherboard)
6.BLUE-12VOLTS(NotusedinPresentMotherboard)
7.GREEN+5VOLTS(POWERON)
8.PURPLE+5VOLTS(STANDBY)
9.GREY+5VOLTS(POWERGOOD)
10.BROWN+3.3VOLTS(REMOTESENSING)
Generally,supplyvoltagesmustbewithin±5%oftheirnominalvaluesatalltimes.
Fourwireshavespecialfunctions:
Green:PS_ONor“PowerOn”isasignalfromthemotherboardtothepowersupply.WhenthelineisconnectedtoGND(bythemotherboard),thepowersupplyturnson.Itisinternallypulledupto+5Vinsidethepowersupply.
Purple:+5VSBor“+5Vstandby”suppliespowerevenwhentherestofthesupply linesareoff.Thiscanbeused topower thecircuitry thatcontrols thePowerOnSignal(GenerallyitsuppliespowertoKeyboard,Mouseetcinstandbymode).
Grey:PWR_OKor“PowerGood”isanoutputfromthepowersupplythatindicatesthatitsoutputhasstabilizedandisreadyforuse.OritmonitorsSMPS.
Brown:+3.3Vsenseshouldbeconnectedtothe+3.3Vonthemotherboardoritspowerconnector.Thisconnectionallowsforremotesensingofthevoltagedropinthepowersupplywiringduetooverload,generallybyaddingGraphicsCard.
PowerSupplyUnit(PSU)connectors&PinoutsForMotherboard
ForPeripherals
(For40PinHDD/DVD)(ForFDD/GraphicsCardFan)For7PinHDD/DVD)
DataStorageinVariousParts
1.Processor/CPU:MadewithSiliconChip,MadeupwithTransistors
Transistors are commonlyused as electronic switches, for bothhighpower applicationsincludingswitched-modepowersuppliesandlowpowerapplicationssuchaslogicgates.When the transistor reaches a base voltage of a certain level the currentwill no longerincrease and the output will be held at a fixed voltage. Because of this property thetransistorcanhavevaluesofinputvoltagesuchthattheoutputiseithercompletelyofforcompletelyon.Thetransistorisactingasaswitch,andthistypeofoperationiscommonindigitalcircuitswhereonly“on”and“off”valuesarerelevant.Transistorisalsocalledaselectronicswitch.
2.Memory/RAM:MadewithSiliconChips,MadeupwithCapacitors
Acapacitororcondenserisanelectronicdevicewhichconsistsoftwoplates(electricallyconductivematerial)separatedbyaninsulatorcalleddielectric.
A capacitor is a little like a battery. Although theywork in completely differentways,capacitors and batteries both store electrical energy. Inside the battery, chemicalreactionsproduceelectronsononeterminalandabsorbelectronsontheotherterminal.A
capacitorismuchsimplerthanabattery,asitcan’tproducenewelectrons—itonlystoresthem.
Semiconductordevice fabrication: is theprocess used to create the integrated circuitsthatarepresentineverydayelectricalandelectronicdevices.Itisamultiple-stepsequenceof photolithographic and chemical processing steps duringwhich electronic circuits aregradually created on awafermade of pure semi conductingmaterial. Silicon is almostalways used. The entiremanufacturing process, from start to packaged chips ready forshipment,takessixtoeightweeksandisperformedinhighlyspecializedfacilitiesreferredtoasfabs.
3.HardDisc:MadewithMagneticcoateddisc,Madeupwithmagneticparts/domains.
Platter:Oneormorealuminum,glass,orceramicdiskthatiscoatedinamagneticmediaandislocatedwithinaharddrivetopermanentlystoreallyourcomputer’sdata.Whenthecomputeristurnedon,theseplatterswillbegintorotateatsomanyrotationsperminute(RPM).Asthediskplattersarerotating,theread/writeheadaccessesinformationononeoftheplatters.
4.OpticalDisc(CD/DVD/BD)
Adirectaccessstoragedevicethatiswrittenandreadbylight(Laser).Themostcommonoptical discs inuse areCDs, DVDsandBDs.As removablemedia, optical discshaveadvantages over the older removable magnetic disk cartridges. They weigh less, havehigher capacities and are not subject to head crashes or corruption from straymagneticfields.
1.CD(120mm)-700MB,MiniCD(80mm)-185MB
2.DVD(120mm)-4.7GB(SingleLayer)MiniDVD(80mm)-1.4GB
3.DVD(120mm)-8.5GB(DoubleLayer)
4.BD(120mm)–25GB(SingleLayer)MiniBD(80mm)–7.8GB
5.BD(120mm)–50GB(DoubleLayer),100-200GB(MultiLayer)
5.DataTransfer:Cables � Copperwires
ParallelInterface
SerialInterface
TheBinaryLanguageofComputers
This topic describes how Information, Pictures, Movies and Songs will be stored indifferentdevicesandhowinformationwilltransferredfromonedevicetoanotherdevicethroughwires.
Example:Tostore“NEO”,itwillbeconvertedinto0sand1sasfollows.
010011100100010101001111
Nowthese0sand1sarestoresindifferentdevicesasfollows.
DEVICE DESCRIPTION POSITION
For“0” For“1”
1.CPU/Processor
MadewithSilicon,andmadeupwithTransistors(Bipolar).
(Electronicswitches)
OFF ON
2.Memory/RAM
MadewithSilicon,andmadeupwithCapacitors.
(StoresElectricalCharge)
NoCharge Charge
3.HardDisc/
FloppyDisc
Plastic/Fiber/Glass/AluminumDiscwithMagneticcoating
4.CD/DVD/BDOpticalDiscwithAluminum
ReflectiveLayer
Pit/bump Land
5.PENDrive
MadewithSilicon,andmadeupwithTransistors(Floating
Gate)
(Electronicswitches)
OFF ON
6.DataCableCopperwires
LowVoltage/
NoCurrent
HighVoltage/
Current
BitThese 0s and 1s are called as binary digits or bits (b). A bit is the smallest unit ofinformationthatisrecognizedbyacomputer:asingleonoroffevent.
Thebinarysystemofnumbersusesthebaseof2(0and1).Asdescribedearlier,abitcanexistinonlytwostates,onoroff.Whenbitsarerepresentedvisually:
0equalsoff.1equalson.
ByteAbyte isagroupof8bits.Abyte isrequiredtorepresentonecharacterof information.Pressing one key on a keyboard is equivalent to sending 1 byte of information to thecomputer’scentralprocessingunit(CPU).Abyteisthestandardunitbywhichmemoryismeasured inacomputer—valuesareexpressed in termsofkilobytes(KB)ormegabytes(MB)Etc..
UNITS
MemoryUnit Value
ValueinBytes
1KB(KiloByte) 1024Bytes
ExactValue:1,024
ApproximateValue:
1thousand=1,000(103)
1MB(MegaByte)
1024KiloBytes
Exact:1,048,576
App:
1million=1,000,000(106)
10lakhs=10,00,000
1GB(GigaByte)
1024MegaBytes
Exact:1,073,741,824
App:
1biilion=1,000,000,000(109)
100crores=100,00,00,000
1TB(TeraByte)
1024GigaBytes
Exact:1,099,511,627,776
App:
1trillion=1,000,000,000,000(1012)
1lakhcrores=1,00,000,00,00,000
1PB(PetaByte)
1024TeraBytes
Exact:1,125,899,906,843,624
App:
1quadrillion=1,000,000,000,000,000(1015)
10crorecrores=10,00,00,000,00,00,000
1EB(ExaByte)
1024PetaBytes
Exact:1,152,921,504,607,870,976
App:
1quintillion=1,000,000,000,000,000,000(1018)
10,000crorecrores
10,000,00,00,000,00,00,000
1ZB(ZettaByte) 1024ExaBytes
Exact:1,180,591,620,718,458,879,424
App:
1sextillion=1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000(1021)
1crorecrorecrore
1YB(YottaByte)
1024ZettaBytes
Exact:1,208,925,819,615,701,892,530,176
App:
1septillion=1,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000(1024)
1000crorecrorecrore
LowHigh
MOTHERBOARD/MAINBOARD
I/OPorts(Input/OutputPorts)
6PinPS/2Ports(PS/2:PersonalSystemSeries2)
Bandwidth:33Kbps(Kilobits/Sec)/4KBps(KiloBytes/Sec)
Cablelength:50MTS+Type:MiniDIN((DeutschesInstitutfurNormung)GermanStandard
9Pin COM/SERIALPortsCOM:Communication
SERIAL:DataWillbeTransferredSerially/bitbybit/Onebitatatimeinonewire
BANDWIDTH:115.2Kbps(Kilobits/Sec)or14.4KBps/15KBps(KiloBytes/Sec)
Cablelength:3MTS(10Feet)Type:D-SubMale(D-subminiature)
SupportedDevices:
1.Modem
2. Webcam3. DigitalCamera4. DigitalPen5. SomePrintersOldOnly(NewDevicescomewithUSBconnector)
Etc.
Note:OnlyModemwilluseall9Pins(2forPower,2forData(1Transmit+1Receive))
OtherDeviceswilluseonly4pins(2forPower,2forData)
MODEM:ModulatorandDeModulator
Modulation:ConversionofDigitalDataSignalintoAnalogTelephoneSignal
Demodulation:ConversionofAnalogTelephoneSignalintoDigitalDataSignal.
Webcam
AWebcamisacompactdigitalcamerayoucanhookup toyourcomputer tobroadcastvideo images in real time (as they happen). Just like a digital camera, it captures lightthrougha small lens at the front using a tiny grid of light-detectors, known as a Imagesensor.Aswe’ll see in amoment, the Image sensor converts thepicture in front of thecamera into digital format—a string of zeros and ones that a computer knows how tohandle.Unlikeadigitalcamera,awebcamhasnobuilt-inmemorychiporflashmemorycard:itdoesn’tneedto“remember”picturesbecauseit’sdesignedtocaptureandtransmitthemimmediatelytoacomputer.That’swhywebcamshaveUSBcablescomingoutoftheback. The USB cable supplies power to the webcam from the computer and takes thedigitalinformationcapturedbythewebcam’sCCDbacktothecomputer—fromwhereittravelsontotheInternet.
25PinParallelPort/PrinterPort/LPT(Deviceside36Pin)
PARALLEL:Datawillbetransferredparallely/8bits(1Byte)atatimein8wires.
LPT:LocalPrinterBANDWIDTH:Maximum150KBPS
CableLength:1.8MTS(6Feet)
MaximumDevices=Two/Port
Type:D-SubFemale(D-subminiature)
SupportedDevices:
1. Printer2. ScannerOldOnly(NewDevicescomeswithUSBconnector)3. Plotter4. Etc.
Plotter:
Aplotter is a special typeofprinterwhich is able todrawhighquality imagesonverylarge peace of paper. They are used by Engineers,Architects andmapmakers to drawplansofbuildings,diagramofmachinesorlargescalemaps.
Aplotterdiffersfromaprinterinthatitdrawsimagesusingpenapenthatcanbelowered,raisedandmovedacrossthepapertoformcontinuouslines.Theelectronicallycontrolledpenismovedaroundthepaperbycomputercontrolledmotors.
4PINUSBPORTS
USB (Universal Serial Bus) is a specification to establish communication betweendevices and a host controller (usually personal computers) USB is intended to replacemanyvarietiesofserialandparallelports.USBcanconnectcomputerperipheralssuchasmice, keyboards, digital cameras, printers, personal media players, flash drives, andexternalharddrives.Formanyofthosedevices,USBhasbecomethestandardconnectionmethod.USBwasdesignedforpersonalcomputers,but ithasbecomecommonplaceonotherdevicessuchassmartphones,PDAsandvideogameconsoles,andasapowercordbetweenadeviceandanACadapterpluggedintoawallplugforcharging
BANDWIDTH:12Mbps/1.5MBps
DataTransfer:1bit(serial)
DuplexMode:HalfDuplex(Transmit/Receive)
Devices:127DEVICES/ControllerbyusingHubs
CableLength:5MTS(Upto30Meterswithhubsand6Cables)
Voltage:5VoltsDC
Power:Upto2.5Watts
SupportedDevices
1.Keyboard,2.Mouse,3.Cordless/WirelessKeyboard&Mouse
4.Modem5.WebCamera,6.DigitalCam7.DigitalPen
8.Printer,9.Scanner,10.Plotter11.Pen/FlashDrive
12.ExternalDrives:CD/DVD/HDD
13.ExternalAdapters:(Display,Audio,LAN,TV,Modemetc.)
14.Converters:(USBtoParallel,USBtoPS/2etc.)
15.Accessories:(Light,Fan,Charger,Cleaneretc.)
16.GamingDevices:(JoyStick,GamePad,SteeringWheeletc.)
17.Dongles:(Bluetooth,InternetDataCardetc.)
USBVersions
USB1.1 USB2.0 USB3.0
Bandwidth 12Mbps(1.5MBPS) 480Mbps(60MBPS)
4800Mbps(600MBPS)
(4.8Gbps)
CableLengthLimit 5MTS(16Feet) 5MTS(16Feet) 3MTS(10Feet)
BusPower 500mA(2.5Watts) 500mA(2.5Watts) 900mA(4.5Watts)
DuplexMode HalfDuplex HalfDuplex FullDuplex
Pins 4Pin 4Pin 9Pin
USB3.0(9pin)
USB 3.0 is the third major revision of the Universal Serial Bus (USB) standard forcomputer connectivity. In the late 1990s. USB 3.0 has transmission speeds of up to5Gbit/s,which is 10 times faster thanUSB2.0 (480Mbit/s)with full duplex support.USB 3.0 significantly reduces the time required for data transmission, reduces powerconsumption,andisbackwardscompatiblewithUSB2.0.
34PINFDCFDC:FloppyDiskConnectorFDD:FloppyDiskDrive
DiscCapacity:1.44MB(Latest)
BusWidth:1bit(SerialInterface)
DataTransferRate:500Kbps(62.5KBPS)
40PINPATA/IDEPORTS
PATA:ParallelATA(ParallelAdvancedTechnologyAttachment)
IDE:Integrated/IntelligentDriveElectronics
BusWidth:16bit(2Bytes)
CableLength:1.5Feet
Drives/Cable:Two(Master&Slave)
PowerPlug:4PinMolex
Bandwidth:66MBPS(ATA66)/100MBPS(ATA100)/133MBPS(ATA133)
Note:80wirecableispreferred)
IDE(40PIN)Devices:
1. HardDiskDrive(HDD)2. OpticalDiscDrive(ODD)Ex:CD/DVD/BDdrive.3. ZIPDRIVE4. TAPEDRIVEEtc.
7PINSATAPortsSATA:SerialATA(SerialAdvancedTechnologyAttachment)
BusWidth:1bit
CableLength:3.3Feet
Drives/Cable:One(Master)
PowerPlug:15PinMolex(ForSomeDrives4PinPortalsoadded)
Bandwidth:1.5GbpsTheoretical(1.2GbpsPractical)/150MBPS(SATA–I)
GbpsTheoretical(2.4GbpsPractical)/300MBPS(SATA–II)
GbpsTheoretical(4.8GbpsPractical)/600MBPS(SATA–III)
SATAAdvantages:DuetoLowElectroMagneticInterference(EMI)orCrossTalk
1. HighDataTransferRate.2. FullDuplexoperation3. CableLengthincreased
DisadvantageswithHardDiskDrives(HDD)1. LargeinSize(3.5”)2.HeavyWeight
3.DamagebyVibrations4.DamagebyMagneticEffect
5. DamagebyImpactForce6.DamagebyElectroStaticDischarge
7.HighPowerconsumption8.LargeamountofHeat
9.Noise10.SpinupTime
11.SlowOperation12.SlowDowninFuture
13.Badareaformation14.Crashingproblem
15.ShortLifeEtc
Advantages:1.Cheap2.HighCapacities
SolidStateDrive/Disk(SSD)Asolidstatedrive(SSD),orsolidstatedisk,isadatastoragedevicethatusessolid-statememory tostorepersistentdata.SSDemulatesconventionalharddiskdrive, thus easilyreplacingitinanyapplication.Withnomovingparts,asolidstatedrivelargelyeliminatesseek time, latency and other electro-mechanical delays and failures associated with aconventional hard disk drive. Solid state disks use either NAND flash (non-volatilestorage).NANDflashisso-calledbecauseof theNAND-gate technologyitusesandiscommoninUSBflashdrivesandmanytypesofmemorycard.
SSDAdvantages:SSDDisadvantages:
1.FasterthanHDD1.Expensive
2.LessProblems2.LowerCapacities
3.LongLife
HDD&SSDSizesandPinsinDesktop&Laptop
IDE/PATAHDD SATAHDD SATASSD
Desktop Size3.5”,40PinData+4PinPower Size3.5”,7PinData+15Pow Size2.5”,7+15
Laptop Size2.5”,44PinDataandPower Size2.5”,7PinData+15Pow Size2.5”,7+15
ConvertertouseLaptop44pinIDE/PATAHDDonDesktop40pinIDE/PATAport
Note:NoConverterisrequiredtouseLaptop7pinSATAHDDinDesktopComputer.
ExpansionAdapters
1.Display/Video/VGA/GraphicsAdapter
VGA:VideoGraphicsArray,CRT:CathodeRayTube
DVI:DigitalVisualInterface,LCD:LiquidCrystalDisplay
TFT:ThinfilmTransistorS-video:SeparateVideo
HDMI:HighDefinitionMultimediaInterface(ForHDLCDTV)
2.Sound/AudioAdapter
2Channel/2WayaudioAdapter(For2/2.1Speakers)
6ChannelAudioAdapter(For5.1/4.1/2.1/2Speakers)
6ChannelOnboardAudio
3.Dial-UpModem
4.LAN/EthernetAdapter
Local-AreaNetwork(LAN):ALAN(Local-AreaNetwork)isacomputernetworkthatconnectsPCs,workstationsorotherLANsandnetworkstoenabledataanddeviceaccessandsharing.Itisusedtocoverasmalllocalareasuchasahome,officeorsmallgroupofbuildings.
LAN:LocalAreaNetworkNIC:NetworkInterfaceCardRJ:RegisteredJackTypesandSpeeds(All100MetersRange)
1.Ethernet10Mbps
2.FastEthernet100Mbps
3.GigabitEthernet(GbEthernet/GbLAN)1000Mbps/1Gbps
5.WLAN/Wi-Fi/IEEE802.11Adapter
ExpansionSlots
124PinPCISlot:(PeripheralComponentInterconnect)For:Display,Audio,Modem,Networketc.
32bit/4BytesX33MHZ=133MBPS
BusWidthXBusSpeed=Bandwidth
(bits/Bytes)(Hz)(PS)
132PinAGPSlot:(AcceleratedGraphicsPort/AdvancedGraphicsPort)For:Displayonly
32bit/4BytesX66MHZ=266MBPS
BusWidthXBusSpeed=Bandwidth
(bits/Bytes)(Hz)(PS)
AGPVersions1.AGP(3.3V):32bit,66MHZX1(66MHZ)=266MBPS(SinglePumping)
2.AGP2X(3.3V&1.5V):32bit,66MHZX2(133MHZ)=533MBPS(DoublePump)
3.AGP4X(3.3V&1.5V):32bit,66MHZX4(266MHZ)=1066MBPS(1GBPS)(Quad)
4.AGP8X(1.5V):32bit,66MHZX8(533MHZ)=2133MBPS(2.1GBPS)(Oct)
CNRSLOT(CommunicationsNetworkingRiser)
Communications and Networking Riser, or CNR, is a slot found on certainPCmotherboards and used for specialized networking and telephony equipment. CNRslotswereoncecommonlyfoundonPentium4-classmotherboards.
PCIExpressExpansionSlots(Serial)
(Advantages:1.Serial2.HighDataTransferRate,3.FullDuplexOperation)
Versions:V1.0=250MBPS,V2.0=500MBPS,V3.0=1GBPS,V4.0=2GBPSPerLane(EachDirection)
Chipset&Controllers
Bus:Thebusoftenreferstoadatapathway(sometimescalledthepowerpathway)whichtransfers data (or power) between computer components inside a computer system orbetweendifferentcomputers.Forexample,thereisafrontsidebustoconnecttheCPUtothechipset,andthereisthePCIbustoconnectthechipsettoPCIdevices.
IC:Anintegratedcircuit(IC),sometimescalledmicrochip,isasemiconductorwaferon
which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, Diodes and transistors arefabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter,computer memory, or microprocessor. A particular IC is categorized as either linear(analog)ordigital,dependingonitsintendedapplication.IChastwosideconnections.
Chip:Achipsisagroupofintegratedcircuits(microchips)thatcanbeusedtogethertoservea single functionandare thereforemanufacturedandsoldasaunit.Forexample,one chips might combine all the microchips needed to serve as the communicationscontroller between a processor and memory and other devices in a computer. (SimplyChip contains so many Integrated Circuits called Controllers). Chip has four sideconnections.
Chipset:Theterm“chipset”(sometimescalledcorelogic)oftenreferstothetwomainchipsonthemotherboard:theNorthbridgeandtheSouthbridge.TheNorthbridgeandSouthbridgearesometimescombined.Thisiscalledsingle-chipdesign.
1.NorthBridge/MCH(MemoryControllerHub)The Northbridge typically handles communications among the CPU, RAM, and PCIExpress (or AGP) video cards, and the Southbridge. Some north bridges also containintegrated video controllers, also known as a Graphics and Memory Controller Hub(GMCH) in Intel systems. Because different processors and RAM require differentsignaling, aNorthbridgewill typicallyworkwithonlyoneor two classes ofCPUs andgenerallyonlyonetypeofRAM.
2.SouthBridge/ICH(Input/OutputControllerHub)Southbridge is the chip that controls all of the computers I/O functions, such as USB,audio,serial,thesystemBIOS,theISAbus,theinterruptcontrollerandtheIDEchannels.Inotherwords,allofthefunctionsofaprocessorexceptRAM,PCIandAGP.
3.SuperI/O(SuperInput/Output)SuperI/OisaclassofI/Ocontrollerintegratedcircuitsthatbegantobeusedonpersonalcomputermotherboardsinthelate1980s,originallyasadd-incards,laterembeddedonthemotherboards. A super I/O chip combines interfaces for a variety of low-bandwidthdevices.Thefunctionsprovidedusuallyinclude:
Afloppydiskcontroller,Aparallelport(commonlyusedforprinters),Oneormoreserialports,Akeyboardandmouseinterface.Temperaturesensorandfanspeedmonitoring.
RandomAccessMemory(RAM)
STATICRAM(SRAM)
DYNAMICRAM(DRAM)
MadeupwithTransistorstostoredata.
Transistorsstoresinformationstatically.Noneedtorefreshthedata.That’swhyitiscalledasStaticRAM
Advantages
1.OperatesatVeryHighSpeed
(EqualstoProcessorSpeeds)
MadeupwithTransistors&Capacitors,ButCapacitorsareusedtostoreData.Capacitorshavetoberechargeddynamically.Wehavetorefreshdata.That’swhyitiscalledasDynamicRAM
Disadvantages
1.Operatesathigh/mediumSpeed
(ComparedtoStatic)
2.NoDataRefreshmentisRequired.
Disadvantages
1.LargeinSize
(Requires6transistorstostore1bit)
2.ComplexDesign
3.HighPowerConsumption
4.VeryhighCost.
DuetoHighCostandLargesizesmallercapacitieswillbeused.
(1/2/4/8MB…)
Ex:Registers,L1,L2&L3cachememoriesusedinCPU/Processor
2.DataRefreshmentisrequired
Advantages
1.SmallinSize(Requires1transistor&1Capacitortostore1bit)
2.SimpleDesign
3.LowPowerConsumption
4.Lowcost
DuetoLowcostandSmallsizehighercapacitieswillbeused.
(1/2/4/8GB…)
Ex:DDR1,DDR2,DDR3,DDR4RAMSinstalledonthemotherboard.
MemoryHierarchy
CPURegister: A, special, high-speed storage area within the CPU. All data must berepresentedinaregisterbeforeitcanbeprocessed.Forexample,iftwonumbersaretobemultiplied,bothnumbersmustbe in registers,and theresult isalsoplaced ina register.(Theregistercancontaintheaddressofamemorylocationwheredataisstoredratherthantheactualdataitself.)
The number of registers that a CPU has and the size of each (number of bits) helpdeterminethepowerandspeedofaCPU.Forexamplea32-bitCPUisoneinwhicheachregisteris32bitswide.Therefore,eachCPUinstructioncanmanipulate32bitsofdata.
ACPU cache is a cache used by the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer toreducetheaveragetimetoaccessmemory.Thecacheisasmaller,fastermemorywhichstorescopiesofthedatafromfrequentlyusedmainmemorylocations.MostCPUshavedifferentindependentcaches,includinginstructionanddatacaches,wherethedatacacheisusuallyorganizedasahierarchyofmorecachelevels(L1,L2,L3)
MainMemory (Primarymemory),often referred to simplyasmemory, is theonlyonedirectlyaccessibletotheCPU.TheCPUcontinuouslyreadsinstructionsstoredthereandexecutesthemasrequired.Anydataactivelyoperatedonisalsostoredthereinuniformmanner.
SecondaryMemory: This type ofmemory is also known as externalmemory or non-volatile. It is slower than main memory. These are used for storing Data/Informationpermanently.CPUdirectlydoesnotaccessthesememories,insteadtheyareaccessedviainput-output routines. Contents of secondary memories are first transferred to main
memoryandthenCPUcanaccessit.Forexample,disk,CD-ROM,DVD,etc.
CPUCPUisabrainofacomputer. ItcalledCentralProcessUnit.CPUfetchesandexecutesinstructions. CPU consists of an Arithmetic and Logic Unit (ALU), a control unit,registersandbuses.
PartofCPUInstructionCycle(Processing)
ALU: is a digital circuit that calculates an arithmetic operation (like an addition,subtraction, etc.) and logicoperations (like anExclusiveOr)between twonumbers. theALUisafundamentalbuildingblockofthecentralprocessingunitofacomputer.
ControlUnit:controlsCPUoperations,includingALUoperations,themovementofdatawithin theCPU,and theexchangeofdata andcontrol signals across external interfaces(e.g.,thesystembus)
Registers:thesecomponentsarespecialmemorylocationsthatcanbeaccessedveryfast.Three registersareshown: the InstructionRegister (IR), theProgramCounter (PC),andtheAccumulator.
Buses:thesecomponentsaretheinformationhighwayfortheCPU.Busesarebundlesoftinywires that carry data between components.The threemost important buses are theaddress,thedata,andthecontrolbuses.
Input,Process,Output(IPO)
Inputinvolvesenteringthedataandinstructionsthatthecomputerneedstocarryoutaparticulartask.
processiswhatthecomputeristodowiththedataorinstructionsthathavebeeninput
Outputisthesetofresultswhichisobtainedwhentheinstructionshavebeenrun.
InstructionCycle : Executing a single instruction consists of a particular cycle ofevents;fetching,decoding,executingandstoring .
Forexample,todotheaddinstructionabovetheCPUmust
Fetch:gettheinstructionfrommemoryintotheprocessor.
Decode:internallydecodewhatithastodo(inthiscaseadd).
Execute:takethevaluesfromtheregisters,actuallyaddthemtogether
Store:storetheresultbackintoanotherregister.
IntelProcessor/CPUGenerationsFirstGenerationProcessors(1971)
4004,4040(4bitCPU)
8008,8080,8085(8bitCPU)
8086,8088,80186,80188(16bitCPU)
SecondGenerationProcessors(1982)
80286(16bitCPU)
ThirdGenerationProcessors(1985)
80386DX,80386SX,80386SL,80386EX(32bitCPU)
FourthGenerationProcessors(1989)
80486DX,80486SX,80486DX2,80486SL,80486DX4(32bitCPU)
FifthGenerationProcessors(1993)
Pentium,PentiumMMX(32bitCPU)
SixthGenerationProcessors(1995)
PentiumPro,PentiumII,PentiumIII,Celeron(Slot)(32bitCPU)
PentiumIII,Celeron(Socket)(32bitCPU)
SeventhGenerationProcessors(2000)
Pentium4,Celeron,Pentium4HT(32bitCPU)
PentiumD,CeleronD,Pentium4EE(32bitCPU)
EighthGenerationProcessors(2006)
CoreSolo,CoreDuo
(32bitCPU)
Core2Solo,Core2Duo,Core2Quad,Core2Extreme(64bitCPU)
PentiumDualCore,CeleronDualCore,Atom(LowCost)(64bitCPU)
Corei3,Corei5,Corei7(64bitCPU)
GenerationsinCorei3,i5,i7
1stGen 2ndGen 3rdGen4thGen 5thGen
CodeName Clarkdale SandyBridge
IvyBridge Haswell Broadwell
Architecture
(Transistorsize)
32nm
(Bi-Polar)
32nm
(Bi-Polar)
22nm
(Bi-Polar)
22nm
(3D/Trigate)
14nm
(3D/Trigate)
Powerconsumption
75Watts 65Watts 35Watts 17Watts 15Watts
NumberofPins 1156 1155 1155 1150 1150
GraphicsProcessor
GraphicsProcessor
HDGraphics
2000MHZ
HDGraphics2500MHZ
HDGraphics
4600MHZ
HDGraphics5500-6100
IntelCorei3ProcessorThisparticularIntelprocessoristheenterlevelprocessorofthisnewseriesofIntelprocessors.Whileitmaynotbethefastestoneofthebunch,itcangetthejobdone,atleastformostapplications.
Mindyou,ifyouneedhighspeed,IsuggestoneoftheotherprocessorsthatIwillunveilinfrontofyoureyeslateroninthispost.Here’ssomeoftheCorei3features.
*Useslessheatandenergythanearlierprocessors,whichisalwaysagoodthingin
thisdayandage.
IntelCorei5Processor
Thisisthemid-sizeprocessorofthisbunch,recommendedforthosewhodemanda
littlespeed,butnotquiteenoughwheretheuserwillberunningresource-intensive
applications.
*Thisisalsoaheatandenergyefficientprocessor,butitdoesseemtobebetteratthis
particularjobthantheCorei3processor.
*ThenumberofthreadsusedinthisisnodifferentthantheCorei3with2-4threads,
anditalsouseshyperthreadingtechnologyforaboostinperformance.
*TheCorei5iswheretheturbomodeismadeavailable,thisprovidesuserswiththe
opportunitytoturnoffacoreifit’snotbeingutilized.
IntelCorei7Processor
Thisisfortheusersthatdemandpower,yesitdoesprovidemorepowerandifTim
Allengetsoneofthese,thiswouldbethebestthathegetshishandson.Greatfor
gamersandotherresourceintensiveusers.
*Youwillhavefourcorestotakeadvantageofwiththisparticularseries.
*AndjustliketheotheronesinthisIntelseriesofprocessors,itismoreenergyefficient
andproduceslessheat.
Corei3,i5andi7comparison
Corei3 Corei5 Corei7
NoofCores 2 4 4
HyperThreading Yes No Yes
NoofThreads/Applications 4 4 8
L3/SmartCache 4MB 6MB 8MB
TurboBoost No Yes Yes
Power 54Watts 84Watts 84Watts
Ports/InterfacesSymbols
KEYBOARDMOUSE
COM/SERIAL
PRINTER
MONITOR DISPLAY
FIREWIRE
USB
MIC
LINE-OUTLINE-IN JOYSTICK
LAN
BLUETOOTH WIFI
TELEPHONE
POWERBUTTON
ACIN
DCIN
TVOUT
INFRARED
MICROWAVE
E-SATA
LOCK
ComputerPartsandPeripherals
SNo Component/
Peripheral Description Picture
1 All-In-OnePrinter
All-in-oneprinter, alsoknownas a multifunction printer(MFP), is a great buy. All-in-one printers can print, scan,copy,andsometimesfax.
2 BarcodeReader
A barcode reader (or barcodescanner) is a computerperipheral for readingbarcodes printed on varioussurfaces. Like a flatbedscanner, it generally consistsof a light source, a lensandaphoto conductor translatingopticalimpulsesintoelectricalones.
3 BluetoothAdapter
A short distance, low speedradio frequency technologyprimarily used to allow aPersonal Digital Assistant(PDA) or mobile phone tointeract with a laptop ordesktopcomputer.
4 Camcorder
A camcorder (camerarecorder) is a portableelectronic recording devicecapable of recording live-motion video and audio forlater playback.Generally usesHardDiskforStorage.
ACardreaderisanextrapieceof hardware which will plugdirectly into your computer,generally via a USB port andallowyoutoreadthecontents
5 CardReader of a media card without theneed toplugyourcamera intothePC.
6 CMOSBattery
CMOS (pronounced “see-moss”), which stands forcomplementary metal-oxide-semiconductor uses 3VoltsLithiumbatterypowertostoredatainCMOSRAM.
7DataCartridge/
Tape
Magnetic tape has been usedfor data storage for over 50years. In this time, manyadvances in tape formulation,packaging, and data densityhave been made. Modernmagnetic tape is mostcommonly packagedincartridgesandcassettes.
8 DigitalCamera
Acamerawhichstoresimagesas digital information ratherthan on photographic film.This allows images to beeasilydisplayedandeditedoncomputer.
9 DigitalPen
An instrument that captureswhat the userwrites on paperand sends it to the computer.Usingspecialpaperwithatinygrid that enables the pen tosense what is actually writtenordrawn, thedevice turns thewriting into an image file andtransmitsittothecomputerviawirelessorwhenmountedinacradle.
10 GamePad
Apointingdevicelikeamouseused to move an object on acomputer screen.A game padis a flat hand held pad withseveral control buttonsconnected tot he computer byaspecialport.
11 HDTV
High-definition television (orHDTV) is a digital televisionbroadcasting system withhigher resolution.Thenumberof lines that create the imageand the letter are720or1080lines into perspective,televisionsofthepasthadonly576/480lines.AndaudiowithDigitalDolby.
12
HeatSinkCompound/
ThermalCompound
Athickgooeysubstance,withvery good heat conductivequalities. This is placedbetweentheCPUcoreandthesurface of the heatsink, toassistinthequicktransferalofheatfromthecore.
13 InkCartridge
A cartridge that contains inkandNozzles.ItwillbeusedinInkJet/DeskJetPrinters.Andcanbereplaced
14USBDataCard
AnUSBdevicewillbeusedtoget Internet through WirelessfromCellPhoneTowers.
In electronics and particularlycomputing,ajumperisashortlength of conductor used to
15 Jumpers closeabreakinorbypasspartof an electrical circuit.Jumpers are typically used tosetuporadjustprintedcircuitboards
16
MemoryCard/
FlashMemoryCard
A memory card is a smallstorage medium used to storedata such as text, pictures,audio, and video, for use onsmall, portable or remotecomputingdevices.
17 PCMCIACard
Personal Computer MemoryCard InternationalAssociation. A standard forminiaturized laptop expansioncardsformodems,storage,andotherdevices.OftencalledPCcards.
18 Projector
A projector is a device thatintegratesalightsource,opticssystem, electronics anddisplay(s) for the purpose ofprojecting an image from acomputerorvideodeviceontoa wall or screen for largeimageviewing.
19Ribbon/
RibbonCartridge
Used by Impact printers likeDot Matrix and Line Printersto produce an imprint onpaper.
20 RJ11Connector
Registered Jack number 11.Small line plug and socketused on telephone handsets
andmodemconnectionswith4pins
21 RJ45Connector
Registered Jack-45, an eight-wireconnectorusedtoconnectcomputers onto a local-areanetworks (LAN), especiallyEthernets.
22 SATACard
An expansion card thatprovides additional SATAports for SATA Hard DiskDrives.
23 SODIMM
ShortforSmallOutlineDIMM,asmallversionofaDIMMusedcommonlyinnotebookcomputers
24 SteeringWheel
A gaming device with asteeringwheelandfootpedals.
25 TapeDrive
An add-on component to acomputersystemthatallowsagreatvolumeofinformationtobe stored on inexpensivemagnetictapecartridges.Usedfor daily back-ups and longterm archival storage of pastprojects
A cartridge in laser printerswhich contains the toner (Dry
26 TonerCartridgeink/Powder).
27
WristStrap/
ESDWristStrap/
GroundBracelet
An excellent way to preventESDdamagetoyourcomputeris to use an anti-static wriststrap. It’s a conductive strapthat fits on your wrist asyou’re working. It has a wireattached to itwithanalligatorclip on the end to connect toyour case or to an anti-staticmat. Some can be pluggedrightintothewallsocket
AssemblyofComputerSystemTheminimumtoolsrequiredtoassembleaPCisasetofscrewdrivers.Hereisalsosuggestedlistofotheritemsyoushouldusetohelpresolvepotentialproblems.
1. MagneticScrewdriver2. CuttingPlierorNosePlier3. WristStrap4. StartupDiskandCDROMDrivers5. ListofComponentstobeassembled6. Thinrazorblade7. POSTDiagnostictool8. PCrepairBook9. NotepadandPencil
10.TelephoneclosetothePCassemblearea11.Telephonenumbersformanufacturersandknown“Experts”12.Accesstotheworldwideweb,withaccompanyinglistofwebsites
CAUTIONS
Beforecontinuing,makesurethatyoualwaysunplugthepowersupplyfromthepowersource(surgeprotector/wallunit).Therearethreemainreasons:
1. Youraretryingtocreateacommongroundbetweenyouandtheparts.
Electrons migrate based on charge differentials. The static charge or ESD(Electrostatic discharge) destroys components. No, you will not see the damagewithyour eyes.No,youwill not here any sparks fly. Instead,memory chips areslowlydegraded,holesarecreatedinthechip,andrandomerrorswillbepresent.Thenoneday,thepartwillstopfunctioning.
2. Motherboardsuse+5VfromthepowersupplytoturnonthePC.ForATXsystemsthisvoltageisalwayspresentwhenthepowersupplyispluggedintothewallandmotherboard.TheyuseamomentaryswitchtheusesthisvoltagetoturnonthePC.Slidingpartsinandoutofthemainboardwhilethepowerisavailablemightcausedamage. (Note: some power supplies should not receive power if they are notpluggedintothemotherboard.Doingthiscancauseproblems.
Gatherallyourcomponents
Makesurethatyouhavecleanareatowork,andplentyoftimewithoutinterruptions.Startwith thepower supply ,mainboard,CPU,CPUfan,andcase speaker.Donotmountthemotherboardinyourenclosure.Setthemainboardonacardboardboxontopoftheenclosuresothatthepowersupplyconnectionwillreach.
Checkyourcomponents.
1.Beforeyoutouchanyoftheparts,groundyourselfbytouchingthemetalcaseand/orwarewriststrap.
2. Open your components in static free area (away from plastic wrap, packingmaterial,carpet,wool,polyester,yourshirtsleeves)andvisuallyinspectthem.
3.Keepallyourpackingmaterial,manualsandanyinstructionsthatmayaccompanytheparts.
4.Makesurethatallofthepartsarrived.
5.Checkallpartstoverifytheyarethecorrectmodelnumbers.
6.Lookforphysicaldamage;dents,scuffs,brokenorbentpins.Donotpowertoanypartsthataredamaged.
7.Verifythatyouhavethemainboardmanual.Readthemanual
8.Checkalljumpersettingbycomparingthemwithmanual’sinstructions.
9.Donotletanyoneelsetouchyouoryourcomponentswhileyouareworkingonthesystem.Keepeveryoneatleast3feetaway(armsdistance!)fromthesystem.
BenchtopAssembly
You will start your assembly outside of the computer case. The motherboard,Processor,Powersupply,andspeakerwillbeassembledtogetherfirst.
Checkthemotherboard
Now that you have your new computer components, you want to verify that themainboardworks.
1.Readthemanualthoroughly.Yourcomponentmanualscontaindetailedinformationaboutyourproductsandoftenstep-by-stepinstallationinstruction.Mostgoodtechniciansdouble-checkthemanual.
2.Checkalljumpersettingonyourmotherboardtomakesuretheyareaccurate.Useyourmotherboardmanualasareference.Themainjumperstocheckaretheexternalbusspeedsetting,clockmultipliersandvoltagejumpers.
3.YoucanInstallProcessor,coolingfanandmemoryonthemotherboardbeforeinstallingitinthecabinet.
RearPanelConnections
LAPTOPANDNOTEBOOKCOMPUTERSSomeOriginalEquipmentManufacturers(OEM’s)calltheirmobilecomputers“laptops”andsomecallthem“notebooks”.
Laptopcomputersare somewhat larger thannotebooksandwill accommodateabuilt-in
diskdriveunitand;optionally,afloppydriveunit.Thatis,aCDROMdriveiseitherbuiltintotheunitortheunithasabuilt-inbaythatwillaccommodatearemovableCDdrive.
Notebookcomputerswillallowyoutoattach,viacable,aCDROMdrive,Sincethedriveisnotbuiltintotheunit,notebooksaresmallerandlighterthanlaptops.Hence,anotebookisanultrasmalllaptop.Anotherwaytolookatitisanotebookisaboutthesize(oralittlelarger than) of a real [binder] notebook. If you use note books are more harder thanlaptopsasmylaptop’ssystemdeadtwicebutnotebooknot.
TheLaptopComputer
Thestandardlaptopcomputerwouldhavesome,ifnotall,ofthefollowingfeatures:
1.14”-17”(widescreen)TFTscreen.
2.MediumtoMaximumgraphicssubsystem.
3.InternalDVD-ROMorDVD-RWdrive
4.Largefullfeaturedkeyboard.
5.3hour+batterylife.
6.Upgradeable.
7.Integratedmodem,network,Bluetooth&Wi-Fi.
8.Highqualityintegrateaudioandspeakersystem.
TheNotebookComputer
Astandardnotebookhasthefollowingfeatures:
1.Ultralight.Lessweightisbetter.
2.4-5hourbatterylife.
3.Nointernalfloppydrive.
4.Minimalgraphicssubsystem.
5.NointernalDVDorCDsystem.
6.12”-14”TFTscreen.
7.Lowprofile(thin).
8.Integratedmodemandnetworkconnection.
9.Smallestpossiblekeyboard.
SODIMM(SmallOutlineMemoryModule)
MemoryusedinLaptop/Notebook
BIOS
InIBMPCCompatiblecomputers,thebasicinput/outputsystem(BIOS) ,alsoknownastheSystemBIOS.
TheBIOSisbootfirmware,designedtobethefirstcoderunbyaPCwhenpoweredon.TheinitialfunctionoftheBIOSistoidentify, test,andinitializesystemdevicessuchasthe video display card, hard disk, floppy disk and other hardware. The BIOS sets themachinehardwareintoaknownstate,sothatsoftwarestoredoncompatiblemediacanbeloaded, executed, and given control of the PC. This process is known as booting, orbootingup,whichisshortforbootstrapping.
FunctionsofBIOS:
BIOSContainsReadOnlySoftware(Firmware)andwillbeusedto
1. StarttheComputer.2. PerformsPOST(PowerOnSelfTest)3. IPL(InitialProgramLoad-TheProcessofGettingtheOperatingSystemstarted)4. StoresDriversSoftwareforBasicInput/OutputdeviceslikeKeyboard,HardDisk,
FloppyDisk,Serial,Parallelportsetc..
5.UsedtoChangeSystemSetting/Configuration.
Booting:LoadingofOperatingSystemintoMainMemoryiscalledasBooting.
CMOS
Motherboards also include a separate block of memory made from very low powerconsumption CMOS (complementary metal oxide silicon) RAM chips, which is kept“alive” by a battery even when the PC’s power is off. This is used to store basicinformationaboutthePC’sconfiguration:numberandtypeofhardandfloppydrives,howmuchmemory,what kind and so on.All this used to be enteredmanually, butmodernauto-configuringBIOSesdomuchofthiswork,inwhichcasethemoreimportantsettingsare advanced settings such asDRAM timings.Theother important datakept inCMOSmemoryisthetimeanddate,whichisupdatedbyaRealTimeClock(RTC).
TheCMOSmemoryisusuallylocatedwiththereal-timeclockinthemotherboardchipsetorinaseparatereal-timeclockchip.ThePCreadsthetimefromtheRTCwhenitbootsup,afterwhichtheCPUkeeps time-whichiswhysystemclocksaresometimesoutofsync.
BIOSSetup
TheBIOS(basic InputOutputSystem)setupUtilitydisplays thesystem’sconfigurationstatusandprovidesyouwithoptionstosetsystemparameters.Theparametersarestoredinbattery-backed-upCMOSRAMthatsaves this informationwhen thepower is turnedoff.Whenthesystemisturnedon,thesystemisconfiguredwiththevaluesyoustoredinCMOS.
Note:ForSomeComputersHitF1,F2,F8,F10,ESC,CTRL+ESC,CTRL+S.
AWARD BIOS (Used in MSI, Mercury, Gigabyte, Biostar, EVGAMB…)
AwardBIOSCMOSSetupUtility
StandardCMOSFeatures
AdvancedBIOSFeatures
AdvancedChipsetFeatures
Frequency/VoltageControl
LoadFail–SafeDefaults
LoadOptimizedDefaults
IntegratedPeripherals
PowerManagementSetup
PnP/PCIConfigurations
PCHealthStatus
SetsupervisorPassword
SetUserPassword
Save&ExitSetup
ExitWithoutSaving
Esc:Quit� :SelectItem
F10:Save&ExitSetup
Time,Date,HardDiskType…
AMIBIOS(UsedinINTEL&ASUSMotherboards…)
BIOSSetupUtility.
Main Advanced Security Power Boot Exit.
BiosVersionBX97510J.86A.1209.2009.0601.1340
ProcessorTypeIntel(R)Core(TM)2CPU
ProcessorSpeed2.92GHz
SystemBusSpeed1066MHz
SystemMemorySpeed667MHz
L2CacheRAM4096KB
TotalMemory2048MB
MemoryModeDualChannel
MemoryChannelASlot01024MB
MemoryChannelASlot1NotInstalled
MemoryChannelASlot01024MB
MemoryChannelASlot1NotInstalled
Language<English>
SystemDate[06/15/2009]
SystemTime[08:45:12]
CMOSclear
Method1:ClearingtheCMOScanbedoneafewways.Themostcommonwayistousethejumperonthemotherboard.Thisjumperhastwosettings.NormalandClear.MovingthejumpertotheClearsettingwillerasethesettingsstoredinCMOS.Itdoesnotremovethe BIOS itself, only the user defined settings within the CMOS.When you clear theCMOSyouwillmostlikelyseetheerrormessage“CMOSChecksumError”onthenextreboot.YoucanentertheBIOSsetupatthispointorbeforeandreconfigurethesettings.
Method2:AnothermethodistoremovetheCMOSbatteryfromthesystem.Removingthebattery isusually the secondmethodas itmay takeanywhere from15minutes to8hoursinorderfortheCMOStolossthesettings,ForimmediateclearingShorttheBatteryterminals on Motherboard. Once the CMOS is clear, you should know by the “BIOSchecksumerror,pressF1 tocontinue“,or“CMOSChecksumError -DefaultsLoaded”messageatbootup.
ClearCMOSinIntelMotherboardSwitchofftheComputerandputtheCMOSjumperin2-3positionasfollows
NowswitchontheComputer,itwillautomaticallyentersintoBIOSandyouwillgetthefollowingscreenasfollows.IntheMaintenanceoptionselect“ClearBIOSPasswords”and“Save&Exit”.
NowreplacetheCMOSjumperto1-2positionandrestarttheComputer.
BIOSRecover
TheBIOSrecoversDataintheeventofafailedBIOSUpdate.
UEFIBIOS(LatestforAllMB)(UEFI:UnifiedExtensibleFirmwareInterface)
Advantages:1.GraphicalUserInterface2.Abilitytobootfromlargedisks(over2TB)3..CPU-independentarchitecture4.CPU-independentdrivers
5.Flexiblepre-OSenvironment,includingnetworkcapability.6.ModularDesign.
Operatingsystem(OS)
Anoperatingsystem(OS)isasetofcomputerprogramsthatmanagethehardwareand
software resources of a computer.An operating system processes raw system and userinputand respondsbyallocatingandmanaging tasksand internalsystemresourcesasaservicetousersandprogramsofthesystem.Atthefoundationofallsystemsoftware,anoperating system performs basic tasks such as controlling and allocating memory,prioritizingsystemrequests,controllinginputandoutputdevices,facilitatingnetworkingand managing file systems. Most operating systems come with an application thatprovidesaninterfacetotheOSmanagedresources.Theseapplicationshavehadcommandlineinterpretersasabasicuserinterfacebut,sincethemid-1980s,havebeenimplementedasagraphicaluser interface(GUI) foreaseofoperation.OperatingSystems themselveshavenouserinterfaces; theuserofanOSisanapplication,notaperson.Theoperatingsystemformsaplatformforothersystemsoftwareandforapplicationsoftware.Windows,Linux,andMacOSaresomeofthemostpopularOSes.
Services:
1. Processmanagement2. MemoryManagement3. DiskandFilesystems4. Networking5. InternalSecuirty6. ExternalSecurity7. GraphicalUserInterface8. DeviceDrivers.
Kernel:In computer science, the kernel is the central component of most computer operatingsystems (OS). Its responsibilities include managing the system’s resources(thecommunicationbetweenhardwareandsoftwarecomponents).Asabasiccomponentofanoperating system, a kernel provides the lowest-level abstraction layer for the resources(especiallymemory,processorsandI/Odevices)thatapplicationsoftwaremustcontroltoperformitsfunction.It typicallymakesthesefacilitiesavailabletoapplicationprocessesthroughinter-processcommunicationmechanismsandsystemcalls.
Assembler:
An assembly language is a low-level language for programming computers. ItimplementsasymbolicrepresentationofthenumericmachinecodesandotherconstantsneededtoprogramaparticularCPUarchitecture.Thisrepresentationisusuallydefinedbythe hardwaremanufacturer, and is based on abbreviations (calledmnemonics) that help
theprogrammerrememberindividualinstructions,registers,etc.Anassemblylanguageisthus specific to a certain physical or virtual computer architecture (as opposed tomosthigh-levellanguages,mostofwhichareportable).
Assembly languages were first developed in the 1950s, when they were referred to assecondgenerationprogramminglanguages.Theyeliminatedmuchoftheerror-proneandtime-consumingfirst-generationprogrammingneededwiththeearliestcomputers,freeingthe programmer from tedium such as remembering numeric codes and calculatingaddresses. Theywere oncewidely used for all sorts of programming.However, by the1980s (1990s on small computers), their use had largely been supplanted by high-levellanguages, in the search for improved programming productivity. Today, assemblylanguage is used primarily for direct hardware manipulation, or to address criticalperformance issues. Typical uses are device drivers, low-level embedded systems, andreal-timesystems.
Autilityprogramcalledanassembler,isusedtotranslateassemblylanguagestatementsinto the target computer’s machine code. The assembler performs a more or lessisomorphic translation (aone-to-onemapping) frommnemonic statements intomachineinstructions and data. (This is in contrast with high-level languages, in which a singlestatement generally results in manymachine instructions. A compiler, analogous to anassembler, is used to translate high-level language statements intomachine code; or aninterpreterexecutesstatementsdirectly.)
Firmware:
Incomputing,firmwareisacomputerprogramthatisembeddedinahardwaredevice,forexampleamicrocontroller. ItcanalsobeprovidedonflashROMsorasabinary imagefilethatcanbeuploadedontoexistinghardwarebyauser.
As its name suggests, firmware is somewhere between hardware and software. Likesoftware, it is a computer programwhich is executed by a computer. But it is also anintimate and vital part of a piece of hardware, and has little meaning outside of thatparticularhardware.
ListofOperatingSystemsMicrosoft:
1.MS-DOSFamily1.MS-DOS1.019812.Windows1.019853. MS-DOS6.2219944.Windows3.111994
2.Windows9XFamily
1.Windows9519952.Windows95B(OSR2)19973. Windows9819984.Windows98SE19995.WindowsME2000
3.WindowsNTFamily
1.WindowsNT4.019962.Windows200020003. WindowsXP32bit(x86)20014.WindowsXPMC2003
5.WindowsServer200320036. WindowsXP64bit20057.WindowsVista20078.WindowsServer200820089. Windows7200910. Windows8(32bit&64bit)201211. WindowsServer2012201212. Windows10(32bit&64bit)2015
Non-Microsoft:
1.MAC/Macintosh(Apple)1997
2.OS/2Warp(IBM)1999
3.PC-DOS(IBM)1991
4.Unix(Bell)1971
5.Linux(LinusTorvalds)1991
6.Netware(Novell)1983
7.Solaris(SunMicrosystems)1992
DOS:DiskOperatingSystem,SE:SecondEdition
ME:MillenniumEditionNT:NewTechnologyXP:Experience
MC:MediaCenterOSR:OEMServiceRelease
OEM:OriginalEquipmentManufacturer.
MBR(MasterBootRecord)ContainsPartitiontableandBootPartitionInformation
PBR(PartitionBootRecord)ContainsOperatingSystemFirstFileInformation
FAT:FileAllocationTable,justlikeindexinNotebook.
NTFS:NewTechnologyFileSystem,alsolikeFAT,butwithsomanysecurityfeatures.
Windows7
Windows7isthelatestpublicreleaseversionofMicrosoftWindows,aseriesofoperatingsystems produced by Microsoft for use on personal computers, including home andbusinessdesktops,laptops,netbooks, tabletPCs,andmediacenterPCs.Windows7wasreleased to manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and reached general retail availability onOctober22,2009,lessthanthreeyearsafterthereleaseofitspredecessor,WindowsVista.Windows7’sservercounterpart,WindowsServer2008R2,wasreleasedatthesametime.
MinimumhardwarerequirementsforWindows7
Architecture 32-bit 64-bit
Processor 1GHz32-bitprocessor 1GHz64-bitprocessor
Memory(RAM) 1GBofRAM 2GBofRAM
GraphicsCard DirectX9graphicsprocessorwithWDDMdrivermodel1.0(ForAero)
HDDfreespace 16GBofavailablediskspace 20GBofavailablediskspace
Opticaldrive DVDdrive
Standardeditions
1.Windows7Starter
2.Windows7HomeBasic
3.Windows7HomePremium
4.Windows7Professional
5.Windows7Enterprise
6.Windows7Ultimate
Windows8
Windows 8 is a upcoming operating system part of the Microsoft Windows seriesproduced by Microsoft, for use on personal computers, including home and businessdesktops,laptops,tablets,andhometheaterPCs.Therelease tomanufacturing(RTM)isexpected in the first week of August 2012, andWindows 8 will be available to usersstartingOctober26,2012.
MinimumhardwarerequirementsforWindows8
Architecture 32-bit 64-bit
Processor 1GHz32-bitprocessor 1GHz64-bitprocessor
Memory(RAM) 1GBofRAM 2GBofRAM
GraphicsCard DirectX9graphicsprocessorwithWDDMdrivermodel1.0(ForAero)
HDDfreespace 16GBofavailablediskspace 20GBofavailablediskspace
Opticaldrive DVDdrive
Standardeditions
1.Windows8
2.Windows8Professional
3.Windows8Enterprise
Windows10Windows10haslaunchedgloballyin190countriestodayon29July2015.
MinimumhardwarerequirementsforWindows10
Architecture 32-bit 64-bit
Processor 1GHz32-bitprocessor 1GHz64-bitprocessor
Memory(RAM) 1GBofRAM 2GBofRAM
GraphicsCard DirectX9graphicsprocessorwithWDDMdrivermodel1.0(ForAero)
HDDfreespace 16GBofavailablediskspace 20GBofavailablediskspace
Opticaldrive DVDdrive
Windows10haseighteditions(excludingthefour“N”editions),withvaryingfeaturesetsandintendedhardware.
Allmentionededitionshavetheabilitytouselanguagepacks,enablingmultipleuserinterfacelanguages.ThisfunctionalitywaspreviouslyonlyavailableinWindows7UltimateorEnterprise.
Windows10Home
Windows10HomeisdesignedforuseinPCs,tablets,and2-in-1s.Itincludesallconsumer-directedfeaturesandistheequivalenttobasicWindows8,8.1,Windows7HomeBasicandHomePremium.
Windows10Pro
Windows10ProiscomparablewithWindows8Pro,Windows7ProfessionalandUltimateandWindowsVistaBusinessandUltimate.ItbuildsontheHomeeditionandaddsfeaturesessentialforbusinesses,andfunctionality-wiseequaltoWindows8.1Pro.
Windows10Enterprise
Windows 10 Enterprise provides all the features of Windows 10 Pro, withadditional features toassistwith IT-basedorganizations,and is functionality-wiseequaltoWindows8.1Enterprise.
Windows10Enterprise2015LTSB
Windows 10 Enterprise 2015 LTSB (Long Term Servicing Branch) is the sameedition asWindows 10 Enterprise but will not receive any feature updates andgivescompaniesmorecontrolovertheupdateprocess.
Windows10Education
Windows10EducationprovidesallWindows10Enterprisefeatures,designedforuseinschools,collegesanduniversities.ItwillbeavailablewithMicrosoft‘sAcademicVolumeLicensing,inamannersimilartoWindows8.1Enterprise.
Windows10Mobile
Windows10MobileEnterprise
Windows10IoTCore
Windows7/8/10InstallationusingaDisc
1.Enteryourcomputer’sBIOS.TurnoffthecomputerthatyouwanttoinstallWindowson then turn it back on.When theBIOS screen appears or you are prompted to do so,press⌦ Del , ⎋ Esc , F2 , F10 ,or F9 (dependingonyourcomputer’smotherboard)toenterthesystemBIOS.ThekeytoentertheBIOSisusuallyshownonthescreen.
2.FindyourBIOS’sbootoptionsmenu.ThebootoptionsmenuofyourBIOSmayvaryin location or name from the illustration, but youmay eventually find it if you searcharound.
3.SelecttheCD-ROMdriveasthefirstbootdeviceofyourcomputer.
Although thismethodmayvaryamongcomputers, thebootoptionsmenu is typicallyamenu ofmovable device nameswhere you should set yourCD-ROMdrive as the firstboot device. It can alsobe a list of devices that you can set theorder of their boot on.Consultamanualortheinternetforhelpifyou’restuck.
4.Savethechangesofthesettings.PressthebuttonindicatedonthescreenorselectthesaveoptionfromtheBIOSmenutosaveyourconfigurationandrestart.
5.InserttheWindows7discintoyourdiscdrive.
6.Startyourcomputerfromthedisc.Afteryouhaveplacedthediscintothediscdrive,startyourcomputer.Whenthecomputerstarts,pressakeyifyouareaskedifyouwouldlike toboot from thediscbypressinganykey.Afteryouchoose to start from thedisc,WindowsSetupwillbeginloading.
7.ChooseyourWindowsSetupoptions.OnceWindowsSetuploads,you’llbepresentedwithawindow.Selectyourpreferredlanguage,keyboardtype,andtime/currencyformat,thenclickNext.
8.ClicktheInstallNowbutton.
9.AccepttheLicenseTerms.ReadovertheMicrosoftSoftwareLicenseTerms,checkIacceptthelicenseterms,andclickNext.
10.SelecttheCustominstallation.
11.DecideonwhichharddriveandpartitionyouwanttoinstallWindowson.Aharddrive is a physical part of your computer that stores data, and partitions “divide” harddrivesintoseparateparts.
Iftheharddrivehasdataonit,deletethedataoffofit,orformatit.Selecttheharddrivefromthelistofharddrives.ClickDriveoptions(advanced).ClickFormatfromDriveoptions.
Ifyourcomputerdoesn’thaveanypartitionsyet,createonetoinstallWindowsonit.
Selecttheharddrivefromthelistofharddrives.ClickDriveoptions(advanced).SelectNewfromDriveoptions.Selectthesize,andclickOK.
12.InstallWindowsonyourpreferredharddriveandpartition.Onceyou’vedecidedonwheretoinstallWindows,selectitandclickNext.Windowswillbegininstalling.
13.WaitwhileWindowsinstallsfiles.ThepercentagenexttoExpandingWindowsfileswillsteadilyincrease.Thispartoftheprocesscantakeupto30minutes.
Windowswillautomaticallyrestartyourcomputerwhenfinished.Setupwilllaunchagain,andamessagewilltellyouthatSetupisupdatingregistrysettings.Setupwill thenconfigureyourcomputer’sservices.Thishappensevery timeyoustartWindows,butwillhappeninthebackgroundnexttime.AwindowwillopenlettingyouknowthatWindowsiscompletingtheinstallation.Yourcomputerwillrestartagainwhenthisiscomplete.Setupwillnowloaddriversandcheckvideosettings.Thispartdoesnotrequireanyinputfromyou.
14.Enteryourusernameandcomputername.Yourusernamewillbeusedtologintothecomputerandpersonalizeyouraccount.Yourcomputernameisthenamethatyourcomputerwilldisplayonthenetwork.
YoucanaddmoreuserslaterthroughtheWindows7controlpanel.Windowswill askyou forapassword.This isoptionalbuthighly recommended,especiallyifthecomputerwillbeaccessiblebyusersotherthanyourself.Ifyou’drathernothaveapassword,leavethefieldsblankandclickNext.
15.Enteryourproductkey.This is the25-characterkey that camewithyour copyofWindows. Check the “Automatically activate Windows when I’m online” to haveWindowsautomaticallyverifyyourkeythenexttimeitisconnectedtotheinternet.
16.SelectyourWindowsUpdateoption.TomakesurethatyourcopyofWindowsrunssecurelyandstably,itishighlyrecommendedthatyouchooseoneofthefirsttwooptions.Thefirstoptionwill installallupdatesautomatically, thesecondoptionwillpromptyouwhenimportantupdatesareavailable.
17.Selectyourdateandtime.TheseshouldbecorrectalreadyastheyarelinkedtoyourBIOS,butyoucanchangethemnowiftheyarenot.ChecktheboxifyourareaobservesDaylightSavings.
18.Selectnetworkpreferences.Ifyourcomputerisconnectedtoanetwork,youwillbegivenanoptiontoidentifythatnetwork.MostuserswillselectHomeorWorknetwork.Ifyourcomputer isbeingusedinapublicplace,selectPublicnetwork.MobilebroadbandusersshouldalwaysselectPublicnetwork.
Windowswillnowattempttoconnectyourcomputertothenetwork.Thisprocessiscompletelyautomated.
19.Exploreyourdesktop.Afteronefinalloadingscreen,yournewWindows7desktopwillappear.Installationisnowcomplete.
StartupinWindowsVista7/8
ThebootprocessinMicrosoft’sWindowsVistaoperatingsystem(WindowsVista)differsfromWindowsXPinthewaythattheoperatingsystemislocatedandinitialized.
Starting inWindows Vista is different fromXP because the code written byWindowsVistanolongerlooksforNTLDR.ThenewbootloaderinWindowsVistaisBootmgr.
Bootmgr loads the Boot Configuration Database (BCD), which, in turn, loads an OSloader boot application (Winload.exe, in the case ofWindows Vista). Finally, the OSloaderapplicationisresponsibleforinitializingthekernel.
(MBR=MasterBootRecord;PBR=PartitionBootRecord)
TwokeyactionsperformedbyNTLDRinpreviousWindowsversionshavebeendividedbetweentwocomponents:
\Bootmgr:Readsthebootconfiguration,includingdeviceandpathlocations.
\Windows\System32\Winload.exe:Initializesthekernel.
ThebootconfigurationstoredbyBoot.iniinpreviousWindowsversionsisnowstoredinanextensibledatabase:
\Boot\BCD:TheBootConfigurationDatabase(BCD)
WhatIstheBCDStore?
The Boot Configuration Data (BCD) store contains boot configuration parameters andcontrols how the operating system is started inWindowsVista. These parameterswerepreviously in the Boot.ini file (in BIOS-based operating systems) or in the nonvolatileRAM(NVRAM)entries(inExtensibleFirmwareInterface–basedoperatingsystems).
TheBCDisadatabaseusedbyBootmgr.Itcontainsthefunctionsofboot.iniandislocatedat{ActivePartition}\bootfolder.
DeviceDriversInstallation
Incomputing,adevicedriverorsoftwaredriverisacomputerprogramallowinghigher-levelcomputerprograms/OperatingSystemtointeractwithahardwaredevice.
A driver typically communicates with the device through the computer bus orcommunications subsystem to which the hardware connects. When a calling programinvokesaroutineinthedriver,thedriverissuescommandstothedevice.Oncethedevicesends data back to the driver, the driver may invoke routines in the original callingprogram. Drivers are hardware-dependent and operating-system-specific. They usuallyprovide the interrupt handling required for any necessary asynchronous time-dependenthardwareinterface.
ToknowDriversStatusopen“DeviceManager”,
WehavetoloaddriversforOtherDevices
DriversInstallationMethod1Byrunning“SETUP.EXE”fromDriverCD/DVDInserttheDriversCD/DVD,IfitisAutorunDiscaMenuwillbeappearedonthescreen.InthismenuclickonDevicenameyouwanttoinstall.IfitnotAutorun Disc then enter in to the Drivers directory and search forSETUP.EXEor.EXEfileandrunit
RemovalofDrivers:
UninstallfromStart,Settings,controlPanel,“Add/RemovePrograms”.
Method2ByUpdateDriverthroughDeviceManagerInsertDriversDiscorConnecttotheInternet
InDeviceManagerRightclickon“Otherdevices”,Devicenameyouwant
toloaddriverandselect“UpdateDriver…”option.
RemovalofDrivers:1.RemoveDriverfromDeviceManager
2. Remove“.Inf”filefromC:\WINDOWS\INFandconfirmitbyopening.
(Userinstalleddriversarewithoem0.inf,oem1.infetc.)
InternetConfigurations
1.ByusingADSLModem&PhoneLine(Broadband)
ADSL:AsymmetricDigitalSubscriberLine(ExternalModemonly)
Bandwidth:Min256Kbps(Broadband),Max:8Mbps
Note:WecanuseUSB/LAN(Ethernet)interfacebetweenModemandComputer.
a.IfyouuseUSBinterface,youhavetoloadADSLModemDriver.
b.IfyouuseLANinterface,youhavetoloadEthernetCardDriver.
(ButisbettertouseLAN/EthernetInterfacethanUSBinterface.)
1. InstallLAN/EthernetCardDriver(Ignoreifalreadyinstalled)
(InstallADSLModemDriverifyouareusingUSBInterface)
2. Rightclickon“MyNetworkPlaces”andselect“Properties”.
Inleftsidewindows,NetworkTasks,clickon“createanewconnection”.
3. Select“connecttotheInternet”inNetworkconnectiontypeandnext.
4. Select“Setupmyconnectionmanually”ingettingReadyandnext
5. Select“Connectusingabroadbandconnectionthatrequiresausernameandpassword”inInternetconnectionandnext.
6. InISPNameinterInternetServiceProviderName(BSNLBroadband)andnext,NextInInternetAccountInformation
7. Select“Addashortcuttothisconnectiontomydesktopandfinish”.In
completingthenewconnectionwizardandfinish.
8. ToConnectInternet,firstdialthroughBSNLBroadbandshortcutondesktop.WhiledialingenterusernameandPassword(AlreadyprovidedbytheISP)
9. Afterconnectionhasestablished, opentheInterExplorer&Browse.
10.TocheckyouAccountusageandPasswordchangeopenwww.dataone.in
DeselectingADSLMODEMasInternetServer(BSNLModem)1.OpenInternetExplorerandtypetheaddressas192.168.1.1andenter.
2.Select“WAN”in“AdvancedSetup”andEdittheVPI/VCIvalueswith0/35
3.In“Connection”Typeselect“Bridging”andselectnext.
SelectingADSLMODEMasInternetServer1.Select“WAN”in“AdvancedSetup”andEdittheVPI/VCIvalueswith0/35
2.In“ConnectionType”selectPPPoverEthernet(PPPoE)andselectnext.
3.Inthefollowingscreenenterthebroadbandusername&passwordandselectnext.
whenInternetConnectstheInternetlightwillglow.
PPPoE:PointtoPointProtocoloverEthernetPVC:PermanentVirtualCircuit
VPI:VirtualPathIdentifierVCI:Virtual
CircuitIdentifier
Note:TochangeBroadbandPasswordandUsagecheckopenthewebsite(http://selfcare.sdc.bsnl.co.in)andregister.
SelectingADSLMODEMasInternetServer(D-Link)
EntertheVPI&VCIvaluesas0&35,ProtocolasPPPOverEthernet(PPPOE)and
PPPUsername,PPPPassword&ConfirmPPPPassword.
Note:ToDeselectselect“Edit”andin“ConnectionType”,“Protocol”select“Bridging”andselectApply.
2.ByusingRadioFrequency(RF)waves/Wi-Fi/Hotspots
3.ByusingMicrowaves/Wi-Max/WirelessBroadband
4.ByusingFibreOpticCable/FibreToHome
Installationiscommonforabove2,3&4Methods
1. InstallLAN/EthernetCard/WALNDriver(ignoreifalreadyinstalled)
2. Rightclickon“MyNetworkPlaces”andselect“Properties”.
3.Rightclickon“LocalAreaNetwork/WLANConnection”and“Properties”.
4.SelectInternetProtocol(TCP/IP),Propertiesandentertheaddressesas
providedbytheISP.(1.IPAddress,2.DefaultGateway,3.PreferredDNSServer)
(NoneedtoenterAddressforBSNLBroadbandWifiModem)
5.ByusingUSBModem/DataCard
Forthismethodnoadditionalconfigurationisrequired.
WhenweinserttheUSBdevice,AutomaticallyinstallationwillstartfromUSBdeviceandashortcutwillappearontheDesktop.
ByrunningtheShortcutontheDesktopinternetwillconnect.
ComputerVirus
Computervirus is a small softwareprogramorpieceofcode that isdesigned to spreadfromonecomputertoanotherandtointerferewithcomputeroperation.
Howdoviruseswork?
Basicvirusestypicallyrequireunwarycomputeruserstoinadvertentlyshareorsendthem.
Some viruses that are more sophisticated, such as worms, can replicate and sendthemselvesautomaticallytoothercomputersbycontrollingothersoftwareprograms,suchasane-mailsharingapplication.
Certainviruses,calledTrojans,can falselyappearasabeneficialprogramtocoaxusersinto downloading them. Some Trojans can even provide expected results while quietlydamagingyoursystemorothernetworkedcomputersatthesametime.
Tohelp avoidviruses, it’s essential thatyoukeepyour computer currentwith the latestupdatesandantivirustools,stayinformedaboutrecentthreats,andthatyoufollowafewbasicruleswhenyousurftheInternet,downloadfiles,andopenattachments.
Onceavirusisonyourcomputer,itstypeorthemethoditusedtogetthereisnotasimportantasremovingitandpreventingfurtherinfection.
WhoWritesViruses…andWhy?
Thepeoplewhowritevirusesgenerallyhavetheirownreasonsforwhattheydo,andtheyaren’ttooopenaboutidentifyingthemselves,forobviousreasons.Itisbelievedthatmostvirus authors are youngmen in their teens or early twenties,who have a great deal oftechnical knowledge and have decided for various reasons to use it for destructivepurposes.Someofthereasonsthatpeoplewriteviruses:
1. Sociopathy: Many virus writers are just troublemakers—or maybe just troubledindividuals—whowanttocreatehavocandthenthriveontheattentionitgenerates.Theyaretheelectronicequivalentsofgraffitiartists,prankphonecallers,etc.,lookingforfameandgloryinarathertwistedway.
2.Revenge:Sometimesvirusesortrojanhorsesarewrittenbydisgruntledemployeesorotherswhowanttogetbackatsomeoneormakeastatement.
3.TheChallenge:Someviruswritersdoitjusttoseeiftheycanawaywithit.Asvirusdetection software gets smarter, virus writers have to employ new tricks to have their“products”evadenotice.
4.Education:Writingviruses,especiallyonessmartenoughtoavoiddetection,requiresagreatdealoftechnicalknow-how.Somepeopletakeupviruswritingtoteachthemselveshowtoprogramatalow-levelwithinthePC.It’sironic,butexperiencedviruswritersareamongthemosttechnicallyskilledPCprogrammersintheworld!Whatawaste,isn’tit?
Antivirus
Antivirusoranti-virussoftwareisusedtoprevent,detect,andremovecomputerviruses,worms, and trojan horses. Itmay also prevent and remove adware, spyware, and otherformsofmalware.
Identificationmethods
Thereareseveralmethodswhichantivirussoftwarecanusetoidentifymalware
1.Signaturebaseddetectionisthemostcommonmethod.Toidentifyvirusesandothermalware, antivirus software compares the contents of a file to a dictionary of virussignatures. Because viruses can embed themselves in existing files, the entire file issearched,notjustasawhole,butalsoinpieces.
2.Heuristic-baseddetection,likemaliciousactivitydetection,canbeusedtoidentifyunknownviruses.
3. File emulation is another heuristic approach. File emulation involves executing aprogram in a virtual environment and logging what actions the program performs.Dependingon theactions logged, theantivirussoftwarecandetermine if theprogramismaliciousornotandthencarryouttheappropriatedisinfectionactions.
TopAntivirus
1.Bitdefender:
BitDefenderisanantivirussoftwaresuitedevelopedbyRomania-basedsoftwarecompanySOFTWIN. It was launched in November 2001, and it includes several protection andperformanceenhancementsasSearchAdvisorandPerformanceOptimizer.
2.Kaspersky:
KasperskyLabisaRussiancomputersecuritycompany,co-foundedbyNataliaKasperskyand Eugene Kaspersky in 1997, offering anti-virus, anti-spyware, anti-spam, and anti-intrusionproducts
3.NortonAntivirus
NortonAntiVirus,developedanddistributedbySymantecCorporation,providesmalwarepreventionandremovalduringasubscriptionperiod. Itusessignaturesandheuristics toidentifyviruses.Otherfeaturesincludee-mailspamfilteringandphishingprotection.
4.ESETNOD32:
ESETNOD32Antivirus,commonlyknownasNOD32,isanantivirussoftwarepackagemade by the Slovak company ESET. It sports the fastest, most effective technologyavailable toprotectyoufromvirusesandspywarewithoutslowingyoudownwhileyouworkorplay
5.AVGAntivirus:(Free)
AVGisanumbrellatermforarangeofanti-virusandInternetsecuritysoftwaredevelopedbyAVGTechnologies,aprivatelyheldCzechcompanyformerlyknownasGrisoft.
SystemMaintenanceTips
1)Cleanthecomponentsregularlytoavoidoverheatanddamageduetorust.
2)Run“CheckDisk”regularlytorectifydiskandfilesystemproblems.
3)Run“Defragmenter”frequentlytospeedupyourcomputer.
4)Run“DiscCleanup”regularlytodeletetemporaryfiles.
(RunCheckDisk,Defragmenter,DiscCleanupthroughC:Driveproperties,Tools)
5)Run“RegistryCleaner”regularlytofixregistryproblems(Downloadfrom
Internet).
6)MaintainfreespaceinCDriveforVirtualMemory.
7)Uninstall“unnecessaryprograms”throughAdd/Removeprograms.
8)InstalllatestAntivirusSoftwareandupdateregularlytoprotectfromlatestviruses.
9)StoreDatafileslikeDocs,Picsetc..inseparatedrives.(OtherthanOSdrive).
10)BackupyourDataregularlyintoTapeorCD/DVD/ExtHDD.
11)Therewillbenolooseconnections,toavoidcomponentsdamageandrestarts.
12)Alwaysshutyoursystemdownproperly(usetheStart—>Shutdownmethod).
13)Don’tplaceElectromagneticcomponents(UPS,Stabilizers…)closetothesystem
14)Earthingshouldbeprovidedtoavoidelectricalshockandcomponentsdamage.
15)AlwaysMainswillbeequippedwithfusesandCircuitBreakers.
16)UPSorStabilizermustbeinstalledtoprotectfromhigh&lowvoltages.
17)Wheneveryoumoveyoursystem,evenifit’sjustacrossthedesktop,makesure
themachineisshutdownandunplugged.
18)IfitisExternalbatteryUPS,checkdistilledwaterlevelandcleanterminalsregularly
andapplygreaseorpetroleumjellytoavoidcorrosion.
19)Placeyourcomputerincool,securedandventilatedplace.
20)MonitorSMPSvoltagesandTemperaturesthroughBIOS,PCHealthorHardware
Monitoroptionfrequently.
21)Don’tleaveyourmonitorrunning.Thebestwaytoextendyourdisplay’slifeisto
shutitoffwhenit’snotinuse.
22)UsedustcoverswhentheSystemisnotinusetoavoidenteringofunnecessary
dust.(Removeallcoverswhenthesystemisinuse)
23)StoreCDs&DVDsincoolandsecuredplace.UseBoxes.
24)TounplugPendrive,Ejectthemin“SafelyRemoveHardware)
25)Sufficientpacking(UseAntistaticcovers,thermocol,Boxesetc)mustbeprovided
whilecarryingcomponents.
26)DisconnectPower&Telephoneconnectionsduringstrongwinds.
27)UsePreferredCPUHeatSinkandFanonlywhilereplacing.
28)ApplyHeatSinkCompoundbetweenCPUandHeatSinkwhennecessary.
29)HoldthecomponentsbytheedgesandtrynottotouchtheICchips,leads.
30)AlwaysswitchoftheMainsandunplugcableswhileReplacingComponents.
31)Don’tusepoorqualityCDs/DVDs,ItmaydamageyourDrivelens.
32)PutSilicaGelPacketsinsidetheCabinettoreducethemoisture.
33) DonotsmokearoundaPC.Cigarettesmokecandamageexposedmetalcontacts.
34)CreateanduseDuplicateCDsforOriginalsoftwareandDriversoftware.
35)AlwaysinstalllatestDrivers/Softwareandupdateregularly.
36)DonotletlotofprogramstobeloadedautomaticallywhenyoustartYour
Computer(UseMSCONFIGcommandtostopthem)
37)Whennecessary,AlwaysaddSameCapacity,Samespeedmemoriesonly.Same
Companymemoriesarepreferred.
38)CoolingFansmustbecheckedandcleanedregularly.
39)CleanUpYourDesktop(Don’tstorefilesindesktop)toSpeedUpYourComputer.
40)UsePasswordstoprotectyourComputerandtopreventfromunauthorizedaccess.
WindowsVista/7/8/10Troubleshooting
1.WindowsVista/7willnotStart-RebuildMBR&PBR(MasterBootRecord(MBR)orPartitionBootRecord(PBR)hasdamaged)
BootthroughWindowsVista/7DVDandselect“RepairyourComputer”then
thefollowingmenuwillappearonthescreen.NowSelect“Commandprompt”
IncommandPromptrunthefollowingCommands.
Bootrec.exe/FIXMBR
Bootrec.exe/FIXBOOT
2.WindowsVista/7StruckorRestart-ReinstallVista/7(WindowsVista/7filesmaycorrupted)
BootthroughWindowsVista/7DVDandselect“RepairyourComputer”thenthe
abovemenuwillappearonthescreen.NowSelect“StartupRepair“
3.Ifreinstallationnotpossible-Restoreregistry
BootthroughWindowsVista/7DVDandselect“RepairyourComputer”thenthe
abovemenuwillappearonthescreen.NowSelect“SystemRestore”
4.IfRegistryRestoreisnotpossible-RestorefromBackup
BootthroughWindowsVista/7DVDandselect“RepairyourComputer”thenthe
abovemenuwillappearonthescreen.NowSelect“CompletePCRestore/
SystemImageRecovery”(Itoverwritefilesoncurrentdrive,BeCareful)
5.IfBackupImagefilenotavailable-FreshinstallVista/7
BootthroughWindowsVista/7DVDandselect“InstallNow”
TroubleshootingFlowChart
HEARBEEPSFAIL
OK
LONGBEEPSNUMLOCK
OKOPERATES
FAILOK
SHORTBEEPSSINGLEBEEP
OK
HardwareTroubleshooting
S
No
Problem
Reason&Solution
1NotGettingPower
A). Not getting Power to Both CPU andMONITOR,thencheckMains,UPS/Stabilizer,Spikebusters Cables,Switches,Fuses,SocketsEtc..
B).NotgettingPowertoMonitor,PressPowerCard at rear panel, Press plug on Spike buster,Insertintoanothersocket.IfnotsolvedtestwithCPUPowerCard IfworksMonitorPowerCardhas damaged, If not works there is problem inMonitor,thengiveittorepair.
C). Not getting Power to CPU, then pressPower Card at SMPS, Switch on SMPS, pressplugonSpikebuster,insertintoanothersocket.If not solved test with Monitor Power Card, IfCPUworksthenCPUPowercablehasdamaged.
Ifnotsolvedopenthecabinetand
1. Check Button connections at Button andMotherboard side in Cabinet by touching thepoweronpinsbyusingtester.
2.ClearCMOSifnotsolved,then
3. Check SMPS by touching Black Wire andGreenwiresofMotherboardplug.IfnotworkingcheckSMPSFuse.
If Fuse is OK, then check for damagedCapacitors. If Capacitors are damaged give itrepair.Otherwisereplaceit
4. If SMPS works, check Capacitors onMotherboard. If Capacitors are damaged give itforrepair.OtherwisereplaceMotherboard.
2
NoDisplay/
NoSignalMessageafterswitchon
CPUandMonitorPowerSupplyis
OK
WithBeepsfromSystemSpeaker
HearBeeps
A).Ifyouhearasinglebeep, thentheproblemeverything is ok in System Unit. Then theproblem may with Monitor Data Cable orProblemwithintheMonitor.TightMonitorDataCable at both sides. If not solved test withanother data cable. Otherwise there will beproblemwithinMonitor.
B).Ifyouhearcontinuouslongbeeps,thentheproblemiswithRAM/Motherboard.CleanandReinstalltheRAMIfnotsolved,testyourRAMonanotherSystemandtestwithanotherRAMonyourSystem IfRAMhasdamaged replacewithanother one. If RAM is working there mayproblemwithinMotherboard.
C).Ifyouhearonelongand2/3Shortbeeps,then the problem is with Display Card /Motherboard. Clean and Reinstall the DisplayCard, If not solved test your Display Card onanother System and test with another Card onyour System. If Display Card has damagedReplacewithanother.
- IfDisplayCard isworking then theremay beproblemwithinMotherboard.
-IfitisonboarddisplaythenCleartheCMOS.
-IfnotsolvedthentheonboardGPUfail,installadd-ongraphicscard.
D).Ifyouhearhighfrequencybeeps, then theproblem is with CPU overheat, check coolingfans.
E). If you hear low and high beeps, then the
problemmaybewithCPU/MotherboardcheckCPUandMotherboardwithanothersystem.
3
NoDisplay/
Nosignalmessage
afterswitchon
SMPSandMonitorPowerSupplyisOK
NoBeepsfromSystemSpeaker
Num-Lockisworking
This means Power Supply Unit, Motherboard,CPUandMemoryisOK.
1) Then the problemwithMonitor Data Cable.TightbothSystemUnitandMonitorside.
2).Ifnotsolvedcheckwithanothercable.
3).Ifnotsolved,thentheproblemiswithDisplayCard orMonitor. Then checkDisplayCard andMonitorbyattaching themtoanotherSystemorcheckwithanotherdisplayCardorMonitorwithyouSystem.
4). If Display Card has damaged replace withnewone
5).IfMonitorisnotworkinggiveitforrepair
4
NoDisplay/
NoSignalmessageafterswitchon
SMPSandMonitorPowerSupplyisOK
NoBeepsfromSystemSpeaker
Num-Lock
1).ClearCMOS,Ifnotsolved.
2). Check for damaged Capacitors onmotherboard.
3). Problem may be with HDD, CD/DVD, andExpansionCards,disconnectthemandcheck.
4). May be RAM problem Clean and ReinstallRAM. If not solved check theRAMon anotherSystem.
5). If not solved the problem may with PSU,MotherboardorProcessor.FirstcheckPSU.
6) If not solved check CPU on anotherMotherboard and check another CPU on this
Doesn’tOperates Motherboard.
7.IfCPUisgonereplacewithnew.
8.IfCPUisok,thenreplaceMotherboard
5
NoSignal/OutofSync/FrequencyoutofRangemessageafter
StartingWindows
ResolutionProblem
In Windows XP Press F8 while booting andselect VGA mode while booting. And changeresolutionindisplayproperties.
In Windows 7 /8 Press F8 while booting andselect Low Resolution Mode(640,480) Andchangeresolutionindisplayproperties.
6
CMOSCheckSumerror/
Batteryfailuremessage
DateandTimearenotstoring.
1).Check3VoltsBatteryandReplacethebatteryIfnecessary.
2). If 3Volts Battery is ok. May with loosecontacttightthem.
3).CheckCMOSJumpers.
7
DiskBootfailure
1).CheckintheBIOSforHardDiscName.
2). If not detected open the Cabinet cover andcheck Power and Data cables of Hard Disk forlooseconnections.Ifnotsolvedtestwithanothercableandanotherport.
3). Ifnotsolved test themonanotherSystemortestanotherDrivesonyourSystem.
4).ChecktheBootsequenceinBIOS.
5)BootRecordmaydamaged,Rebuiltthem(SeeWindows XP / Windows 7/8 troubleshootinggiveninpreviouspages.
6).Ifnotsolved,theOSmaygone.Reinstall.
8
SystemSlowWhileloading/
runningOperatingSystem.
1).RunScandisk/CheckDisk
2).RunDiskDefragmenter
3)RunDiskCleanup
4)CheckfreespaceavailableinCdrive
5). Stop auto running of all unnecessaryprogramsthrough“MSCONFIG”.
6).Uninstallunnecessaryprograms
7).SetBIOSdefaults.
8).CheckMemoryCapacity.
9).InstallandrunAntivirusprogram
10)Run“SFC/SCANNOW”command toscanOSfilesandreplacewithnewfiles.
(click Start, click All Programs, clickAccessories, right-click Command Prompt, andthenclickRunasadministrator)
11)IfnotsolvedReinstallOperatingSystem
12).IfnotsolvedmaybeHarddiscslow.
1). Problem may be with recently installedDriversorSoftwareremovethem,ifnotenteringintoNormalmode thenEnter intosafemodebypressing F8 while booting and remove recentlyinstalleddriversorsoftware.
2). May be Registry or System files problemrestore System to Earlier time. If not entering
9
Systemstruck/
Shutdownwhileloading/running
OperatingSystem
into normal mode, enter into safe mode andRestoretheSystemtoEarlierTime.
3). Stop auto running of unnecessary softwarethrough“MSCONFIG”command.
4). Enter into Safe Mode and run ThoroughScandiskforHardDiskErrors.
5).SetBIOSdefaults
6).CheckforVirus
7).OverheatproblemcheckFans
8).MaybewithdamagedCapacitors.
9).MayfaultyRAMcheckanotherone.
10)CheckHardDiscCables.
11).CheckSMPSvoltages.
12)Run“SFC/SCANNOW”command toscanOSfilesandreplacewithnewfiles.
(click Start, click All Programs, clickAccessories, right-click Command Prompt, andthenclickRunasadministrator,Atthecommandprompt,typetheabovecommand)
13).ReinstallOperatingSystem
14).IfnotsolvedCheckCPU
15).IfnotsolvedmaybeitMotherboardinternalproblem
10Keyboardnotworking
1). Check Keyboard connector for looseconnectionanddisconnection
2.)IfitisUSBkeyboardcheckonanotherport.
3).IfnotsolvedcheckBIOSUSBsetting
4).If it is PS/2 keyboard test your keyboard onanotherSystemorTestwithanotherkeyboardonyourSystem.
5). If yourkeyboard innotworking thenCheckcable. If your keyboard is working your PS/2Port / controller has damaged, then use USB Keyboard.
11
Keyboardsometimesworkingbutsometimesnot
working
1).ConnectKeyboardConnectortightly.
2)IfitisUSBkeyboardcheckonanotherport
3).If it is PS/2 test your keyboard on anotherSystem or test with another keyboard on yourSystem.
4). If yourkeyboard isnotworkingproperlyonanotherComputerCheckcable.
5). If your keyboard is working properly yourPS/2 Port or controller has damaged. Use USBKeyboard.
1).CheckMouseConnectorforlooseconnectionandDisconnection.
2).IfitisUSBmouseCheckonanotherport.
12Mousenotworking
3.IfnotsolvedcheckBIOSUSBsetting
4).If it is PS/2 test your mouse on anotherSystem or test with another mouse on yourSystem.
5).IfyourmouseisnotworkingCheckcable.Ifyour mouse is working your PS/2 Port hasdamaged.UseUSBmouse.
13 GrindingnoisefromHardDisk
1. If the harddrivemakes a grindingnoise it isdue to a heard crash. This is usually notrepairableandshouldbereplaced.
2. If the data is extremely valuable, there arecompaniesthatcanrecoverthedatabutatahighprice
14 Diskbootfailure(sometimesonly)
1). HDD Data cable loose or damaged. Tightthemifnotsolvedtestwithanotherribboncable.
2).HDDpowerplugloose tight it. IfnotsolvedUseanotherpowerplug.
3).IfnotsolveitisHardDiskproblem.CopyallimportantdataCDandreplacewithnew.
15
Can’tbootfromBootableCD/
DVD
1.CD/DVDdrivenotdetected.
2).CD/DVDmaynotbebootable.
orDiscmaybedamaged
3)CD/DVDdriveisnotreadingProperly.
4).CheckBootsequenceinBIOS.
16
ReddishorBluishorGreenishDisplay.
1).MostofthetimethisisabadDataCable.
2). It alsocouldbea looseconnectioneitheronthe Computer or inside the Monitor. Ifconnectionsaretighttryingchangingcords.
3). Presets damaged in the Monitor, give it torepair.
17 Wavyscreen
1).Couldbecausedbyanyelectricaldevicesuchas a fan,UPS,Stabilizer,Adapters or telephonetooclosetotheMonitor.
2).Move all electrical devices away from theMonitorandseeIfthathelps.
3).Ifnotsolved,theremaybeproblemwithinthemonitor.
18
Applications/Programsarenot
opening
1). Software Package files may have corruptedreinstall.
2).MaybeVirusproblem.
3).LowMemory/RAM.
4).VirtualmemoryproblemCheckfreespaceinCdrive.
Struckwhile
1).SetBIOSdefaults
2).CD/DVDhasdamaged
3).CD/DVDdriveisnotreadingproperly.
19
WindowsXPInstallation/
InstallationfailwithBluescreen
error
4).OSnotsupported.TryLatestVersion
5).May be bad area inHDD, select full formatwhileinstallation.
6).RAMhasdamagedpartially.
7).IfnotsolvedCheckCPU
20Upsisnot
workingafterPowerfails.
1).SwitchontheUPS.
2).FullyChargeit(8hours)andtry.
3). If it is internalbatteryUPS, theBatterymaygone.
(Maximum battery life is approximately 2years)
4). If it is external Battery UPS, Clean theterminals and apply grease and Fill the BatterywithDistilledwater.
5).Ifthebatteryistoooldreplaceit.
6).Ifnotsolvedmaybeinternalproblem.
BeepCodes
AwardBIOS(MSI,Mercury,Gigabyte,Biostar,EVGA…Motherboard)
Beeps ErrorMessage Description
1long,2short VideoadaptererrorEithervideoadapterisbadorisnotseatedproperly.Also,checktoensurethemonitorcableisconnectedproperly.
Repeating(endlessloop) Memoryerror Checkforimproperlyseatedormissingmemory.
1long,3short NovideocardorbadvideoRAM Reseatorreplacethevideocard.
Highfrequencybeepswhilerunning OverheatedCPU ChecktheCPUfanforproperoperation.
Checkthecaseforproperairflow.
RepeatingHigh/Low CPU
EithertheCPUisnotseatedproperlyortheCPUisdamaged.Mayalsobeduetoexcessheat.ChecktheCPUfanorBIOSsettingsforproperfanspeed.
SingleBeep EverythingfineEverythingfineinSystemUnit.SochecktheMonitorDatacableonbothMotherboardandMonitorSide.
AMIBIOS(Intel&ASUS…Motherboards)
BeepCode Description
1ShortBeep DRAMRefreshFailure(RAM)
2ShortBeeps ParityCircuitFailure(RAM)
3ShortBeeps Base64KRAMFailure(RAM)
4ShortBeeps SystemTimerFailure(Motherboard)
5ShortBeeps ProcessFailure(CPU)
6ShortBeeps Keyboard/KeyboardController
7ShortBeeps Processor/Motherboard
8ShortBeeps DisplayMemoryRead/WriteFailure
9ShortBeeps ROMBIOSChecksumFailure
10ShortBeeps CMOSRead/WriteFailure
11ShortBeeps CPUCacheMemory
1long,3short Conventional/ExtendedMemoryFailure
1long,8short Display/RetraceFailure
AdvancedSystemCare
(ToolboxcontainsthefollowingTools)1.RegistryCleaner-Torectifyregistryproblems.
2.PrivacySweeper-ToremoveinternetHistory&Traces.
3.Uninstaller-ToUninstallPrograms/Applications
4.DiskCleaner-Todeleteunnecessaryandjunkfiles.
5.FileShredder-Todeletefilespermanently.
6.StartupManager-Tomanagestartupprograms.
7.SmartDefrag-ToDefragtheHardDisctoimproveSpeed
8.Undelete-Torecoverdeletedfiles.
9.DiskDoctor-TorectifyDiskandFilesystemproblems
10.WinFix-TofixWindowsOSproblems
11.DriverManager-ToupdateandBackupDrivers.
12.MalwareFighter-TodetectandremoveMalwareandSpyware.
13.ClonnedFilesScanner-Tofindanddeleteduplicatefiles.
14.SystemInformation-TodisplaydetailedinformationofSystem.
15.SystemControl-TochangeOperatingSystemsetting.
Etc…
PRINTERS
Printerisanindirectoutputdevice(Peripheral)usedtotakeprintouts
(Hardcopies)
DotMatrixPrinterADotMatrixprinter isan impactprinter that formscharactersasa seriesofdots.Theprint head contains a grid of pinswhich form a character. This heads stamps on to thepaperthroughaninkedribbontoproduceacharacter(forexample,“H”)thatismadeupofdots.
Theprintheadscanhavefrom9to24pinsinthem.Themorepinstheprintheadhas,thebetterthequalityoftheprintedoutput.Printerswith24pinsproduceletterqualityoutput.
Thequalityoftheprintedoutputismeasuredindpi(dotsperinch).Thehigherthedpi,thebetterthequalityoftheprintedoutput.
DotMatrix printers comewith a standard parallel interface. They can also use a serialinterface. Parallel interfaces are faster, but serial interfaces can be used over greaterdistances.
Impactprintersare theonlyprinters thatwillmakeanimpressiononcarbonpaper.Anyprintingthatisdoneonpaperwithacarbonbehinditoronselfcarbonatedpaperneedstobedoneonanimpactprinterfortheprintingcomethroughonthesecondlayerofpaper.
InkJetorDeskJetPrinter
A typical inkjet receives control info from your printer driver/PC, or may process theprintout in its onboard electronics.Eitherway, rollers advance a page fromyourpapertray (1) under a sliding printhead/cartridge assembly (2). Then, the printhead steppermotor (3) kicks in, drawing the assembly on a sliding rod (4) to its starting position,usuallyviaabelt(5).
The printhead (6) proper is an incredible piece of miniaturization, in some cases
fabricatedviaanetchingprocesssimilartosemiconductormanufacture.Onsomeprinters,the head and ink cartridge (7) are one unit. The head’s microscopic nozzles (8)—anywherefromdozenstoliterallythousands—areoutletsforincrediblytinyinkchambers(9),which are fed by the cartridge’s reservoirs.Microscopicdroplets (10),measured inmillionthsofamillionthofaliter(no,that’snotatypo),firethroughthenozzles.
Buthow?Pumpssimplydon’tcome thatsmall. Instead,most inkjets (Epsonsexcepted)use “thermal” technology inwhich a tiny resistor (11) in an ink chamber is pulsed, asneeded,withintensecurrent,superheatingtheinkandvaporizingpartofthedroplet.Theresult:Terrificpressureblastsitoutthenozzleandontoyourpage.
LaserPrinter
The most important piece of equipment might be the optical photoconductive (OPC)drum. This drum holds an electromagnetic charge that can be changed by exposure tolight.As theprocess starts, theOPCpassesahighlychargedwire thatgivesanelectricchargetotheOPC.AlaserbeamisturnedonandoffrapidlyasaspinningmirrorfocusesthelightonaspecificpartoftheOPC.
Inmostcases,yourPCtalkswithcontrollercircuitry(1)inyourlaserprintertoqueueupandtranslateprintingdata;arasterimageprocessor(RIP)convertsimagesandtextintoavirtualmatrixoftinydots.
Themain actor, however, is thephotoconductingdrum (2), a specially coated cylinder
thatreceivesapositiveornegativechargefromachargingroller(3)(or,insomeprinters,acoronawire).Alaserbeam(4),switchingrapidlyonandoffanddeflectedoffarotatingmirror(5),scansthechargeddrumhorizontally inprecise lines.Whenthebeamflasheson,itreversesthechargeoftinyspotsonthedrum,correspondingtodotsthataretobeprintedblack.Afterthelaserscansaline,asteppermotoradvancesthedrum,andthelaserrepeatstheprocess—all,ofcourse,blindinglyfast.
Next,thedrum’slaser-kissedportionencountersthedeveloperroller(6),whichiscoatedinchargedtonerparticlesfromthetonerhopper(7),partofthetonercartridge.Chargedtonerclingstothedischargedareasofthedrum,reproducing,inreverse,yourimagesandtext.
Meanwhile,abeltorrollerassembly(8)drawspaperinsidefromthepapertray(9),pastatransfer roller or charging wire (10) that applies a charge opposite the toner’s to thepaper. As the paper sheet meets the drum, the drum-borne toner transfers to paper. Acleaningblade(11)thencleansthedrum,andtheprocesscontinuesinasmooth,circularflow.(Colorlasersworksimilarly,butthepapermayrequirefourpassesbythedrumforfourtonercolors.Alternately,theprintermaytransfereachcolorlayertoanintermediatebeltbeforeapplyingittothepaper,oremployfourdrum/tonerassemblies.)
Last,yourpage,with its imprintof tenuouslyanchored toner, reaches the fuser (12)—aheatrollerandapressureroller. Itmelts the toner,whichcontainsresinsandsometimeswax,ontothepage.Voila,pagesinyourouttray.
ScannerSetup
Acharge-coupleddevice(CCD)isanimagesensor,consistingofanintegratedcircuitcontaininganarrayoflinked,orcoupled,light-sensitivecapacitors.ThisdeviceisalsoknownasaColor-CaptureDevice.
A/DConverter–AnalogtoDigitalConverter
Method1.ScanningthroughManufacturerSoftware
Method2.ScanningthroughMicrosoftWindows(MyComputer)
WebcamSetup
(OR)