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PHARMACEUTICAL CARE 1(GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF HEALTH CARE)
Agnes L. Castillo
UST Faculty of Pharmacy
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1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Kindness is a language which the deaf can hear
and the blind can see
non
THE PATIENT
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PATIENT
any recipient of medical attention,
care or treatment
originally meant one whosuffers
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PATIENT
Alternative terms:
health consumer, health careconsumeror client
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THE P TIENT S PERSON
Who is this person who comes to you as apatient?
What does this person want?
What does this person need?
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The Patient
We must understand the patient as
someone who possesses certain
Strengths
Vulnerabilities
Preferences
Worries and fears
Hopes and joys
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The patient is the central reason
for your work and the onlyreason for a health profession.
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The Patient: A Health Context
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Our values, beliefs, attitudes, and
concepts define us as a people.
The critical frame determines the patients
beliefs about their health and health-related needs.
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The Patients oncept of Heath
Begin by understanding the ways that
health professionals and patients
conceptualize health.
Health thinking, from the health
professions perspective, has historically
been based on a disease concept founded
in the traditional biomedical model.
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Disease Concept
Disease is any abnormal condition,affecting either the whole body or any ofits parts, which impairs normal functioning.
Disease is described in terms of negativesymptoms combined with the directlyrelated physical pathology that causesthose symptoms.
In this model, the concept of health isrepresented by the absence of disease.
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Several traditions are practiced within ourcommunities, such as Chinese herbal
medicine, indigenous North American
medicine, and chiropractic, acupuncture,homeopathy, and naturopathic medicine.
The same patients who use these
alternative approaches also participate inthe mainstream Western philosophies.
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Measures of health are changing today.
Increasingly, we see writings about
recognition of1. diversity
2. the value of the whole person and the richness
of life,
3. broad concern about the person, and
4. the need of inclusion of spirituality
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If we know the model that best fits our patient we
can offer professional care that meets those needs and
acknowledge the influences that modify ones
expectations of care.
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Conceptual Factors
How do you know what concept the
patient has of health?
Each of us has our own concept, but it is
formed by many factors like, cultural
influences, values and beliefs
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Cultural Influences
Culture is described as a property ofsociety.
No such thing as a pure culture, because
there is diversity, often recognizable assubcultures.
Variation may exist in education,
socioeconomic status, and practicedreligions.
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Access to care will continue to be segregated into
3 identifiable groups of patient:
1. Empowered consumers who have resources,
use technology, and want to share in health
decision making
2. Worried consumers who have health insurancebut no choice in plan
3. People who are excluded because they have
no form of health insurance or method of
payment other than out of pocket
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Pharmacists should view health and
illness from the patients perspective.
How can we understand a persons culture
in a way that helps to meet his or herhealth care goals and needs?
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Learn the values and attitudes
considered important enough to pass
down from one generation to the next.
Understanding a patients cultural view
of illness
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Health professionals should become
culturally competent through the on-going
process of integrating cultural awareness,
knowledge, skill, encounters, and desire.
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Campinha-Bacote described this model of
cultural competence in HC delivery as aframework for developing and
implementing culturally responsive care.
The model assumes that culturecompetence is a process, not an event.
It recognizes that there is more variation
within ethnic groups than across groups.
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It assumes that the provision of culturallyresponsive care is directly related to the
health professionals level of competence
in the context of each patient.
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The model defines the concept as follows:
1. Cultural awareness is the self-understanding ofones own cultural and professional
background.
2. Cultural knowledge is the process of seeking
and obtaining an educational foundation aboutdifferent cultural and ethnic groups.
3. Cultural skill is described as the ability to
collect relevant cultural data about the patients
problem as well as performing a culturally
based physical assessment.
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The model defines the concept as follows:
4. Cultural encounter involves the healthprofessional engaging in cross-culturalinteractions with individuals from diversebackgrounds.
5. Cultural desire is the motivation of the health
care provider to engage in the process ofculturally responsive care.
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How does one become culturally
competent?1. Live with the group
2. Learning can be accomplished through
reading
convening focus groups
participating in community activities.