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IPM symposium BNL-SHS 07/03/2013 1 Zoology department

Integrated pest management in pip fruit orchards

and the challenge to control stink bugs

(Pentatomidae)

dr. ir. Tim Beliën

Gertie Peusens

pcfruit vzw

Zoology department

[email protected]

pcfruit PROEFCENTRUM FRUITTEELT VZW

Integrated Pest Management in

horticulture: research for practice

07/03/2013


Winter voorbloei Tijdens bloei Mei - augustus nabloei Vanaf 4w v oogst Na oogst

APPLE

Winter eggs red spider mite

Pear sucker

Pear midge

Pear leaf blister mite

Winter moth Rusty leaf mite

Eggs pear sucker

Pear leaf midge

Codling moth

PEAR

Leafrollers,

fruit tortrix moth

Winter eggs red spider mite

Apple mussel scale

Winter moth

Apple grass aphid

Leaf miners

Green capsid bug

Apple blossom weevil

Apple leaf midge

Apple sawfly

Codling moth

Rusty leaf mite

Rosy apple aphid

Woolly apple aphid

Aphid eggs

Rosy apple aphid

Control sprayings

Pear aphid

Leafrollers,

fruit tortrix moth

sinuate pear borer

Stink bugs

Leafrollers,

fruit tortrix moth

Pip fruit growing:

A lot of potential pest

outbreaks

http://www.umass.edu/fruitadvisor/2003budstages/042803/042803-Pages/Image1.html


Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

• “The rational application of a combination of biological, biotechnical,

chemical, cultural or plant-breeding measures, whereby the use of plant

protection products is limited to the strict minimum necessary to

maintain the pest population at levels below those causing economically

unacceptable damage or loss”.

• From “calendar (preventive) sprayings” with broad-spectrum products to

“economic threshold sprayings” with selective products

• Beneficial arthropod populations increase and redress the balance

between pests and their natural control agents, resulting in fewer

catastrophic occurrences of crop damage

• EC Directive 2009/128: 2014, all pest control activity in agriculture in EU

Member States should be conducted within an IPM framework

• In Belgian pip fruit growing: IPM adoption already in 90-ties


Integrated Pest Management (IPM)

Key principles of IPM in pip fruit growing

• Apple: key beneficial: predatory mite Thyphlodromus pyri for control of

spider mites (Panonychus ulmi, Tetranychus urticae) and rust mites

(Aculus schlechtendali)

• Pear: key beneficial: predatory bugs (Anthocoris, Orius sp.) for control of

pear suckers (Psyllids, Cacopsylla pyri)


Life cycle pear sucker

Februar March April May June July August Septem October Novem Decem Jan

adults

eggs

larvaes

Overwintering

adults

First generation

Second generation

3rd - 4th

generation

Last generation


Controlling

pear sucker

spring February March April May

Overwintering

adults

First generation

kaolin (multiple)

oil thiacloprid

pyrethroids

adults

eggs

larvaes

Min. 200 adults

/100 beatings


Summer control pear sucker

Predatory bugs

May June July August September October

First generation

Second generation

3rd-4th generation

spirodiclofen

abamectin /(spinosad)

Last generation

April

adults

eggs

larvaes

spirotetramat

potassium

bicarbonate

thiamethoxam

/ thiacloprid /

potassium

bicarbonate


Preflowering treatments

Consequences for IPM system?

– 1st generation, before flowering (pyrethroid against adults, oil or repellent, thiacloprid on young larvae)

+ Anthocoris sp.


Randomized block

design

Field trials: Determining of side effects

macroplots

Treatments with knapsack sprayer,

Leaf Wall Area (LWA) dose expression

OBJECT 1st gen eggs

(Ref Appl. A)

1st gen

larvae

(Ref. Appl. B)

2nd gen hatching

eggs

(Ref. Appl. C)

2nd gen larvae

(Ref. Appl. D)

1. - - spirodiclofen (+

adjuvant)

spirodiclofen (+

adjuvant)b

2. - pyrethroid spirodiclofen (+

adjuvant)

spirodiclofen (+

adjuvant)b

3. - thiacloprid spirodiclofen (+

adjuvant)

spirodiclofen (+

adjuvant)b

4. kaolina or

mineral oil

- spirodiclofen (+

adjuvant)

spirodiclofen (+

adjuvant)b

5. kaolina or

mineral oil

- spirodiclofen (+

adjuvant)

abamectinb

a 1or 3 applications, b 1 or no application

Materials & Methods

Random block design, macroplots

(min.40 trees) (mobile insects), 4

replicates

Sampling of Anthocorids larvae and

adults by fixed number of beatings per

plot (10-20): One beating = 3 short solid

beatings per branch, on 3 randomly

chosen branches in centre of plot.

Predatory bugs caught in beating tray

(min. 40 cm x 50 cm) + counted for each

plot. Number of larvae/adults registered

separately.

Assessment of mortality (side effect):

Formula Abbott (%): Side effect = ((C – T)/C) * 100

C = average degree of beneficial population in untreated object

T = average degree of beneficial population in treated object

Statistical analysis: homogeneity of variances

test(transformations), ANOVA: multiple comparisons

(Duncan, Newman–Keuls) or Friedman (two-way

ANOVA)


0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

19-3 2-4 16-4 30-4 14-5 28-5 11-6 25-6 9-7 23-7 6-8 20-8 3-9 17-9 1-10 15-10

Psylla pyri adults Psylla pyri eggs Psylla pyri larvae

Anthocoris nemoralis & Cacopsylla pyri population dynamics

7 locations FLOWERING

First flowers

open: 07/04

Full bloom:

14/04

End of

flowering:

05/05

Psylla larvae 2nd gen

Psylla eggs 2nd gen

Numbers per 10 shoot/clusters or beatings

0

5

10

15

20

25

19-3 2-4 16-4 30-4 14-5 28-5 11-6 25-6 9-7 23-7 6-8 20-8 3-9 17-9 1-10 15-10

Anthocoris adults Anthocoris Larvae Orius adults


0

2

4

6

8

10

12

ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE

2-4 23-4 13-5 9-6 17-6 23-6 10-7 4-8

Example of results for one location

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE ANTHNE

2-4 23-4 13-5 9-6 17-6 23-6 10-7 4-8

ENVIDOR + TREND 90 (D)

DECIS (C) / ENVIOR + TREND 90 (D)

CALYPSO 480 SC + TREND 90 (C) /


SURROUND (AB) / ENVIDOR + TREND

90 (D)


90 (D) / VERTIMEC (E)


DECIS (C) / ENVIOR + TREND 90 (D)

CALYPSO 480 SC + TREND 90 (C) /



90 (D)


90 (D) / VERTIMEC (E)

Check / spirodiclofen + adjuvant (D)

pyrethroid (C) / spirodiclofen + adjuvant (D)

thiacloprid + adjuvant (C) / spirodiclofen + adjuvant (D)

kaolin (AB) / spirodiclofen + adjuvant (D)

kaolin (AB) / spirodiclofen + adjuvant (D), abamectin (E)

C

No statistical differences !

larvae

(dotted lines) adults

(solid lines)

Me

an

nu

mb

er

of A

nth

oco

ris la

rva

e o

r a

du

lts


Conclusion for IPM system pear

• No stastistical differences between check and thiacloprid objects in larvae of Anthocoris sp. in 5 large scale trials

• When statistical differences are found in the number of adults, no differences are found between thiacloprid and the selective IPM references

• thiacloprid can be used on a selective way when applied before flowering, before appearance of Anthocoris sp. in the orchard

= Selectivity based on timing of application


IPM in pear orchards Only selective plant protection products

New challenges: increasing populations of secondary pests

→ economic threshold


IPM in pear orchards Only selective plant protection products

New challenges: increasing populations of secondary pests

→ economic threshold

Stink bug damage !

Peribalus strictus

Pentatoma rufipes

Asopinae: beneficial !

Rhaphigaster nebulosa

Palomena prasina

Timing treatments /selectivity: which is causing

main damage? How is life cycle?

http://www.google.be/imgres?imgurl=http://www.ndsu.edu/ndsu/rider/Pentatomoidea/images/Asopinae/Eocanthecona_furcellata.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.ndsu.edu/ndsu/rider/Pentatomoidea/Genus_Asopinae/Eocanthecona.htm&usg=__CiBxmoQoSvc0ogpx3sMrmr96ngE=&h=370&w=530&sz=40&hl=nl&start=10&sig2=1xY_YFvcomr7PCT1GbfI-w&zoom=1&tbnid=fhGDvNPGb3xAFM:&tbnh=92&tbnw=132&ei=RL4qT6zqEIrKhAec4NH-Cg&prev=/search%3Fq%3DAsopinae%26um%3D1%26hl%3Dnl%26sa%3DN%26gbv%3D2%26tbm%3Disch%26prmd%3Divns&um=1&itbs=1


Stink bugs in pear orchards Which species is mainly responsible for increasing damage?

P. rufipes

P. prasina

R. nebulosa

→ P. rufipes correlation - damage pears


IPM control method: beat and kill Location Method Total P. Rufipes

stink bugs Other stink bugs

% damage Mean % damage

Huldenberg Beat and kill 17 15 2 9.12 11.9

34 32 2 8.86

32 31 1 10.18

47 41 6 19.50

Total 130 119 11

Meensel Beat and kill 24 17 7 7.44 7.8

18 13 5 5.92

34 27 7 4.83

56 54 2 12.85

total 132 111 21

Abbott control

29.9 %

5.4 %

→ Very labor intensive:

variable efficacy results


Stink bugs in pear orchards Population dynamics of Pentatoma rufipes ?

Life

stage

2012 2011

Huldenberg Ezemaal Assent Huldenberg Meensel Kerkom Assent

N2 15/3 1/3 20/3 < 15/4 15/3

N3 16/4 16/4 12/4 15/4 19/4 20/4 16/4

N4 5/5 2/5 8/5 5/5 3/5 13/5 1/5

N5 29/5 8/6 29/5 19/5 19/5 26/5 10/5

adult 16/7* 5/7 25/6 30/5 30/6 7/7 13/6

N1 <15/9 <15/9 <2/9

N2 15/9 15/9 2/9 (3/10)

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

15/apr 5/mei 19/mei 30/mei 23/jun 11/jul 15/sep 13/okt

Aa

nta

l wa

nts

en

op

50

bo

me

n

Dynamica van P. rufipes (2011, Huldenberg)

adult N5

N4 N3

N2 N1

totaal

Methods March-November, population of true bugs in 4 pear orchards (cv. Conférence) was monitored by beating 3 times on 3 shoots of 50 trees twice a month. Collected bugs were identified (species, life stage, sex) and counted.

Overwintering as nymph !


Stink bugs in pear orchards Field trial: control efficacy sprayings

Methods - Randomized microplot

block design (6 trees/plot, 4 plots/treatment) in two pear orchards (cv. Conférence) using a motorized knapsack sprayer

- Assessments of P. rufipes in May and in June,

- Assessments of damaged fruit (%) in July

- Efficacy calculated as corrected mortality (%) according to Abbott (1925).

Obj Product Active

ingredient

Dose

rate App Application time

Check (untreated)

1 Tracer 480 EC Spinosad 0.3

l/LWA

1 March 15

(early season)


l/LWA

1 April 1

(before bloom)


l/LWA

1 April 19

(after bloom)


l/LWA

2 March 15

+ April 19

5 naturabell

Bio insect 180 EC

Pyrethrum +

Piperonylbut

3 l/LWA 1 March 15

(early season)

6 naturabell

Bio insect 180 EC

Pyrethrum +

Piperonylbut

3 l/LWA 1 April 1

(before bloom)

7 naturabell

Bio insect 180 EC

Pyrethrum +

Piperonylbut

3 l/LWA

1 April 19

(after bloom)

8 naturabell

Bio insect 180 EC

Pyrethrum +

Piperonylbut

3 l/LWA 2 March 15

+ April 19



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

mid-March(early)

beforeflowering

mid-March+ after

flowering

afterflowering

(late)

mid-March(early)

beforeflowering

mid-March+ after

flowering

afterflowering

(late)

Check spinosad (Tracer) pyrethroid (Compo Naturabell Bio Insect)

% A

bb

ott

eff

icac

y

Mea

n n

um

ber

P. r

ufi

pes

(4

tre

es)

Presence of P. rufipes (Huldenberg 9/5/2011)



0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

mid-March(early)

beforeflowering

mid-March +after

flowering

afterflowering

(late)

mid-March(early)

beforeflowering

mid-March +after

flowering

afterflowering

(late)

Check spinosad (Tracer) pyrethroid (Compo Naturabell Bio Insect)

% A

bb

ott

eff

icac

y

Mea

n f

ruit

dam

age

(4 t

rees

)

Stink bug mediated fruit damage (Huldenberg, 26/7/2011)

a ab b c bc bc b bc ab



a

ab

a

ab

b

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

after harvest after harvest +before flowering

after harvest after harvest +before flowering

Check spinosad pyrethrum

Da

ma

ge

fru

its / c

on

tro

l e

ffic

acy (

%)

Field trial: treatments after harvest 2011 and before flowering 2012

% damage unsellable % damage sellable % Abbott


Conclusion stink bug control pear (IPM/organic)

• Forest bug Pentatoma rufipes is main stink bug pest species in pear

• In contrast to many other stink bugs, P. rufipes overwinters on the fruit trees as small nymphs

→ become active early in the spring and cause damage to the fruits before and after bloom.

• Timing treatments crucial: directed on (more sensitive) nymphs !

• Control efficacy is depending on timing and products used.

spinosad: best efficacies around/after flowering

pyrethroid: best efficacies after harvest and before flowering

• IPM system: differences in side effects (pyrethroid = broad spectrum) on beneficial arthropods (predatory bugs etc..) have to be considered in timing of the treatments.

→ Timing of treatments = crucial aspect in IPM


Thanks to

• Colleagues pcfruit vzw

• CRA-W

• FOD Volksgezondheid RF 10/6231 PENTA-in-TOMIDAE

• IWT LA/110778

• CCBT

• Phytopharmaceutical companies for support field trials / product development

• Fruit growers for trial orchards

• And you for your attention !

pcfruit PROEFCENTRUM FRUITTEELT VZW

http://www.ccbt.be/

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