PCSP Combined 04 06 14 Pcsp 4

Issue 1, Revision 3 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED

Introduction

Welcome to this Pre Course Study Pack and congratulations on being successful in your application

to become Cabin Crew with Ryanair!

The role of Cabin Crew is varied, hard work and fun! However, before you can operate as Cabin

Crew, you must complete and pass an intensive training course.

This Pre Course Study Pack will allow you to learn the fundamentals of what is involved in the role of

Cabin Crew. There is a lot to learn in this pack at least 40 hours of study and you must be

confident that you know and understand all of the information.

The course and Study Pack is split into Initial - general knowledge and Conversion - which is

specific to the aircraft type. Initial and Conversion are then split up into Topics. The topics are

reference to the days your safety training course will be split into. e.g. Topic 1 is normally covered on

Day 1 of safety training. You must know and understand the information in the study pack, as this

will be built upon on your safety training. At the end of each topic in this pack there are some

revision questions for you to do, giving you an idea of how much you have learnt and where you

need to improve. Initial Topic 3 (Security) does not have a study pack as this will be covered fully on

your training course.

There are 5 exams (pass marks of 85% or 90%) and other practical sessions throughout your safety

training course that must be passed to become Cabin Crew for Ryanair. Taking the time to learn the

information in this study pack will give you a huge start in gaining the knowledge required to pass

the exams and carry out your role as a Cabin Crew Member.

Bring this study pack with you when you begin your training course.

Good Luck with the studying and remember that the hard work will pay off when you receive your

wings to allow you to fly as a fully qualified Cabin Crew!

We look forward to meeting you,

Ryanair Training Department

Issue 2, Revision 6 04 June 2014 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 28

Initial - Topic 1

General Aviation Knowledge,

Effects of Flying

&

Crew Health Precautions


General Aviation Knowledge Airport Codes Airports all have an abbreviated 3-letter code. The abbreviations are used instead of the full name of the airport and so it is very important that you know these codes. Your roster, for example, will use the 3-letter code for giving the destinations of your flights! .The 3 letter codes for Ryanair bases (crew and ac are based there at all times) are shown below. For a full list of the airports served by Ryanair refer to www.ryanair.com

RYANAIR BASES AS PER JUNE 2014 IRELAND (3) POLAND (3) MOROCCO (2) UK (11) DENMARK (1) GREECE (2) SWEDEN (1) BELGIUM (2) NORWAY (1) GERMANY (5) CANARY ISLANDS (3) PORTUGAL (2) SPAIN (8) ITALY (14) MALTA (1) LITHUANIA (1) CYPRUS (1) HUNGARY (1) THE NETHERLANDS (1) CROATIA (1) CRETE (1) FRANCE (1)


Phonetic Alphabet The aviation industry uses the phonetic alphabet and it is important that you know this! You must have been confused on the telephone sometimes between, for example, the letters M and N? Using this alphabet will hopefully ensure that misunderstandings and confusion do not occur.

A ALPHA N NOVEMBER B BRAVO O OSCAR C CHARLIE P PAPA D DELTA Q QUEBEC E ECHO R ROMEO F FOXTROT S SIERRA G GOLF T TANGO H HOTEL U UNIFORM I INDIA V VIKTOR J JULIET W WHISKEY K KILO X X RAY L LIMA Y YANKEE M MIKE Z ZULU 24 Hour Clock/Time Zones Due to the rotation of the Earth, the pattern of night and day varies throughout the world. Theoretically, the Earths surface is divided into 24 time zones. The time differences are measured East and West of the meridian (line of longitude) which passes through Greenwich, England. The time on this meridian line is referred to as Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) or Z (Zulu), and is the internationally agreed standard. Time in aviation is always given using the 24-hour clock: 1700 is 5 oclock in the evening and referred to as seventeen hundred hours. 0545 is quarter to six in the morning and we would refer to this as zero-five-forty five. 1730 is half past five in the afternoon and we would say seventeen thirty! Midnight is referred to as either 2359 or 0001. Note: Ryanair fly within Europe and so the local time in France, Italy, Spain etc. will be one hour in front of UK/Irish time. When flying further East to RIX and KUN, the local time is 2 hours ahead of UK time.


Abbreviations and Terminology Aviation Terminology and Definitions

ABP Able bodied passenger: A person who volunteers or is nominated to assist the CC in an evacuation.

A/C Aircraft.

AFT Towards the rear (tail) of the ac

AIRBRIDGE Manoeuvrable enclosed access way to ac available at some airports.

AIRCREW. All crew required to operate a flight includes Flight and CC.

AIRSTAIRS Folding boarding/disembarking stairs which are self-stowing beneath the main passenger door.

APU Auxiliary Power Unit: Small engine below tail of ac which provides electrical power while the ac is on the ground.

ASSIST SPACE A defined area at each emergency door allocated for CC to stand in for the purpose of evacuating passengers without causing an obstruction at the exit

BRACE POSITION A position adopted, when seated, by all passengers and CC during an emergency landing. It helps to minimise injuries which result from forced body movements.

CABIN CREW An Aircrew member other than Flight Crew Member, who performs, in the interest of safety of passengers, duties assigned by the operator or the Captain of the ac.

CB Circuit Breaker these are all the black button type things that are located behind the pilot seats; they have the same function as an electrical fuse. CBs are also located in the galleys.

CC Cabin Crew.

CSA Cabin Services Agent.

CSS Cabin Services Supervisor. This is a rostering code referring to a No1.

DRILL A sequence of actions which should be followed.

DITCHING An emergency landing on water by an ac.

DIVERSION When the ac does not land at its intended destination. Can be due to bad weather, fuel requirements, medical emergency, bomb alert, etc.

EASA European Aviation Safety Agency.

FCI Flight Crew Instruction Amendments to the Operations Manual Part A.

FWD Forward towards the front (nose) of the ac.

FLIGHT CREW Normally consists of a Captain and a First Officer.

FLIGHT DECK The compartment from which the ac is flown. Also called the cockpit.

FR IATA assigned prefix to all Ryanair flight numbers.

FUSELAGE The outer skin of the ac.

GIRT APRON Piece of heavy material which connects the evacuation device to the girt bar.

GIRT BAR Metal bar which connects to brackets on the floor when the ac slide is armed.

GPU Ground Power Unit: Used instead of the APU to provide electrical power on the ground.

HOLD A compartment in the lower deck where baggage and cargo is stowed.

IAA Irish Aviation Authority. Government Department regulating ac operations in Ireland


IATA International Air Transport Association.

ICAO International Civil Aviation Organisation.

INFANT For Ryanair ticketing purposes is a young passenger under the age of 2 years.

INBOARD The direction towards the centre line of the ac.

INOP Inoperative or having a technical fault.

JU Junior Cabin Crew.

LANDING GEAR The wheels and associated components on which the ac lands. Also called the undercarriage.

LOAD SHEET The ramp agent prepares the load sheet and gives it to the Captain prior to departure. It contains information such as passenger numbers, weights, baggage, etc.

MINIMUMS Weather conditions restricting take-off and landing.

NOTOC Notification to Captain.

OPS MANUAL The governing document approved by the IAA that sets out company policy and regulations covering all aspects of the companys operation.

OUTBOARD The direction towards the outside of the ac.

PA Public Address/Passenger Announcement.

PART D Aircrew Training Manual.

PIGS Passenger Ideal Guiding System.

PRAM Pre Recorded Announcement Machine.

PSU Passenger Service Unit: The area above a row of passenger seats which holds air vents, reading lights, drop-down oxygen masks, a CC call light and the No Smoking and Fasten Seat Belt signs.

PU Purser a rostering code referring to a No 1.

RAMP Manoeuvring area for ac beside/next to the terminal building.

RTO REJECTED TAKE-OFF; Stopping the ac on the runway during the take-off.

RUNWAY Airport area designed for ac to take-off and land.

SEP Safety and Emergency Procedures.

SOP Standard Operating Procedures: The normal manner in which an action is carried out in accordance with company policy.

SPI Safety Procedures Instruction. An amendment to Operations Manual Part A, SEP.

STAND Parking area for ac.

TAXIING All ac movements on the ground, following landing and prior to take-off.

THOB Total Heads On-board, including Aircrew, supernumeraries, passengers and infants.

TAXIWAY Airport routes linking runway with the ramp area.

TI Training Instruction: This details a change to Ryanair Operations Manual.


The Common Language The common language in Ryanair is ENGLISH All CC and pilots must be fluent in ENGLISH as it is the common language used on all of our flights. All operation manuals are written in ENGLISH. ENGLISH must be spoken in crew crewroom and on the ac by all CC. Being able to communicate clearly, accurately and concisely is a key part of being a CC. The flight crew rely on the CC to give accurate information quickly. Good communication can effectively save the lives of all onboard in an emergency.

Safety and Emergency Procedures (SEP) Manual CC are required to refer to this manual for information relevant to duties of an operating CC. The manual is available on cabincrewdock. (Internal Ryanair network; available to all CC on completion of training). There is a hard copy in the cabin and flight deck, and also a copy available in each base. A copy of the SEP Manual will be made available to you throughout your training course. Manual Amendments SEP manual amendments are issued in the form of Safety Procedures Instructions (SPIs)

are issued by the training department SPIs are amendments or revisions to the SEP Manual There are two copies of current SPIs on board, one in the Flight Deck, one in

the cabin.

Role of the Authority The Irish Aviation Authority (IAA) regulates Irish Airlines and oversees safety standards in Ireland. The IAA is responsible for surveillance and oversight of training and operating standards in Ryanair. The Department of Transport, Aviation Security Division (DTTAS) is responsible for aviation security in Ireland.

EU-OPS/EASA prescribes the requirements applicable to European commercial airlines. Airlines are not permitted to operate an aeroplane for the purpose of commercial air transport other than in accordance with EU-OPS/EASA Legislation. Within Ireland, the IAA is responsible for the implementation and enforcement of ICAO, EU-OPS and National Regulations, e.g. the Statutory Instruments (S.Is).

IAA Inspectors/DTTAS Inspectors/Inspectors from the National Civil Aviation Authorities (CAAs) of another State may board Ryanair a/c to carry out official duties. Inspectors will be in possession of a valid ID. With the approval of the Captain, the Inspectors may wish to occupy a jumpseat.

CC must:

Challenge all persons, including inspectors, attempting to board Ryanair a/c.

Immediately inform the Captain when inspectors board a Ryanair a/c.

Once the identity of the Inspector has been verified and with the approval of the Captain, co-operate fully with the inspection.


Flight Time Limitations (FTLs) Flight and Duty Time Limitations regulate the number of hours both pilots and CC can work and the amount of rest they require between duties. The FTLs will be covered on your training course.

CC Composition Ryanair operate their Boeing 737- 800 a/c with 4 CC. The minimum requirement is to have 1 CC per 50 Passenger seats or fraction of. Our a/c seats 189 passenger.

Chain of Command The Chain of Command is the order of authority. The Captain has overall responsibility of the ac. CAPTAIN FIRST OFFICER NO1 NO2 NO3 NO4

Vacant Crew Seats At discretion of the Captain (and after consultation with the NO 1), a properly ticketed Ryanair staff passenger may occupy a vacant crew seat. Fare paying passengers may NOT occupy a vacant crew seat.

Boeing 737 800 Ryanair currently operates 1 type of a/c, the Boeing 737 800 series. The diagram on the next page gives a rough idea of the layout of the a/c.


Boeing 737-800Left side - Pax doors

Right side - Service

doorsCapacity of 189 Pax

33 Rows with no

row 13

No row 1 d,e,f

Two overwing exits at row 16 + 17

Total of eight exits

Galley area

Galley

area

Toilet

Toilet

Toilet

Door Door

DoorDoor


Responsibilities The purpose of CC on Ryanair flights is primarily for the:

SAFETY OF PASSENGERS, CREW AND THE A/C Personal responsibilities include: SICKNESS- All crew must be medically fit. It is the responsibility of each CC to ensure they are medically fit. If they are not, the CC must inform Ryanair immediately. PREGNANCY- CC must stop flying as soon as pregnancy is confirmed. DRUGS- Crew MUST NOT take recreational drugs. ALCOHOL- Must not drink alcohol - minimum 8hrs before report/ sby duty.

Pre Flight Safety Briefing CC report for duty no later than 45 minutes before departure. The NO 1 will conduct the safety briefing. As a minimum the following will be carried out:

Introduce all crew Password for locked flight deck door policy Positions assigned by No 1 based on seniority Latest memos and SPIs read and followed Format of day in relation to service, security and PDI checks Certain Safety aspects will be highlighted Facilitate a discussion with the CC relating to safety procedures on the ac. The

discussion will focus on the topic of the week and additionally must cover at least

- One Safety Question, - One Security Question - One First Aid Topic.

The discussion serves to refresh knowledge of standard operating procedures and drills. The No.1 must use this opportunity to remind CC of their individual responsibilities on-board the a/c.

Certificate of competence/ Initial attestation, IDs and passports checked

Pre-Departure Inspections (PDIs) All safety equipment MUST be inspected before boarding of the first flight of your duty. In addition to checking safety equipment, the following must also be checked:

Assigned Door Checks

Open door check exterior handle in place.

An open door way, without airbridge or steps in place, has a safety strap attached.


Closed door handle is horizontal, door is flush with the fuselage and safety strap is stowed.

Jumpseat and Area Check

Seat retracts correctly.

Seat belt/harness operational.

Mirrors, where fitted, provide an adequate view of the cabin from the seated position.

Covers for electrical sockets are present and intact.

Cabin Checks

Emergency lights (ELS)/escape path lighting operational.

Seat cushions in place, with their flame retardant covers fitted securely.

Ensure seat cushions at the overwing exits are fitted with a one inch diameter grey identification circle on the front edge of the seat cover.

Seat belts are in place.

Tables are stowable.

Correct safety card in each seat pocket at row 1ABC and 2DEF.

All Fasten Seat Belt signs are serviceable.

All No Smoking signs are serviceable.

All Life jackets for passengers seats are present and correctly stowed. For lifejackets in the PSU check each viewing window is yellow/ white, red tag not visible.

Carpets are secure and not frayed.

All cabin mouldings are secure.

Galley Checks

1. Waste bin flaps and waste cart. Operational.

2. Trolleys and restraints. Operational.

3. Galley stowage. Locked/Secured.

4. Galley power functions. Check.

5. Curtains (where fitted). Secured open.

6. Water shut-off valve. ON.

7. Boiler tap. ON, (Purge) check for continuous flow

8. Oven. ON, set timer for 5 min to heat oven up, turn oven off

Toilet Checks

Waste bin flap operational.

Ensure water supply selector is set to SUPPLY.

Flush, water and vacuum systems operate correctly, i.e. flush and vacuum systems cut out and water not overheating.

All stowage/compartments closed and securable.


Internal lights function correctly.

Lock toilet after checks completed to prevent unauthorised carriage of passengers.

PDIs on the Freon.

PDIs on the Smoke Detector.

Note: Passengers may use toilets during boarding (except during refuelling) but they shall be checked and re-locked after each use.

Flight Deck and Cargo Areas

The flight deck and cargo areas will be checked by flight crew.

If any problems with these inspections (including PDIs on equipment) then you must report it to the NO 1 immediately who will then inform the Captain.

Reporting of Accidents or Incidents There is an extensive reporting system in place. Briefly, these reports consist of: Cabin Defects Log Book: Kept on the a/c and is used to report any defect in the a/c cabin. Main Technical Log Book: Filled in by the Captain and engineer, giving flight details and any technical problem. In-flight Report: Completed by the No 1 giving all flight details and any problems that happened. In-flight Special Report (ISR): Used to expand on minor incidents noted on Inflight Report form. CC Safety Report (CCSR): Completed if a safety related incident occurs (on crewdock). Medical Report Form: Completed in all medical incidents involving passengers and Aircrew members (on crewdock). Security Report Form: Completed in case of security inspection or incident. Miscellaneous Report Form: Complete if the incident doesnt fall into any other category. Safety Alert Initial Form (SAIR) Flight Crew Only: Completed by the flight crew if any safety related incident occurs. Captains Special Report Form: Completed if the Captain wishes to draw attention to any matter of operational significance. Disruptive Passenger Report Form: Mainly used for statistical purposes (on crewdock). Passenger Offload Statement Form: Completed for any passenger offload and passed to the Captain. Accident Report: This shall be completed by any Aircrew who has injured themselves at work. A medical report must also be submitted.


Witness Report: This shall be completed by any Aircrew who witness an accident that is being reported by another Aircrew. You will cover this in detail during your training course. To ensure that Ryanair operate to all its laid down procedures there is a Quality System in place.

Ramp Safety

It is important that all CC are fully aware of ramp safety while airside at an airport. The following points must always be adhered to:

All Aircrew must wear a Hi-Viz jacket at all times while airside. All Aircrew must be in possession of a valid airport identification card or Ryanair

identification card. When entering or leaving an airport terminal building (airside) Aircrew shall ensure

that all security doors are closed after use. All Aircrew must be alert to the different types of ramp vehicles. When walking on the ramp Aircrew must use the marked walkway signs on the

ground. The rotating beacon (flashing light) on top and underneath the ac fuselage indicates

an a/c is about to or has its engines running. Never walk within the blast or suction areas of an acs engines.

Never walk on taxiways.

Any items dropped by passengers/staff on the ramp (Foreign Object Debris) must be put in FOD marked bins. (pictured above)


Cabin Baggage

The overall dimensions of cabin baggage must not exceed 55 40 20 cm and must not weigh more than 10kg (22lbs), additionally passengers can bring a second bag on board that does not exceed 35 x 20 x 20.

Cabin baggage in the overwing exit rows and emergency exit rows MUST be stowed in the overhead lockers immediately.

Bottles or heavy and hard items must not be placed in overhead bins Cabin baggage may be stowed under passenger seats provided its size allows it to fit

securely and does not impede exit from the seat row. The item should not be too small as to allow it to slide under the restraint bar.

Must NOT be stowed At emergency exits In the toilet compartments. So that it obstructs access to emergency equipment. Behind trolleys. In front of bulkheads. In any non-approved stowage i.e. galley area

Cabin lights In order for passenger and CC eyesight to adjust to the outside conditions, the cabin lights are adjusted (dimmed) for take-off and landing in the hours of darkness. The NO 1 advises the passengers via the PA system that the lights will be dimmed.

Crew at stations All CC must be seated on their jump seat with seatbelts and shoulder harness fastened

when the NO 1 gives cabin secure to the flight deck for take-off/landing During the flight on hearing the command CC return to your seats all CC must return to

their j/s and fasten their seatbelts and shoulder harness After landing once the a/c has taxied off the runway a CC may leave the j/s for safety

reasons only All CC must mentally go through their emergency drills whilst on the jumpseat. This is

known as 30 second review.

Injury and death on board If a passenger becomes ill or dies onboard: Start first aid treatment Inform the Captain immediately may decide to divert If passenger shows no signs of normal breathing CC must commence CPR immediately Make a PA for a medically qualified person on board CC are not allowed to pronounce anyone dead Only professional health carers may declare people dead call Port Health


Disposal of syringes If during general surveillance Aircrew find needles on board the ac the procedure below shall be followed:

1. Put on gloves (find in First Aid Kit). 2. Collect the needle or syringe (exercise caution while handling the needle.) 3. Place it into an empty bottle or container (available from ac bar) *. 4. Re-seal the bottle or container. 5. Place the bottle or container in the top metal box in the forward galley. 6. Seal the box. 7. Advise the Captain that the needle has been secured. 8. Complete a Cabin Safety Report including the seal number used for securing the

needle in the box. 9. Advise cleaners on arrival at destination.

Note: * If no suitable bottle or container available empty the contents of the First Aid Kit into a plastic bag and place the needle in the empty first aid box and follow instructions 6-9 above. It is most important to keep the Captain and cleaners informed of the presence of this dangerous object on board and follow the instructions for safety reasons.

Flight deck meals/drinks and admission All drinks must be passed to the left of the Captain and to the right of the First Officer and

not over the centre console Only screw top containers are permitted in the flight deck. CC are prohibited from

supplying drinks other than in screw top containers. Due to the possibility of food poisoning any meals served to the Captain and the First

Officer should be different They should also be served at different times Alcoholic drinks must not be taken on to or stored in the fight deck at any time Passenger visits to the flight deck are not permitted for security reasons Company personnel must be in possession of valid Ryanair ID if they wish to visit the

flight deck All visits to the flight deck are at the Captain's discretion

Unauthorised carriage

Crew must be security conscious at all times to ensure no passenger or cargo gets onto the flight without permission.

Crew are required to challenge all persons attempting to board/in the vicinity of Ryanair Ac.

Security checks are completed on board the a/c when there are no passengers present

Before the first flight together with PDIs On each turnaround After the last flight of your duty


Transit An ac may make a transit stop at an airport to collect or disembark passengers, or may have to transit stop in order to uplift some extra fuel. In this instance all passengers remain in their seats and the CC must man all doors. Passengers are not allowed onto the apron of the airport and must remain on board. The CC procedures for transit are the same procedures used for boarding.

Ferry Flights This is when a new ac is being delivered and only flight crew are on board. Passengers are not permitted on ferry flights.

Positioning Flights Positioning flights do not carry fare-paying passengers. If CC are on a positioning flight their normal safety duties must be carried out, including taking assigned seats for take-off and landing. The NO 1 must remain in the cabin at all times.

Inadmissible Passengers and Refusal of Embarkation Ryanair, like all airlines, has a disruptive passenger policy to ensure that inadmissible passengers are not allowed onto the ac. This will be covered during the training course.

Dangerous Goods Ryanair has a full endorsement to carry Dangerous Goods. There is more information regarding Dangerous Goods in Topic 7.

Live Animals in the Cabin Ryanair doesnt carry live animals with exception of guide/ assistance dogs (max. 4)

Portable Electronic Devices (PEDs) The Captain may allow passengers to use their phones on the ground with doors closed where a significant delay to the flight has occurred. Portable electronic devices such as laptop computers, hand-held computer games, and mobile phones in flight mode may be used on board at all stages of the flight. Laptops and larger electronic devices which must be switched off and stowed for take-off and landing. 10 minutes before landing, the No 1 must make a PA advising passengers to switch off all laptops and larger electronic equipment. CC must ensure that all passengers are adhering to these regulations to ensure that no portable electronic device may cause interference with the ac system's or equipment. If interference is detected the CC must ensure that all Portable electronic devices are switched off.


Carriage of weapons Carriage of any type of weapons and ammunitions is not permitted in Ryanair.

General Surveillance CC must pay attention and be vigilant at all times. They should monitor passengers to note any strange behaviour or a passenger who may become unwell. In addition, CC must monitor toilets and galleys and note any unusual smell, noise or vibration and pass this information to the No 1 and Captain immediately. Never be afraid to speak up if you think something is not right or gives you concern. More information will be given on your training course.

Fire Prevention In addition to the above, CC need to be extra vigilant in order to prevent the occurrence of a fire. A fire can get out of control in just 30 seconds, so quick action is essential. CC must ensure: Smoking is not permitted at any time on board a Ryanair flight Ovens are only to be used for cooking food and not as a stowage compartment All a/c electrical equipment must only be used for their intended purposes Circuit breakers must only be pulled if you suspect an electrical problem or fire hazard

with the piece of equipment The smoke detector sensors in each of the toilets must be checked to ensure that they

have not been disabled or tampered with Access doors to waste bins are fully closed and securely latched

Passenger and Crew Restraint Passenger seats all passenger must wear a seatbelt whenever the fasten seatbelt sign is on. Infants Must be secured on parents lap with an infant seatbelt. Ryanair does not permit the use of car seats or booster seats. Extension Seatbelts If a passenger is too large for a normal seatbelt, he/she must be given an extension seatbelt. CC Safety Harness Each jump seat (CC seat) is fitted with a combination seatbelt/safety harness. CC must ensure their seatbelts are fitted securely for take-off and landing. Flight Crew Harness Each flight crew and observer (extra seat in the flight deck) seat is fitted with a shoulder harness and seatbelt. Again, this must be securely fitted for take-off and landing and at any other times as considered necessary e.g. turbulence. Baby Car Seats Not permitted on Ryanair flights.


Approved Child Restraint Devices (CRD)

Infant Seatbelt: up to 2 years Amsafe CARES: can be used from the age of 1 year Crelling Support Seat Harness: can be used for children and adults Meru Travel Chair: for severely disabled children More information regarding CRD will be provided during your training course.


Revision Time General Aviation Knowledge As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end.

1. What are the full names of the following airports? (5 points) a. STN b. PIK c. CIA d. MAD e. NYO

2. Explain the following terminology? (5 points)

a. AFT b. IAA c. Ditching d. PA e. THOB

3. How many CC are required on a Boeing 737-800 ac? Explain. (2 points)

4. Can CC take drugs or drink alcohol? Explain. (4 points)

5. What subjects will you discuss at the pre-flight briefing? (2 points)

6. Write out 10 things that must be checked when doing PDIs at the doors,

jumpseat, cabin, galley and toilet? (10 points)

7. Explain 5 things you must do for Ramp Safety? (5 points)

8. What is FOD and what should you do with it? (2 points)

9. What does CRD stand for? (3 points) Total points 38 Calculate your score, you need 33 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD LUCK!


Effects of flying on the Body We are now going to discuss the physical effects of flying on the body this is known as Aviation Physiology. The nature of flying means that there are changes in attitude (angle) and distances leading to:

Lack of oxygen

Pressure changes

Motion

Crossing time zones Lack of rest, bad habits such as alcohol, smoking and poor diet as well as stress are major factors that lead to mental and physical disorders Our bodies and those of our passengers are designed to operate at ground level! The Atmosphere The earth is a solid mass. It attracts molecules of gas, which make up the atmosphere. The density of molecules is greatest at the earths surface, reducing as we go up in height. Eventually there are no molecules, and this is known as space. Each molecule has its own weight and when densely packed they exert pressure, known as atmospheric pressure. The further away from Earth we go, the more spread out they become, therefore exerting less pressure. Oxygen is essential for life and accounts for 21% of the composition of the atmosphere. Nitrogen accounts for 78%, Carbon Dioxide for 0.03% and other gases 1%. If the body is deprived of oxygen, death will occur. Temperature decreases with altitude at approximately 2 degrees per 1000. At an altitude of 36000ft the temperature outside the ac will be as low as minus 56C. The a/c cabin is a foreign environment which operates at a normal altitude of approx 37000ft The cabin air in an a/c therefore has to be pressurised, generally so that it is equivalent to an altitude of 6000ft 8000ft You need to be aware of how this affects us. Here are some of the effects that flying has on the body: Dehydration Air in the cabin is very dry - this will directly affect our skin, hair, eyes and air breathing passages. If action is not taken to combat dehydration we will suffer from:

a) Respiratory problems b) Infections affecting kidneys / bladder c) Constipation


d) Eye infections e) Dry skin.

Fluid intake, whilst flying, is very important - we should drink at least one glass of water every half hour. Water and fruit juices are recommended. Try to avoid excess Coffee, Tea or Minerals - these items produce further dehydration by stimulating kidney functions and therefore further fluid loss. Regular use of a moisturiser will help with dry skin. Ears Air pressure in the ear is the same as that outside. Popping is felt during flight as unequal pressures even out. In ascent: Pressure outside the body drops Air in the ear expands Eardrum moves outwards In cruise: Pressure outside body equalises Pressure in ear equalises In descent: Pressure outside the body increases Air in the ear contracts Eardrum moves inwards If you fly with a cold, the tube connecting the ear to the nose becomes blocked, as do the nasal passages. This will prevent pressure equalisation taking place and severe pain and possible damage may occur. If severe pain or earache is present, normally this will happen at the top of descent. Advise adult passengers to yawn, swallow, pinch nose and close mouth and blow gently. Advise children as above. Babies will cry and by doing so attempt to clear passages. If very distressed, advise parents to offer baby a drink. Sinuses These are air filled cavities in the skull, opening into the nose by small passages. They become obstructed when colds are present. Normally the sinuses above the eyes are affected, causing moderate to severe pain and headache. Eustachian Tube The Eustachian tube is a tube that links ear, nose and throat, it is approximately 35 mm long


Pressure equalization

Normally the Eustachian tube is closed, but it can open to let a small amount of air through to prevent damage by equalizing pressure between the middle ear and the atmosphere.

Mucus drainage It drains mucus from the middle ear that build up due to infections or allergies.

Hypoxia The biggest single danger of high altitude flight is when the brain is starved of oxygen. It is absolutely vital that you learn the signs and symptoms of hypoxia, so that if there is a problem with the a/c pressurisation you are aware of the effects on the body and can pass this information to the flight crew. In civil aviation we are unable to put pilots and CC into a decompression chamber to experience the effects of hypoxia. We therefore need to ensure that we are vigilant at all times for any effects that may be the onset of hypoxia. At sea level our bodies function normally and adjust to any medical conditions or environment aspects. In the cabin, things change. Normally, cabin altitude is maintained at 6000ft 8000ft allowing us to carry on as normal If for any reason the cabin pressure begins to climb then the following may be experienced:


The first effects of hypoxia are likely to be decreased visual and cerebral (brain) performance. This is followed by poor judgement and a feeling of euphoria. Drowsiness, headaches, dizziness and slurred speech are other signs and symptoms. Let us see how hypoxia can affect us at differing cabin altitudes. The higher the altitude the more severe the symptoms become. 10000 ft Mild Hypoxia

Headaches Yawning Occasional deep breath

14000 ft Advanced Hypoxia

Headaches Tiredness Blurred vision Loss of co-ordination Possible personality changes

20000 ft Extreme Hypoxia

Convulsion Collapse Coma Possible death within minutes

If in any doubt at all tell a colleague and compare their physical state. If you recognise the symptoms of hypoxia you must report this immediately to the Captain. The only way to prevent HYPOXIA is to put on oxygen IMMEDIATELY the cabin altitude starts an unscheduled climb. Time of Useful Consciousness It is important that you should have some knowledge of the time available to you to take positive action to protect yourself from hypoxia should a decompression occur. This is termed the time of useful consciousness. The positive action required is to put on an oxygen mask recovery is very quick. The figures below apply to fit, healthy adults. Physical activity will, of course, decrease the times of useful consciousness. Extent of decompression Time of useful Consciousness (TUC) 25000ft 2 5 minutes 30000ft 1 2 minutes 40000ft 18 seconds It will be obvious from the above table that in decompression THE FIRST ACTION must be to DON THE OXYGEN MASK and then sit down. Once you are breathing oxygen you will be fully protected and can then look after your passengers. The a/c will descend rapidly to a lower altitude below 10000ft.


People who smoke and/or are physically unfit will have a lesser tolerance to increased altitude to a physically fit person. People who have circulatory disorders or breathing difficulties such as asthma, the elderly for example, will have a lower tolerance to higher altitudes. As we have already said, it is vital that you know and can recognise the effects of hypoxia tell a colleague and then take immediate action. Hypoxia will be covered in great detail during your training course. Barotrauma is physical damage to body tissues caused by a difference in pressure between an air space inside or beside the body and the surrounding fluid.

EAR BAROTRAUMA Can affect the external, middle or inner ear. Risk - burst ear drum. PULMONARY BAROTRAUMA Pulmonary (lung) pressure damage is usually caused, when the compressed gas in the lungs expands due to atmospheric pressure changes during for example explosive decompression or deep sea diving. Risk burst lung which can be avoided by purposely breathing out.

Hyperventilation Often due to nervousness or stress, both passengers and crew can suffer from hyperventilation. Breathing is rapid and the symptoms can be similar to those of hypoxia. The rapid breathing causes the carbon dioxide in the body to be washed out. Deliberately holding your breath, breathing slowly and even putting a small paper bag over the sufferers nose and mouth to restore the carbon dioxide balance will help.

Crew Health Precautions The lifestyle of a CC can be both physically and mentally demanding, therefore maintaining good health is extremely important. You should always be registered with a local doctor and dentist. You should always keep up to date with any necessary immunisations. We will cover health precautions in detail during your course. Alcohol and Drugs CC must not take prescribed drugs during, or less than 8 hours before, a flight. If you are prescribed drugs you should ask advice from your Doctor regarding operating as crew. Alcohol must not be taken less than 8 hours before a duty time and the amount of alcohol consumed in the previous 24 hours must be a minimum. Disciplinary action will be taken if crew do not adhere to these rules. Pressure Changes If you have a cold and cannot clear your ears you should not fly as you could cause a lot of damage to your ears, it can also be very painful if you have blocked ears or sinuses. You


could also pass on your cold to colleagues! Also take care of what you eat before flying as the pressure changes in the body can cause wind! Scuba Diving If you dive to a depth of over 10 meters then you must not fly for 72 hours. Blood Donations The donation of blood runs counter to the physiological demands of flying. The disturbance to the circulation following blood donation lasts several weeks and, although effects are slight at ground level, there are risks when flying during this period. It is recommended that Aircrew do not volunteer as blood donors whilst actively flying. Where a Flight Crew member wishes to donate blood, the donation shall be limited to a maximum of one-half litre at any given time and medical advice shall be sought before returning to flight duties. Surgical Treatment CC must not operate for at least 48 hours after a general anaesthetic, or 24 hours following a local anaesthetic. You must seek the advice of a Doctor before operating with stitches or sutures in place. Dental Treatment Cavities in your teeth, or dental decay and recent fillings, can trap air underneath and cause extreme discomfort. Therefore avoid flying immediately after dental treatment and ensure you make regular dental visits to reduce the possibilities of dental decay. Smoking All Ryanair flights are non smoking and of course, CC who do smoke should consider the risk to their health Food Hygiene CC are food handlers and therefore you must report any incident of food poisoning that you may suffer. Use your common sense when eating out and, if in doubt about the hygiene of a caf or restaurant, it is best to avoid it. Always eat freshly cooked food and avoid salads, fruit and ice in areas where the water is not drinkable. Always wash your hands before handling food. Sleep and Fatigue CC should not take any sleep inducing medication. Working shift patterns, combined with operating in a pressurised cabin, can cause fatigue and so it is essential that you get enough sleep. An adult needs between 6 9 hours sleep every night. You will need to work out a sleep cycle that suits you, for example, some crew like to finish an early flight and come home and have a sleep for an hour or so and then go to bed a little later. Others will prefer to stay awake and go to bed earlier so they are fully rested for another early the following day.


Immunisations You should consider keeping yourself up to date with any necessary immunisations. Ryanair does not specifically recommend or advise on any of the immunisations detailed however you can get more information on immunisation from you Doctor, or visit the World Health Organisation on the web! You should not fly for 24 hours following an immunisation. CC are recommended to have the following immunisations:

Tetanus

Tuberculosis

Polio

Typhoid Diphtheria, Yellow Fever and Malaria are not necessary for the areas that Ryanair operate to! Hepatitis A and B is available to those who are considered to be at risk of contracting the disease.


Revision Time (Theory of Flight, Effects of Flying & Crew Health Precautions)

As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end.

1. What should you do to avoid dehydration whilst flying? What should you NOT drink? (2 points)

2. What can you do to help unblock your ears? (2 points)

3. When must crew stop drinking alcohol before a duty? (1 points)

4. Who may have a lesser tolerance to hypoxia (will be affected more)? (2

points)

5. When can you fly again after an anaesthetic? (2 points)

6. At what altitude is the ac pressurised to? (1 points)

7. What is hypoxia? (1 points)

8. Explain the levels, altitudes and symptoms of hypoxia? (18 points)

9. What is TUC? (1 points)

10. Can CC donate blood? Explain. (2 points) Total points 32 Calculate your score, you need 28 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD LUCK!

Issue 2, Revision 4 28 January 2014 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 15

Initial Topic 2

Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs),

Passenger Handling

&

Emergency Passenger Handling


Standard Operation Procedures (SOPs) Phases of Flight CC duties Each CC is responsible for the safety of passengers, the A/C and other crewmembers at all times whilst on board the A/C. It is therefore very important that you understand, and can carry out, the necessary SOPs at each stage of the flight.

Pre-flight The Pre-departure inspections must be completed before we are ready to receive passengers. Steps must be positioned correctly at the A/C door(s) before crew or passengers board or disembark. When mobile stairs are in use, the assigned CC shall wait for the stairs to be correctly positioned before opening the doors. Once in position, the ground handling crew will give a signal to the CC (normally by knocking on the door) that it is now safe to open the door and for passengers to disembark. When steps are positioned at a door, a CC must be at the door. Once the A/C doors are closed, the CC will carry out the safety demonstration. All passengers and equipment must be secured ready for take-off and then CC must take their assigned seat the No 1 will give Cabin Secure check to the Captain. During this time the A/C will taxi onto the runway. During take-off, CC must remain in their seats. The flight deck will signal when it is safe for you to leave your seat. CC must mentally rehearse their drills (30 seconds review) so they are mentally alert should any abnormal situation occur. After take-off, once the release call has been given, CC can start their in-flight duties. During the cruise, CC and passengers are normally free to move around. The flight deck, cabin and toilets must be checked every 20 minutes to ensure all is well. You must ensure no one is smoking. All galleys should be kept tidy. Carts and trolleys must not be left unattended in the cabin and should always be stowed if not in use in the galleys. The brakes must be ON at all times. You should listen to the flight deck PAs as they may contain safety information. Think safety all the time, and report anything you are unsure about to the No 1. During descent/landing, again the passengers and equipment must be secured CC must take their seats and a check given to the Captain. Again, you must mentally rehearse your drills. Post landing, you must remain in your seat until you hear the command from the flight crew CC disarm slides and open doors. During take-off and landing, whilst in the jump seat, CC should think about their emergency safety duties. This is in case something goes wrong and an emergency situation ensues, your reactions will be that much quicker as you are mentally prepared. We will now look at the CC duties in more detail.

Passenger Embarkation During passenger boarding, the following must be adhered to:

The No 1 must be at the forward of the A/C at L1 door


The No 2 is at the rear of the A/C at L2 door The No 3 must be at the overwing exits If refueling, ensure relevant procedures are followed Ensure a smooth flow of passengers through the cabin, helping out where necessary No trolley services are permitted on the ground Make note of potentially disruptive passengers or those showing signs of stress

Refueling with passengers on Board It is sometimes necessary to refuel with passengers boarding, during transit, already boarded or during disembarking. CC should be vigilant for signs of smoke, fire or fuel vapour. The flight deck will tell the No 1 when fuelling starts and finishes. The CC must advise the passengers, ensure there is no smoking and that the passengers do not use any electrical switches, laptops etc. Passengers must remain in their seats with their seatbelts unfastened. The full procedure to be carried out when refuelling with passengers onboard will be discussed on your training course.

Seating Procedures Each passenger will have a boarding card indicating the seat number they have been allocated. A PA will be done to passengers inviting them to take their allocated seat in order to comply with weight and balance rules. Additionally, a headcount must be made by the N1 and the N2 of FWD 5 rows and AFT 5 rows. Infants will not be included in the headcount.

Passenger Seat Restrictions Emergency exit rows are: 1 ABC, 16 and 17 These rows must not be occupied by: Passengers under 16 years of age Passengers unwilling or unable to help in the event of an emergency Passengers travelling with an infant. Persons who necessitate the use of a seat belt extender (which could get tangled in an

emergency). Passengers with reduced mobility, blind/ visual impairment or who require special

assistance Deportees/ Inadmissible passengers or prisoners in custody

The load sheet is completed by the dispatcher. Information on the loadsheet includes:

The weight of fuel, bags, aircrew, passengers etc. The number of passengers and bags onboard

If a passenger does not show up for the flight, the weight of that passenger and any checked in bags must be removed from the loadsheet.


Passengers with Reduced Mobility (PRMs) We can only carry a total of 4 unaccompanied reduced mobility (including visually impaired) passengers on each flight (unless an escort suitable to the needs of the passenger travels with them), these passengers MUST NOT sit in an Emergency Exit row.

Visually Impaired Passenger We can carry a maximum of 4 guide dogs on a flight; the dog MUST sit on the floor at the passengers feet in the PRM seats. Visually impaired passenger must be given a separate briefing from the CC after the safety demonstration, they are briefed on the following.

1. How far they are seated from their nearest exits. 2. Allow them to feel all safety equipment (seatbelt, life jacket & oxygen mask). 3. Allow them to feel where the call bell is in the PSU.

Reduced mobility & visually impaired passengers would be evacuated last in an emergency with the help of 2 ABPs. Passengers travelling with leg injuries Passengers with plaster casts above the knee must purchase 2 extra seats, and must not sit in an Emergency Exit row. Passengers using own Crelling Harness or MERU chair during flight Max 2 per flight and must sit in the following seats: 33A and 33F Children/Infants For ticketing purposes an infant is up to 2 years of age. Children up to 14 years of age may not travel with Ryanair unaccompanied. Passengers with infants may not sit in, in front of, or behind an emergency exit seat. (row 1, 15, 16, 17 and 18.) Infant seating is restricted to one (1) on either side of the aisle. (2 adults and 2 infants can only be seated together if the third seat is free and they are from the same travel group/ family.)


Expectant Mothers Expectant mothers will be asked at check in how many weeks pregnant they are and any certification required will be checked:

Up to 28 weeks No DRs Cert required

28-36 weeks Fit to fly letter from Dr/Midwife stating: Pregnancy is uncomplicated Expected date of delivery Passenger is fit to fly No reason why they should not fly

36 weeks + Not permitted to travel

Multiple pregnancies (twin/triplets) not permitted to travel after 32 weeks. Prisoners in custody It may be necessary to transport prisoners. In this case the following applies:

Captain must be informed

Police officer must sit beside them Deportees/ Inadmissible passenger Deportees/ Inadmissible passengers are passengers who, for a number of reasons, do not have the correct documentation to enter a country. In this case, the airline who brought them to that country must take them back. The following procedure is in place for carrying deportees/ Inadmissible passengers onboard:

Accompanied to a/c by an immigration officer

Documents to be kept in the flight deck

Deportee/ Inadmissible passenger to be met on arrival and documents given to immigration officer

Deportee/ Inadmissible passenger to be seated in row 32F or nearest available seat.

Assisting Means for Emergency Evacuation. Total Heads On-board (THOB) The dispatcher will confirm that the last passenger has boarded the a/c.


If there is any doubt about the accuracy of loadsheet numbers the Captain will instruct the No 1 to carry out a headcount (e.g. if passenger marshalling or boarding procedures are not carried out properly). Otherwise the following procedure will apply: Dispatcher gives completed loadsheet to the Captain, exits the a/c and the a/c doors

close at STD-5. The No 1 will select the flight deck access switch to NORM, lock the flight deck door and

close the L1 door. The CC assist the passengers to take their seat in the cabin. When passengers are seated the No1 shall press 1 and ENT on the door entry access

panel, this results in an audible tone twice in the flight deck which will signal that the passengers are seated.

The No 1 instructs the CC to arm their slides. The Cabin is now ready for pushback.

All doors are now ready to operate in case of emergency. That means that if the door is now opened the slide attached will inflate giving a rapid exit for passengers and crew.

Safety Demonstration The safety demonstration must be done before departure on each flight (normally as soon as all AC doors are closed). CC will perform the demonstration from the following areas:

No4 just before row 1 No3 just before row 11 No2 just before row 21

If applicable, the safety demonstration tape in a foreign language will then be played. Separate briefings must be given to those passengers who are unable to see the demo.

Securing the Cabin CC are responsible for securing the cabin for take-off & landing of each flight, and at whenever the seatbelt sign is switched on during a flight. The purpose of securing the cabin is to prevent injury (during flight) and to ensure the safest possible environment for passengers to get out of the a/c quickly during an evacuation. This will be covered in detail during your course.

Passenger Disembarkation When the a/c parks on stand, the Captain will make a PA; CC disarm slides and open doors, all CC go to their door and disarm the slide. Passengers disembark from the left hand doors and CC must ensure that passengers disembark safely. Passengers must be advised to walk around the a/c wing and not under it no one must go near the engines! The rear passenger door, known as the L2 door, must not be opened before the forward passenger door which is known as the L1 door.


Turbulence Procedures There are 3 levels of turbulence:

Light

Moderate

Severe The procedures for turbulence will be covered during your safety training.


Revision Time (SOPs) As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end.

1. List 5 things to be aware of during Passenger Embarkation. (5 points) 2. Where are the emergency exit rows? (3 points)

3. Who may NOT occupy emergency exit rows? (6 points)

4. Explain allocated seating procedure? (5 points)

5. How many unaccompanied PRMs may we carry on a flight? (5 points)

6. How would you brief a visually impaired passenger travelling with a guide

dog? Where must they sit if using rule 1? (5 points)

7. Where does each CC stand to perform the safety demonstration? (4 points)

8. When and why do we secure the cabin? (2 points)

9. What procedure must be carried out if you find a syringe onboard? (9 points)

10. What are the 3 levels of turbulence? (3 points)

Total points 47 Calculate your score; you need 42 points to have passed the revision session. GOOD

LUCK!


Emergency Passenger Handling In any emergency situation it is vital that all crew are aware of their roles and are confident in carrying them out. If the CC appear calm, in control and professional, it will make passengers less likely to panic. We categorise emergencies in 3 different forms:

No Time Available (Takes place with no warning) Time Available Short Notice (Pre-warned with up to 5 minutes notice) Time Available (Pre-warned with over 5 minutes notice)

Land or Water An evacuation may take place on either land or water. Passengers initiative will almost certainly be absent therefore motivation must come from the crew. Ditching (landing on water)

SOS demonstration must be amended to include life jackets Studies show that the Rear doors will be just below water level. The Rear doors will

NOT be used in a Ditching. Primary exits in a ditching are the overwing exits

Notification of Emergency to Crew Should an emergency situation arise, the Captain (or First Officer, if Captain incapacitated) will say over the PA No 1 to the flight deck On hearing this, the No 1 will immediately go to the cabin interphone and ask the Captain for the NITS briefing. All other CC must stow any trolleys (if they are out) and go immediately to the FWD galley and await instructions from the NO 1. If "No 1 to the flight deck" is heard on the ground, the No 2 and 3 remain in rear galley. The No 2 picks up the interphone, listens and then briefs the No 3 on the NITS. (We need to have CC at the doors at all times on the ground in case of a No Time Available Evacuation.)

NITS Briefing The Captain (or First Officer, if Captain incapacitated) will inform the No 1 of the emergency situation in a specific order referred to as NITS. The Captain will say e.g.: This is a NITS briefing NATURE The nature of the problem is that we have a left engine fire INTENTION My intention is to divert the AC to STN airport TIME The time is now 1410 & we will be landing at 1435 SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS Special instructions are to prepare the cabin for an evacuation. SOS demo is required. The No 1 will then repeat the NITS briefing to the Captain (this ensures everything is understood) and synchronise watches (this ensures everyone knows exactly what time it is).


The No 1 will then give the NITS briefing to the rest of the CC who will then repeat it back and synchronise watches. All crew must then carry out the drill relevant to the NITS briefing e.g. decompression, Time Available Land evacuation etc.

Notification of Emergency to Passengers The Captain (or First Officer, if Captain incapacitated) will make a PA to the passengers whilst the No1 is briefing the CC on the NITS. The CC will then perform the SOS demonstration, if required. SOS stands for and is done in the following order:

S SURVIVE THE IMPACT Seatbelts, Brace Position

O GET OUT Exits, Strip Lighting

S SURVIVE OUTSIDE Lifejackets, Safety Card

The SOS demonstration reminds passengers of the vital points to help them to survive the impact of the emergency landing, to get out of the a/c and to survive once outside the a/c.

Panic It is to be expected that passengers will be nervous and may panic. Panic occurs in two forms: Positive panic When passengers shout, scream and rush about making briefing almost impossible. Negative panic When passengers take little or no action to save their lives, sitting dazed and retrieving their coats. CC must be firm, calm and professional to prevent panic in the cabin. We do not want passengers to suffer from positive or negative panic.

Able Bodied Passengers (ABPs) ABPs are passengers that we, as CC, would ask to assist us in an emergency. We would ask if they are willing to help us and then give them a briefing, instructing them on what we need them to do. Suitable ABPs MUST occupy our emergency exit rows (the rows closest to our emergency exits), these rows are listed below: Row 1 ABC Rows 16 and 17 Legally all ABPs must be over the age of 16. Suitable ABPs include:

CC

Flight Crew

Police

Army

Fire Services


Medical Personnel Unsuitable ABPs include: Passengers under 16 years of age Passengers unwilling or unable to help in the event of an emergency Passengers travelling with an infant. Persons who necessitate the use of a seat belt extender (which could get tangled in an

emergency). Passengers with reduced mobility, blind/ visual impairment or who require special

assistance Deportees/ Inadmissible passengers or prisoners in custody Suitable ABPs may make themselves known to the crew in an emergency as they are used to dealing with emergency situations. When boarding the a/c it is VITAL that NO unsuitable ABPs occupy the emergency exits in case we have a No Time Available Evacuation. Passengers who reserved their seats in emergency exit rows but are in any way unsuitable ABPs will be seated in other seats.

Buddy System The Buddy System is used to help crew by pairing stronger passengers with less able passengers. Buddies also have to be able bodied and may be used throughout the cabin to assist Passengers with reduced mobility, nervous, elderly, passenger travelling with children etc. to evacuate the a/c quickly and safely.

Cabin Preparation Checklist Preparation must be carried out as quickly and calmly as possible. The main aims must be to ensure everything in the a/c is as secure as possible, passengers incur the least injury as possible and evacuation can take place with the least amount of hindrance. When securing the cabin, in addition to all normal cabin secure checks, you must also ensure that passengers:

1. High-heeled shoes removedplace in hatbin or hand baggage.2. Spectacles and false teeth removed place in seat pocket in a sick bag or crew

collect them in a gash bag. 3. Sharp objects removed from pockets (e.g. pens) place in hand baggage. 4. Loosen tight clothing (e.g. ties). 5. Fit warm clothing in cold weather conditions. 6. Demonstrations of brace position indicate on safety card and show a few rows at a

time. 7. Seat belts fastened low and tight around the hips. 8. In the galleys, ensure all electrical equipment is switched off. (galley power and

water)

Brace Position To minimise injury on impact, passengers and crew will adopt the brace position at 30 seconds before impact when the command brace brace is heard from the flight deck. There are different brace positions for passengers, passengers with an infant secured on their lap/pregnant passengers and for CC (as the CC face towards the rear of the A/C and


passengers face towards the fwd). The brace positions will be demonstrated to you on your training course.

During Impact There may be more than one impact so CC must continue to shout Brace, Brace until the A/C comes to a complete stop. In No-Time Available emergency, shout the command Head down, grab ankles, stay down to passengers as they will not have been briefed on the brace positions.

The Need to Evacuate In most cases the Captain will initiate the evacuation. The Captain must take into account that during an evacuation it is highly likely that some passengers will be injured. After an emergency landing there may be a time delay before the Captain gives the evacuation command, as the flight crew will be carrying out their drills and checks. If there is no response from the flight deck the NO 1 must enter the flight deck using the access code to check for flight crew incapacitation.

The Evacuation Command The command to start an evacuation is: This is an emergency; evacuate the aircraft using all available exits The above command will be repeated. (Said twice)

When CC can initiate the Evacuation Only in the event of a ditching or the Captain being incapacitated following a catastrophic event, can the First Officer or the No1 initiate an evacuation. Following a ditching, the No 1 may initiate an evacuation without the Captains command when the A/C has come to a complete stop. Similarly, any other CC shall initiate an evacuation ONLY in the event of a ditching or when both pilots and the No1 are confirmed to be incapacitated or any communication with the flight crew and No1 is impossible. Should the No1, or other CC, find it necessary to initiate an evacuation, the evacuation command This is an emergency, evacuate the aircraft using all available exits (repeated once) shall be given. In all other catastrophic circumstances shall the No1 attempt to establish communication with the flight crew. Catastrophic situations include but are not limited to:

Both pilots are incapacitated and one of below events has occurred. - An uncontrollable fire either inside or outside the AC threatening the life/

safety of those on board - Dense smoke in the cabin


- An unusually exaggerated nose-down, tail-down or wing down attitude, where remaining on board could cause injury or death

- Sounds which would indicate the breaking up of the AC.

Passengers with Reduced Mobility Passengers with Reduced Mobility will be evacuated last with the help of ABPs/CC to allow a steady flow of passengers out of the AC.

Directing Passengers Once the exit is opened, monitor the slide. Prevent Passengers from jumping on to the slide before it has fully inflated. This will take about 3-10seconds. If no passengers are at your exit, shout loudly for remaining passengers to come to your door. Maintain a steady flow. Always monitor inside and outside conditions during evacuation e.g. a slide may catch fire.

Unusable Exits If the exit is unusable, redirect passengers to a useable exit using positive commands.

Evacuation Speed The A/C must be evacuated within 90 seconds. Evacuate at least 1 passenger per second through your exit. If passenger hesitates at the door, you may need to give them a firm push at the base of the back to help them out. Do not stop for a pile up of people at the bottom of the evacuation slide, this will clear itself and it is safer to be outside than inside the A/C.

Evacuation Commands There are specific commands used in an evacuation, designed to motivate passengers and to tell them exactly what to do so as to avoid any confusion or waste time. Never use scare phrases such as Weve crashed! or Were sinking! And never use negative commands such as Dont stop! or Dont stay in your seats. This will only lead to panic and confusion. Only use positive commands. The specific evacuation commands, and where to use them, are listed below:

General Can be used at any location at any time during an evacuation: "COME THIS WAY!" "OPEN YOUR SEATBELTS AND GET OUT!" "MOVE FASTER!" "LEAVE EVERYTHING BEHIND!" "KEEP MOVING!" At All Doors (Land) when Slide is Inflated: "JUMP AND SLIDE!" "STAY ON YOUR FEET!" Overwing Exit (Land): "LEG, SHOULDER, LEG!" "SLIDE OFF THE WING!" Exit Unusable: "EXIT BLOCKED!" or "NO SLIDE!" "GO THAT WAY!"


Slide Inflates and then deflates (Apron Slide): "SIT AND SLIDE!" At Rear Doors (Ditching): "STOP! GO BACK! GO TO THE OVERWING EXIT!" Overwing Exit (Ditching): "LEG, SHOULDER, LEG!" "INFLATE LIFEJACKET OUTSIDE!" "HOLD THE ROPE!" Evacuation During Boarding: "STOP! GO BACK!"

After Evacuation The Captain will evacuate through the L1 door, F/O through the R1 door, they will assist the passengers at the bottom of the slide The F/O will take the loadsheet and NOTOC with them. After checking their assigned areas, CC will take their assigned equipment, evacuate themselves and carry out Crowd Control Procedures once outside.

Crowd Control Procedures

Stay in control Do not let passenger take control. Be forceful and shout with authority - Use loudhailer if possible. Move all survivors upwind of the A/C to a safe distance. Headcounts of passengers and crew should be made. If at an airfield/near a populated area, the rescue services will arrive at the scene

quickly. Otherwise organise survival plans.

Re-entering the A/C It may be possible to re-enter the a/c to remove equipment and stores. NEVER re-enter a ditched a/c. Rescue Services An orderly hand over from the crew to the rescue services should take place Inform them of:

THOB Location of any passengers still onboard

Press & Public The emergency landing and evacuation of an A/C is normally reported on the news. Should you be approached by the press or public, do not give any statement, direct them to our website www.ryanair.com


Revision Time (Emergency Passenger Handling) As a revision exercise, try to complete the following questions without using this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end.

1. What will the Captain (or First Officer, if Captain incapacitated) say over the PA to alert the CC to an emergency situation? What will the CC do when they hear this? (4 Point)

2. Explain a NITS briefing and what all crew will be doing. (7 Points)

3. What does SOS stand for and explain what it is. (6 Points)

4. Explain an ABP and list the unsuitable ABPs. (12 Points)

5. Write out the cabin preparation checklist. (8 Points)

6. When must CC start and stop shouting the command brace, brace

(1 Point)

7. What is the evacuation command? (1 Point)

8. When can CC initiate the evacuation? (6 Points)

9. List 10 evacuation commands. (10 Points)

10. Write out the crowd control procedures? (5 Points)

Total points 60 Calculate your score; you need at least 51 points to have passed the revision session. The purpose of this revision session is to give you an idea of how much you have learned in this subject, it will also show areas where you need to improve.

GOOD LUCK!

Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 1 of 10

Initial Topic 4 First Aid

Responsibilities of being a First Aider First Aid skills that you will learn on your Ryanair training course are skills that you will keep with you for life; you will find these skills not only useful for your role as CC but also in day to day life. First Aid is a skill based on knowledge, training & experience which you will gain during your training course and flying career. First Aid is not an exact science and is open to human error. We must also accept that despite appropriate treatment, a casualty may die.

Objectives of First Aid Preserve Life Be prepared to carry out lifesaving treatment such as performing resuscitation or controlling bleeding.

Prevent Condition from Worsening Treat the casualty with TLC Tender Loving Care.

Promote Recovery Ask the Flight Crew to request Paramedic support on landing and if necessary, request a diversion if the situation is deteriorating. You may also wish to make a PA asking if there are any Medically Qualified Persons on board who may be able to assist in a medical emergency. To ensure passengers recovery CC should consider completing the following steps in First Aid emergencies:

Inform the Captain. PA for medically qualified person. Comfort the casualty. Ambulance on arrival. Observation Chart. Captain may divert.

Depending on the specific emergency CC may need to complete all or only some of these steps.


Making a PA for a Medically Qualified Person First Aid Roles If a first aid incident is detected in flight, the CC must take up the following roles in this order, immediately.

The First Aider This is the first CC to arrive at the scene. Press call bell three times to alert other CC. Assess the casualty. Give first aid required.

Communicator:

1. Inform the Captain via the interphone (222 if major medical emergency) and give PAA briefing using the following format:

Problem

State the problem, Age, Sex, Condition (of casualty i.e. heart attack) and level of consciousness.

Action

What action is being taken by the CC. Additional Information

Any assistance required on arrival, e.g. wheelchair assistance/ambulance. 2. PA for Medically Qualified Person (if necessary). 3. Move passengers away from the area (if necessary). 4. Collect QRG

The Back Up:

Immediately collect both types of first aid kits and portable oxygen and take to First Aider.

Remain at the scene and be on hand to open/locate any items from the First Aid kits that may be required.

Other CC: Continue with normal duties

Comfort the Casualty 5 General Points in First Aid In order to make the casualty as comfortable as possible, the following points should be carried out in all First Aid incidents:

1. Explain what you are doing. 2. Tender Loving Care (TLC) 3. Reassure. 4. Loosen tight/restrictive clothing. 5. Open air vents.

Aftercare The following aftercare may be arranged before landing:

Wheelchair assistance


Airport medical centre Paramedics/Ambulance

Port Health (Public Health) Every international airport in the world has a Port Health Unit. The function of the unit is:

Health control the prevention of importation of communicable diseases. Medical surveillance of all immigrants

As a matter of routine they will only meet flights if they have been requested to do so by an airlines Operations Department. When should you ask the Captain to call Port (Public) Health? The Port Health Unit should be called when you suspect that a passenger onboard the A/C may have a communicable disease e.g. Cholera, Typhoid, Yellow Fever, or there has been a death on the flight. You may not be able to make an accurate diagnosis of the suspected communicable disease but certain signs, symptoms and a history may suggest that the passenger is suffering from an infectious disease such as:

Diarrhoea and vomiting. Rash and spots. Fever (high temperature above 38C). A passenger known to have contact with Cholera, Typhoid, Yellow Fever,

Dysentery or any other communicable diseases. A passenger has fleas or lice. Glandular swelling. Coughing up blood. Death onboard.

A request for Port Health will usually cause a short delay at the end of the flight. Doctors from Port Health will assess the nature of the illness, the number of people affected, the flight details, and where the A/C has come from, before allowing any passengers or Aircrew to disembark. They may then refer the suspected passengers to isolation and may take details of nearby passengers, e.g. four rows in front and four behind. The Public Health Inspector will give surveillance forms to those who require them. The staff from the Port Health Unit may take the casualty off the A/C to hospital and place them in isolation. If they feel the casualty does not have a communicable disease, they will allow them through the airport with other passengers, or take them to the airport medical centre. Port Health has the power to detain an A/C for 3 hours (in case of fumigation). They can also impose penalties on an airline if they suspect that CC have deliberately withheld information. You should also inform Port Health if you suspect that a meal or meals are unfit for consumption.

First Aid Equipment

Onboard the A/C we have 2 pieces of safety equipment that we can use in relation to dealing with a first aid situation.

Portable Oxygen Therapeutic oxygen bottles are carried on board the A/C for first aid purposes also for use after a decompression, further details on this will come later in the course.


Gauge

Low flow

PDIS (8 PDIS) 1. Date 2. Stowage 3. Quantity 4. Strap is visible 5. Gauge reads to full 6. Mask is attached to the high flow for emergency use bottles 7. Mask is attached to the low flow for therapeutic use bottles 8. Spare mask is present

Duration There are 2 sizes of oxygen bottles:

1 contains 120 litres of oxygen 1 contains 311 litres of oxygen

311 litre bottle: High flow : 77 minutes at 4 litres per minute Low flow : 154 minutes at 2 litres per minute

120 litre bottle: High flow : 30 minutes at 4 litres per minute Low flow : 60 minutes at 2 litres per minute

Date

Strap

Mask attached to high flow


(Remember these durations are for using the bottle from full to empty but we dont let the bottle go below so the duration will be less in practise)

How to Use (12 points)

1. Inform the flight deck 2. No smoking PA 3. In hatbin check O2 flow 4. Turn fully anti-clockwise and watch for green indicator 5. Turn off 6. Place carry strap around neck of CC or ABP 7. Sit Passenger upright 8. Remove any grease or make up from the face 9. Turn on oxygen 10. Fit mask securely, pinch at the nose 11. Do not let go below full 12. If the passenger requires oxygen for landing brief an ABP, ensure the Captain is informed

To Discontinue Use Turn knob fully clockwise

To Change Mask Push bayonet connector in and twist anti-clockwise and remove

Precautions Infant use low flow Do NOT use while fire fighting Ensure full oxygen bottle close to CC stations at all times For children/infants use child/infant oxygen mask (where fitted).

First Aid Kits Onboard the A/C we have 2 types of first aid kits, we have a green first aid kit & a white first aid kit

PDIS 1. Date 2. Seal is intact 3. Stowage. 4. Quantity. Lets first look at the green first aid kit.

Description This first aid kit is for everyday use.


The Green First aid Kit also contains a pocket mask to be used when doing CPR. Now lets look at the white first aid kit.

Description The white first aid kit is for emergency use only.

Protecting Yourself

Personal safety is paramount! Check for danger before starting treatment (passengers fighting, fire/smoke or toxic

substances in the cabin) Use barriers (protective latex gloves, Barrier Mask) Use antiseptic wipes to clean your own skin if exposure to body fluids has occurred

The Unconscious Passenger Most passengers requiring First Aid on board an A/C are conscious and able to communicate with the CC either directly, or through others if you do not share a common language. However, one of the biggest challenges to CC is dealing with persons who are unconscious. Unconsciousness is the result of an illness or injury that interferes with the brains normal activity. The severity of the unconscious state may vary but if you are unable to get a response from a passenger to various stimuli, you must be aware that the passenger is experiencing a degree of unconsciousness, and you must also be aware of the DANGERS of unconsciousness:

The tongue may relax and block the airway The casualty cannot cough The casualty cannot swallow


Conditions that could cause unconsciousness Shock Severe Heart Attack Poisoning Convulsions Excessive Heat Hypothermia Hypoxia Diabetes Stroke

For dealing with an unconscious passenger we have broken the drill down into 6 easy to follow steps.

1. DANGER 2. RESPONSE

3. SEND

4. AIRWAY

5. BREATHING

6. CIRCULATION

Lets look at each step in detail when dealing with an unconscious adult.

DANGER Check the area for any danger before entering.

RESPONSE Speak to the passenger, if no response Shake the passenger on the shoulder, if no response Pinch the passenger on the earlobe, if no response.. We now know that the passenger is UNCONSCIOUS

SEND Press the call bell 3 times for help from other CC

AIRWAY Open the airway (chin tilt)


BREATHING Take 10 seconds to look, listen & feel for NORMAL breathing:

Look for the chest moving

Listen at the passengers mouth for breath sounds

Feel for breathing (with your cheek) If the passenger is breathing normally then place them into recovery position. If the passenger is not breathing normally then start CPR immediately.

CIRCULATION Now move the passenger to the floor to start doing CPR at a ratio of 30 compressions & 2 effective rescue breaths. CC should rotate after 5 cycles of 30:2 Continue the CPR until:

Qualified help arrive You become exhausted The casualty starts to breath normally

DRSABC - Summary Danger Check for danger Response Speak Hello can you hear me? Shake The shoulder gently Pinch The earlobe - If no response, the casualty is unconscious Send Press call bell 3x for help Airway Open the airway Breathing Check for Normal Breathing for 10 seconds

Look For chest moving

Listen For breath

Feel For breath with cheek - If breathing normally Recovery position - If NOT breathing normally: Circulation 30 Compressions : 2 Breaths


Child & Infant CPR For first aid purposes:

The definition of an infant is from birth to 1 year. The definition of a child is from 1 year to puberty. The definition of an adult is puberty and over.

It is not critical to establish whether or not a child has reached puberty, make an educated guess. Think about the size of the casualty. Danger, Response, Send, Airway, Breathing is done in the same way as an adult passenger, if the child or infant is not breathing normally we then attempt to achieve 5 effective rescue breaths before considering giving compressions. If the child or infant is still not breathing after 5 effective rescue breaths then start the compressions at a ratio of 30:2 The compressions on a child should be with just 1 hand and not 2 hands. The compressions on an infant should be done by placing 2 fingers in between both nipples.

Stoma CPR Passengers who have had their voice box removed have to breathe through a hole in their neck, this is called a stoma. Performing rescue breaths to this type of passengers through their mouth will be ineffective therefore the breaths must be given through the hole in their neck (stoma) using the pocket mask.

Issue 2, Revision 3 05 December 2013 RESTRICTED Page 10 of

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Revision Time (First Aid) As a revision exercise, take some blank paper & try to complete the following questions without using your notes or this pack to see how much you know about this subject. Give yourself a score at the end.

1. Fully explain the Roles of first Aid? (17 points) 2. What are the Objectives of First Aid? (3 points)

3. Give 5 General points in First Aid (Comfort the Casualty)? (5 points)

4. In which cases would you call out Port Health? (8 points)

5. What are the PDIs of the oxygen bottle? (8 points)

6. How do you administer oxygen to a passenger? (12 points)

7. How long will the oxygen bottles last for? (4 points)

8. What are the PDIs for the First Aid Kits? (2 points)

9. Explain the full unconscious passenger drill for an adult? (12 points)

10. What must you do if a child/infant is NOT breathing normally? (2 points)

Total points 73 Calculate your score, you need 62 points to have passed the revision session.

GOOD LUCK!


Initial Topic 5

First Aid

Medical Emergencies The majority of passengers on board the aircraft needing first aid treatment will be conscious and will be able to communicate with you, possibly through others if you dont speak the same language.

Assessing the Casualty This can be done by asking 3 simple questions:

1. What is the matter? 2. Ha