REVUE BELGE

DE

NUMISMATIQUEET DE SIGILLOGRAPHIE

BELGISCH TIJDSCHRIFT

VOOR NlTMISMATIEI( EN ZEGELI(IJNDE

PUBLIÉE UI1'GEGEVEN

SOllS LE HAllT PATRONAGE ONDER DE HOGE BESCHERMING

DE S. M. LE ROI VAN Z. M. DE KONING

PAR LA DOOR HET

SOCIÉTÉ ROYALE KONINKLIJK BELGISCH

DE NUMISMATIQUE DE BELGIQUE GENOOTSCIIAP VOOR NUMISMATIEK

Directeurs

GHISLAINE MOUCI-IARTE, PIERRE COCKSHAW,FRANÇOIS DE CALLATAY et JOHAN VAN HEESCH

CXLVIII - 2002

BRUXELLES BRUSSEL

GIJS DE GREEF (*)

ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONSAD 253·269. A STUDY OF THE WESTERN HOARDS

FROM THE REIGNS OF VALERIAN,GALLIENUS AND POSTUMUS C)

Introduction

A lamanni, oastaiis Galliis, in ltaliam penelraueruni. Dacia, quae aTraiano ultra Danubium [ueral adiecia, amissa est. Graecia, Macedonia,Pontus, Asta, oasiaia est per Gothos. Pannonia a Sarmatis Quadisque popu-lata est. Germani usque ad Hispanias peneiraoeruni et cioitaiem nobilemTarraconem expugnaverunl. Parihi, Mesopolamia occupata, Syriam sibi coe-perunl nitulicare.

Eutropius, Breuiarutn, IX, 8

With these dramatic words Eutropius and other Roman authors de-scrîbed the events, which took place under the reign of the emperors Va-lerian (253-260), Gallienus (253-268) and Postumus (260-269). However,the nature, the ehronologîeal and geographical spread and the impact ofthese invasions remain mostly unknown. The combined evidenee of texts,epigraphy, numismatics and archaeology has been proven incapable ofsolvîng these problems. This is why, from the beginning of the 20th cen-tury, many scholars have sought a link between the Germanie invasionsand the hundreds of coin hoards from this period which have been foundail over Europe e). This, in sorne cases aIl to automatically supposed,Iink between hoard and invasion has been severely critized over the last

(*) Gijs DE GREEF, Kloosterstraat 58, B-3150 Haacht.e-mail: gijsdg@yahoo.com

(1) This article is a résumé of my masters thesis Romeinse munLschatlen en Germaanseinvallen 253-269 n.C. Een stuâie van de weslerse schaluondsien uit de regeerperiode vanValerian us, Gallienus en Postumus, presented at the Katholieke Universiteit Leuven inJune 1999. Promotors were S. Scheers and J. van Heesch.

(2) The most important publications in this view are: A. BLANCHET, Les trésors demonnaies romaines et les invasions germaniques en Gaule, Paris, 1900; A. BLANCHET,Les rapports entre les dépôts monétaires el les éoénemenis militaires, politiques el économi-ques, in RN, s. 4, :39, 1936, p. 1-70 and p. 205-270; H. KOETHE, Zur Geschiclile Galliensim dritten Viertel des 3. Jahrhutuieris, in BRGI(, 32, 1942 (1950), p. 199-224; P. VANGANSBEKE, Les invasions germaniques en Gaule sous le règne de Poslume (259-268) et le/émoignage des monnaies, in RBN, 98, 1952. p. 5-30; É. DEMOUGEOT, La {ormation del'Europe el les invasions barbares. J. Des origines germaniques à l'avènement de Dioclétien,Paris, 1969, p. 463-507 and D. GRICOURT, Les invasions de pirates de 268 en Gaule sep-tentrionale et leurs incidences sur la poliLique de Postume, in TM, 10, 1988, p. 9-43.

42 GIJS DE GREEF

decennia C). Remarkable is that bath « believers » as « non-believers )have based their arguments on very fragmentated and incomplete evi-dence sirice no catalogues or maps including ail hoards from the period253-269 existed. The map of H. Koethe is now completely out of dateand offers no precise dating. No recent catalogue with the hoards of thejoint reign of Valerian and Gallienus exist while J. Lafaurie's map ofhoards of silver coinage ending on Postumus includes no more than 77finds. Only the hoards of bronze coinage have recently been publishedby D. Bollard C).

Therefore a catalogue of a1l coin hoards with a terminus post quem un-der Valerian, Gallienus and Postumus or ending with coins of the con-temporary usurpators Ingenuus, Regalianus, Marcianus, Quietus,Aureolus and Laelianus was made. The area covered is Western Europeor the states of Belgium, Germany, France, Luxemburg, the Netherlands,Portugal, Spain. the UK and Switzerland ("). This resulted in a list of 767hoards ending with a coin struck between 253 and 269.

Belgium 102 Portugal 4Gerrnany 46 Spain 19France 533 UK 35Luxemburg 11 Switzerland 13Netherlands 4 TOTAL 767

Table 1. Number of coin hoards with a Lerminus between AD 253-269.

These are strikingly large numbers, not only in absolute but also inrelative terms. If we study the publications of the Corpus des trésors mo-nétaires antiques de la France (TAF), we find that hoards from the period253-269 represent sorne 10 % of aIl the ancient hoards found in regîonslike Aquitaine, Pays de la Loire or Poitou-Charentes but 25 % in Picar-die and ca. 34 °tfo in the region Nord-Pas-de-Calais (in Belgium they con-stitute sorne 20 % of aIl hoards). It is somewhat surprising ta find outthat a relative insignificant period of 16 years can deliver up to a thirdof ail ancient hoards (including sorne 5 centuries of Roman reign). And

(3) Sorne principal skeptics are: R. REECE, Coinage and Currency in the Third Centu-l'y, in A. KING and M. HENIG (eds), The Roman West in the Third CenLury, Coniribu-lions {rom Archaeology and History (Bar International Series, 109). l , Oxford, 1981, p.79-88; J.P.C. KENT, lnlerpreiinç Coin-Finds, in J. CASEY and R. REECE (eds), Coinsand the Archaeolcqisl, London, 1988, p. 201-217 and R. DELMAIRE, Les enfouissementsmonétaires. lémoignages d'insécuritéi, in ReuNord. 77, 31:i. 1995, p. 21-26.

(4) H. KOETHE, op. cil. (n. 2), p. 199-224; J. LAFAURIE, L'Empire gaulois. Apport dela numismatique; in ANRW, II, Principal, 2, 1975, p. 853-1012 and O. HOLLARD, Lalhésaurisoiion du monnayage de bronze de Poslume: structure et chronologie des dépôts, inTM, 13, 1992, p. 72-105.

(5) The Italian hoards are not included in this study, for the depots of northern Ita-ly, see L. O({AMURA, Hourds Los' during Third-Cenfury

ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 4·3

this while in other prosperous and densely populated regions hoards witha terminus between 253 and 269 are very rare (for example: only 4 in theProvence and relatively small numbers for Spain, Portugal and Britain).

Within this mass of hoards there are however large geographical andchronological differences, as can he seen on fig. 1 and 2 for the periods253-260 and 260-269 and on fig. 3 to 9 for the various sub periods. Howcan these obvious differences be explained? For exarnple, why does fig. 1and 5 show us a large concentration of hoards in the Rhône-Saône regionaround 259-260 but not under the reign of Postumus? On the followingpages we will try to find an answer to this question by proposing severalhypothetical causes. As we will see, only the Germanie invasion-hypoth-esis is able to give us a aU-embracing answer to the presence of geogra-phical and chronological concentrations of our hoards (6).

Interpreting the coin hoards

1) Basic conditions

In 1981 R. Reece wrote : « If the coin hoards are to act as an indicator ofunrest then it must be shown: a) that in the surrounding areas ai the samedate ihere is an absence of similar hoards, b) iluü in the same arca at differ-enL dates, but when sitnilar coins were in circulation, ihere is an absence ofsimilar hoards. » C). A quick look at our maps shows that both conditionsare met. The large differences in hoard-density between the different re-gions and countries has already been pointed out, while the Rhône-Saôneregion is a beautiful example of the second condition: lots of hoards in259-260 and very few under Postumus.

2) The influence of usurpations on hoarding

Western Europe only knew 3 usurpations in the period 253-269: thoseof Postumus (june-july 260), of Laelianus (june-july 269) and of Marius(july-septernber 269) C). The latter usurpation plays no part here because

(6) Remark that the ernphasis lies on concentrations of hoards and not on the hoardsindividually. We are looking for a theory that can explain the hiding and non-recupe-ration of concentrations of hoards. This does not automatically mean that the theorycan be applied ta ail individual hoards. When we conclude that Germanie invasionswere the cause of this flood of coin boards it's obvious that we can't (or even shouldn't)involve every coin hoard in our analysis of the date and location of the invasions andraids as sorne authors have the habit ta do (e.g. Demougeot).

(7) R. REECE, op. cil. (n. 3), p. 85.(8) We follow the chronology for the reigns of Valerian, Gallienus and Postumus as

descrived by M. CHRISTOL, L'Empire romain du Ilr siècle. Histoire politique de 192, mortde Commodus, à 325, concile de Nicée, Paris, 1997. This publication cao also be used asan overall guide for this period or in arder to retrieve the references to the variousIitterary, epigraphical, ... sources. These cao also be found in X. LORIOT and D. NONV,La crise de l'Empire romain 235-285. Paris, 1997.

44 GIJS DE GREEF

Fig. 1. Survey of ail coin hoards with a terminus post quem during the joint reign of

Valerian and Gallienus (AD 253-260).

ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 45

Fig. 2. Survey of all coin hoards with a Lerminus post quem during the reign of Postu-

mus or the sole reign of Gallienus (AD 260-269).

46 GIJS DE GREEF

Legend : ~ Hoardwith reliabledatingo Hoardwith unreliable dating

Fig. 3. Boards with a terminus post quem from AD 253 to 256.

Marius was elected emperor after the death of Postumus so he didn't hadto fîght battles or plan military carnpaigns in order toestablish his reign.As such hîs usurpation shouldn't have any effect on the hoarding pro cess.As for the revoit of Postumus, he became emperor by laying siege on thefortified city of Cologne, seat of Gallienus' son Saloninus Caesar. Once hehad executed Saloninus his authority seems ta be recognized by all themilitary forces in the West (who fîrst remained neutral in the conflictbetween Postumus and Saloninus). We have no evidence that Postumushad ta carry out a conquering campaign in arder ta subdue the remain-der of Gaul. This means that only sorne boards in the surroundings ofCologne can eventually be linked with his usurpation (9). The usurpationof Laelianus is less documented but his revoit seems to have been limitedto the area of Mainz where he was sieged by Postumus. However, onlyone hoard (Alzey, n" 104) has the potential to be associated with thisevent. Our conclusion: at most a dozen of hoards has the potential of

(9) Hoards possibly linked with the revolt of Postumus could be Flamershaim (AD258. n" 113), Gymnich (AD 258-260. n" 115) and Mürlenbach (AD 258-260, n" 124).

ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMA NIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 47

Legend: 0 Hoardwithreliabledatingo Severa! hoardswithreliabledatingo Hoardwithunreliable dating

Fig. 4. Hoards with a terminus post quem from AD 256 ta 258.

being linked with usurpations, Ior the other 99 % of the hoards an USUf-pation-hypothesis can not be used in arder ta explain their burial andnon-recovery.

3) The civil war between Gallienus and Postumus

Gallienus has never been able ta defeat Postumus but we known frornsorne authors that he tried. Is it possible that the large number of coinhoards with a terminus between 260 and 268 are a result of this war?During the actual usurpation of Postumus and the execution of Saloni-nus, Gallienus was not able ta come to the reseue of his son and ta con-front his rival because he was involved in the battle against theAlarnanni. However, once this problem was solved he led his arrnyagainst Postumus, began ta lay siege on a city in Gaul where Postumuswas residing but had ta wîthdraw because of an înjury (an event sorne-Urnes associated with the second instead of the first campaign) CO). Aftersorne years of staius quo in which bath GaIlienus and Postumus were in-

(10) EUTR., Breoiarum, IX, 9, 1; Epitome de Caesaribus, 32, 4 and Historia Augusta,Gall., IV, 4.

48 GIJS DE GREEF

Legend: 0 Hoardwith reliable datingc Severa! hoards with reliable datingo Hoardwith unreliable dating

Fig. 5. Hoards with a terminus post quem AD 258 to 260.

volved in campaigns against their Germanie enemies, Gallienus and hisgeneral Aureolus launched a second assault but were never able to obtaina definitive victory. The first campaign is usually dated around AD261 CI), the second around AD 266 (based on types like Salus Posfumiaug, Fides exercitus, Salus exerciti and Salus aug). lt isn't easy to deter-mine the location of these campaigns (possibilities are Spain or Raetia)but the most probable battlefield is assumed to be Gaul where the Pl'O-vincia Narbonensis seems ta have remained loyal to Gallienus in 260. Arethere hoards which can be attributed to the first campaign of Gallienus?Looking at figure 6, the numismatic evidence for such a conflict in south-ern Gaul seems minimal. Only the hoards of Saligny-sur-Roudon (n" 176)and Clermont-Ferrand Il (na 182), both in Auvergne and with a terminuspost quem of 261, are candidates for a link with the fist conflict betweenthe Gallic and the Central Empire. Of course this is highly speculative

(11) M. CHRISTOL, La Félicité de Poslutne (260-269J, in H. HUVELlN, M. CHRISTOLand G. GAUTHIER (eds), Melanges de numismatique offerts à Pierre Bastien â l'occasionde son 75" anniversaire, Wetteren, 1987, p. 112-115.

ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 49

Legend: A Hoardwith reliabledating.&. Severa!boardswith reliabledating1>. Hoardwithunreliabledating

Fig. 6. Hoards with a terminus post quem from AD 260 to 261.

and their burial and non-recovery can as good be a consequence of ban-ditism or accident. Also for the second campaign, the hoards are not veryhelpful. Only the region between Bourges and Autun contains 5 hoardswith a possible terminus around AD 264-265 (fig. 7, n" 224, 248, 251,269 and 271). Was the fortified city of Autun perhaps the place wherePostumus was sieged by Gallienus as described by the H isioria Augusta?Or cari a group of 3 hoards (n" 426, 428 and 429) from the Limousin-region and with a terminus of 266-267 be seen as evidence of continuinghostilities by Gallienus' general Aureolus in 267?

Of course, ail these associations between hoards and the civil war areonly speculative and we aren't even claiming they are historically correct.What matters is that only a very limited number of hoards can be linkedwith the civil war-hypothesis as an explanation for the burial and non-recovery of hoards. Again this hypothesis cannot be used to explain thevast majority of finds and the large concentrations in e.g. the Rhône-Saône region (in 260) and in Northern Gaul,

50 GIJS DE GREEF

Legend: ... HoardwilhreliabledalingA Severa! hoardswithreliahledating.. Ho3!rl wilhunreIiable daùng

.l>. Severa!boardswilh unreliable daling

Fig. 7. Hoards with a terminus post quem from AD 262 to 265.

4) Robbers and bandits

The activities of the latrones, including the Iarnous Gallic banditscalled the Bacaudae or Baqauâae, have been presented by the non-believ-ers of the invasion-hypothesis as an alternative theory that could explainthe large number of hoards in Gaul. There are however at least two rea-sons why this cannot be the case. First, banditism was a continuous oc-currence in antiquity and can, as such, difficultly be used as a cause forthe enormous number of huards in the years 253-269 ( 2) . The term Ba-gaudae is only known from the reign of Maximinianus Caesar ca). J.F.Drinkwater wrote: « Although an increase in bandiiry and the like aithis time is plausible, there is no cause to think thal the problem hadgol out of hand. )) and « Thus ii would seem unuiise, ai least on the hasts

(12) CIl.., XIII, 259, 2267 and 2282; A.J.L. VAN HOOFF, Lalrones [amosi. Bandielenlussen rovers en rebellen in het Romeinse keizerrijk, in Lampas. Tijdschri[t ooor Neder-landse Classici, 15, 1982. p. 171-194 and J.F. DRINKWATER, The Gallic Empire. Separa-lism and Conlinuily in the Norlh-Weslern Provinces of the Roman Empire. AD 260-274(Historia Einzelschriften, 52). Stuttgart, 1987, p. 130-131.

(13) AUR. Vtcr., Caesares, 39, 17; E UTR., IX. 20, 3 and OROS., H isioriae adversuspaganos, VII, 25, 2.

ROMAN COIN HOARD8 AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 51

Legend : Jo HoardwithreliabledatingÂ&. Severa!hoardswithreliabledatingA Hoardwithunreliable dating

Fig. 8. Hoards with a terminus post quem from AD 266 ta 267.

of the epigraphic evidence, to characierize the mid-third cenlury as a periodof pariicular lawlessness. ) (14). Secondly, while banditism, as a continuousoccurrence, could eventually be used ta explain the presence of individualhoards it is incapable to do so for the obvious geographical and chrono-logical concentrations. Both fig. 1 and 2 show us that a lot of the hoardsare concentrated in northern Gaul. This is not a region where you wouldexpect the presence of huge banditism given the fact that this was thebest-secured area of the Roman West (with the limes nearby, bases ofthe Classis Briiannica and the Classis Germanica Pia Fidelis, and the Iirstfortifications of the Lilus Saxonicum and the Limes Belgicus).

5) The influence of the plague and epidemies

One of the by R. Delmaire proposed causes for the burial and non-re-covery of the hoards is the occurrence of pestilence or epidemies ('5). Andindeed, we have evidence of the plague under the reign of Gallienus.

(14) J.F. DRINKwATER, op. cil. (n. 12), p. 20-21 and 130-131.(15) R. DELMAIRE, op. cil. (n. 3), p. 25.

52 GIJS DE GREEF

Legende :» Hoardwithreliabledatingil. Severa!hoardswilh reliabledaling• HoardwithIlIII'Cliable daiing

Fig. 9. Hoards with a terminus post quem of AD 268.

Many authors wrote that, simultaneously with the Germanie invasions,Rome and Greece were vigorously struek by this dreaded disease (Hi).However we do not known if the pesiileniia also reached Gaul. But evenif we assume that this was the case, wculd this have had an influence onthe hoarding? If Gaul was struck by the plague, then why do we find 80many hoards in sorne regions and not in other densely populated regionslike the provincia Narbonensis? And let us not forget that pestilence orepidernics weren't that unusual in the Roman world. For example, wehave knowledge of an other epidemie under the reign of Trebonianus Gal-lus (251-253) Ci). Sa why would one epidemie cause numerous hoards andothers not? Even the pla gue under Mareus Aurelius (AD 165-166), de-seribed as one of the worst in antiquity, has never resulted in an abnor-mal number of hoards (").

(16) Jlur. via: 33, 5; Historia Augusta. Gall.• V, 5; OIlOS., VII, 22, 1-2; Zos., His-Loria nova, l, 37, 3.

(17) EUTR., IX. 9, 5.(18) R.P. DUNCAN-JONES, The Impact of flle Antonine Plaque, in .IRA. 9. Hl96, p.

139-152.

ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 53

6) Accidents, coincidence and coin hoards

Until the 19th century it was, in the absence of banks, the custom tohide the savings somewhere at home: under the bed, in a hidden niche inthe wall, in the garden, below the floor, ... This was also the case in anti-quity. But also for the non-recuperation of these hoards it isn't alwaysnecessary to look for a cornplicated cause. The unexpected death of thepater familias, who took the secret of the hiding place of the savings tothe grave, could have resulted in the loss of the savings for the entirefamily. The house or villa could have burnt down, maybe as a result ofthe careless handling of an oil lamp or the kitchen fires, because of astroke of lightning or of the spontaneous combustion of grain, .,. Againhowever these accidents can only be used as an explanation for indivi-dual cases, not for the whole of the hoards. They are marginal events,which can't explain geographical or chronological concentrations.

7) H oarding and devaluations

The devaluation of the Roman antoninianus in the third century AD isa well-known and well documented phenornenon, this both in the GallicEmpire of Postumus as in the Central Empire of Gallienus cg). It is alsothe most important alternative hypothesis (with regard to invasions) asan expianation for the hoarding phenomenon between 253 and 269. Del-maire wrote: « Grâce à la datation précise des émissions, on peut constaterî exisience d'une brutale augmentation du nombre des trésors chaque fois queTétat modifie la monnaie pour la dévaluer ou la réévaluer. D'ou les pics dethésaurisations en 238, 253J 256, 260-261, 266, 268, 274, ... » en). At firstsight this seems to be a very acceptable theory. There are however threeimportant objections.

First, a devaluation is supposed to be a general phenomenon, but whenwe examine figures 1 to 9 we see this isn't the case. How can we explainthat the devaluation of the year 260 resulted in massive hoarding innorthern Gaul and the Rhône-Saône region but not in equally prosperousregions like Aquitaine, the Provence, Britain or Spain where the same(devaluated) coins were in circulation? How can we explain that theAD 260 devaluation resulted in hoarding in the south-east of Gaul butthe devaluation of AD 268 didn't ? The answer is quite simple: we can't.And let's not forget that devaluations weren't so unusual in the Roman

(19) A.o. G. DEPEYROT and D. HOLLARD, Pénurie â'arqeni-méial et crise monétaire au11Je siècle. in Histoire & Mesure, II, 1, 1987, p. 57-85; D. HOLLARD, La crise de la mon-naie au J J( siecle après J.-C. Synthése des recherches et resultats nouveaux, in Annales.Histoire, Sciences sociales, 50. 5. 1995, p. 1045-1078 and L.H. CaPE. C.E. KING, J.P.NORTHOVER and T. CLAY, Melal AnaLysis of Roman Coins minted under the Empire (Bri-tish Museum Occasional Paper, 120), London, 1997.

(20) R. DELMAIRE, op. cii. (n. 3), p. 25.

54 GIJS DE GREEF

Empire, 50 why should the devaluations between 253 and 269 have re-sulted in hoarding and those of the previous periods not?

Secondly, even in theory the devaluation-hypothesis can only be usedfor a part of the hoards, namely those consisting of silver or bronze coinsof which the coinage was indeed reformed. 1t can however not been usedto explain the presence of (non-devaluated) golden coinage in sornehoards and it is completely incapable of interpreting the presence of (ca.60) hoards which include relatively large numbers of golden and silverjewelry and of precious silverware el). Hoards including aurei, jewels orsilverware constitute only a srnall fraction of our 767 hoards (sorne 8 0/0,but since they have been relatively better documented the real percen-tage is probably even lower)' but the fact that such objects were onlyowned by a small percentage of the population makes their presencehighly significative.

The third and maybe the most fundamental objective is that devalua-tions are only capable in explaining the burial of hoards, but they can'texplain their non-recovery. It is possible that large nurnbers of hoards inour catalogue have been buried because of devaluation-reasons but, inthis study, that is irrelevant. What matters is that the owners of thesehoards were never able to recover their savings and this can only be ex-plained by assuming more violent causes like Germanie invasions, civilwar or banditism.

The conclusion is quite simple: usurpations, civil war, bandltism, pla-gue, accident or devaluation, non of these alternative theories have pro-ven to be campatîble with the image shawn by the hoards themselves.Although they can explain the burial of sorne individual coin boards theycan not be used in order to interpret the geogra phical and chronologicalconcentrations of our 767 hoards. Only the Germanie invasions-hypothe-sis has this potential.

The Germanie invasions AD 253-269

In my thesis 1 tried to establish a clear picture of the Germanie inva-sions under the reign of Valerian, Gallienus and Postumus, by makinguse, not only of the coin hoards, but also of literary, epigraphie, archae-ological and numisrnatic sources. This was of course a lengthy assignrnentand it is impossible to repeat everything here. However, 1 would like tashare sorne interesting rernarks.

Our literary sources give a dramatie description of the events between253 and 269 (22). Among thern there seems ta he one cornmon tendency:

(21) E.g. (1 superhoards » Iike Éauze (Gers, n" 441). Talmont-Saint-Hilaire 1 (Vendée.n" 541), Saint-Genis-Pouilly (Ain. n" 650) and Chalain-d'Uzore (Loire, n" 673).

(22) For the litterary sources and their reliability : J.F. DRTNKWATER, op. cil. (n. 12)and D. WHiTTAKER. L'importance des invasions du Bas-Empire: peul-on {aire confianceaux historiens't, in RevNord. 77. 313. 1995, p. 11-20.

ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 55

blame Gallienus for aIl the problems and disasters (usurpations, inva-sions, ...) and praise Postumus. This is however not what the coin hoardsare showing us. Figures 3 to 9 give us rather a picture of relative restunder Gallienus and of distress under Postumus.

We know that during the usurpation of Valerian in 253 the Rhine-frontier was less protected, a fact of which sorne Germanie tribes tookadvantage in order to raid the Empire e3 ) . These problems seem howeverto be resolved rather quickly, partly because of the deployment of nexil-laliones of the legio XX Valeria V icirix (C IL, XIII, 6780), normally sta-tioned in Chester. Figure 3 shows us only a few scattered hoards, a signof relative peace. Probably this rest was preserved during the 256-258period. Figure 4 contains more hoards but these should probably be asso-ciated with the invasions of 259-260 (same geographical concentrations).Indeed, the invasions of the Franks and Alamanni around 260 have thereputation to have been extremely vigorous e1) . Without going in too de-tails (like the routes followed by these tribes), wc can get an idea of thiscatastrophe by looking at figure 5.

However, if we should believe the literary sources, Postumus resolvedaIl this. They praise his virtus and moderalio, write us how he successfullydrove the Germant, the barbori and the hosles out of Gaul and how herestored the welfare of the provinces (2.'} Orosius wrote: « Posiumius inGallia inoasit tyrranidem, mullo quidem rei publicae commodo: nam per de-cem annos ingenli oirtuie ac moderatione usus, el dominantes hosles expulitet perdiies provincias in pristinatn faciem reformavit. » eG) . Looking at fig-ures 6 to 9 we can hardly share this vision. Apart from the invasionsduring the periods 260-261 and 268, which have already received a lotof attention from modern scholars, we see that also between the years262 and 267 there was a continuous distress in the Gallic Empire (").Especially the Franks (and the Saxons or Frisii?) seemed to have causeda lot of havoc (with sometimes a remarkable association of hoards with

(23) Zos., I, 29 and ZONAR., Annales, XII, 22. For a rnap of the hoards ending withcoins of Trebonianus Gallus, Volusian and Aernilianus see: R. DELMAIRE, Trésor d'an-toniniens découvert d Bavay en 1990, in RevNord, 74, 296, 1992, p. 151, fig. 3.

(24) A.o. AUR. VICT., 33, 3; EUTR., IX, 8 and OROS.• VII, 22, 7-8.(25) AUR. VICT., 33. 8; EUTR., IX, 7; Historia Augusta, Gall., IV, 5; Historia Augus-

ta, Trig. Tyr., Ill. 6 and V, 4.(26) OROS .• VII, 22, 10.(27) Sorne numhers support this image of relative peace under Valerian and Gallie-

nus and troubles under Postumus. Of our 767 hoards sorne 40 % end with coins ofValerian or Gallienus (7-year period or on average ca. 4:~ hoards a year) and sorne60 % with coins of Postumus or of the sole reign of Gallienus (9-year period or onaverage ca. 51 hoards a year), The hoards of the period 260-269 have also a tendencyto be more dispersed over time in cornparison with the hoards of the period 253-260 (ofthe dated hoards of the joint reign of Valerian and Gallienus 65.5 % could he attribut-ed to the years 258-260).

56 GIJS DE GREEF

rivers what presumes that sorne attacks were carried out by boat). TheAlamanni were less active after their heavy defeat near Milan in 260.

This brief example points out sorne of the difficulties when examiningthe invasions: literary and numisrnatic sources which sometimes contra-dict each other and Roman authors who weren't always as good informedor objective as we might hope.

Conclusion

The coin hoards of the reigns of Valerian, Gallienus and Postumus arevery varied regarding their composition, way of burial and cause of hid-ing or non-recovery. This makes that a study of these finds will alwaysremain difficult. But that doesn't mean that a lot of historical informa-tion can't be obtained, although our approach must always be critical oreven skeptic. Not every hoard is the result of an invasion and not everyhoard is of much use. However, the geographical and chronological con-centrations of these hoards are very significant when studying the historyof the troubled third century AD and the Germanie invasions.

Catalogue

In this catalogue, consisting of 767 hoards, all coin hoards ending withcoins of Valerian, Gallienus (and theîr family) or Postumus are included.Of the hoards ending with coins of Claudius II and Postumus, only thosefinds which couId be dated in the brief period of the joint reign of thesetwo emperors, are included. Geographically the research was limited to 9countries: Belgium, Germany, France, Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Por-tugal, Spain, the United Kingdom and Switzerland eS).

In the catalogue, ail hoards were published in the following order: firstsorted on country, secondly on the name of the hoard (in alphabetical or-der). An exception was made for the 533 French hoards which have firstbeen sorted on regîon (in alphabetical order), secondly on department (inalphabetieal order) and only then on the name of the hoard (in alphabetîcalarder). Together with the name of the hoard (mostly the name or placeunder which it was published or is known) also an administrative indicationis given e9) . Then a short description of the hoard is given: usually date offinding, number and type of coins and the terminus post quem. References ofcoins are to Roman Imperial Coinage (RIC) and G. ELMER, Die Münzprâ-gung der gallischen Kaiser in Kôln, Trier und Mai/and, in BJ, 146, 1941, p.1-106. The followîng abbreviations are used:

(28) This catalogue was compiled in January 1999, hoards round or published alterthis date are not included.

(29) Belgium: province. Germany: ( Land 1), France: ( région ) and (( département 1),the Netherlands: province, Portugal: district, Spain: province. UK: county and Swit-zerland: canton.

ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMA NIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 57

AAEARAV

AnloninianusBronzeSilverGold

DDpS

denariusdupondiussesleriius

The dating of the coins is based on:

1) for the coins of Valerian, Gallienus and famîly (AD 253-260): the catalogue in D.SCHAAD (ed.), Le trésor d'Éauze. Bijoux el monnaies du in" siecle aprés J.-c., Tou-louse, 1992.

2) for the coins of the sole reign of Gallienus: the catalogue in D. HOLLARD, B. Fou-CRA y and S. TASSINARI, Le tresor mulliple de deniers el anioniniens de Cranent (Y/Je-lines ), in TM. 15, 1995, p. 74-114.

3) for the golden coins of Postumus: B. SCHULl'E, Die Goldpriigung der gallischen Kaiseroon Poslumus bis Teiricus (Typos Monographien zur Antike Numismatik, 4), Aarau -Frankfurt-arn-Main - Salzburg, 1983.

4) for the silver coins of Postumus: E. BEsLy and R. BLAND, The Cuneiio Treasure.Roman Coinaqe of the Third Cenlury AD, London, 1983 (abbreviated as « Cunetio lI)with the corrections of .I. LALLEMAND, Les trésors 17 et 18 de Tournai. Anloniniensde Viciorin et des Télricus (Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire. Monographie d'archéo-logie nationale, 7), Brussels, 1992.

5) for the bronze coins of Postumus: D. HOLLARD, La thésaurisation du monnayage debronze de Postumus: structure el chronologie des dépôts. in T 111, 13, 1992, p. 72-105.

Finally, one or more bibliographical reference(s) are given for eachhoard. Usually this is limited to the most elaborate or most recent pu-blication (where, if necessary, additional references can be found). The fol-lowing abbreviations are used (apart from the « standard l) abbreviationsused for historical, archaeological and numismatîcal periodicals and seriesas can be found in Numismatic Lileralure and L'Année philologique):

BASTIEN P. BASTIEN and A. COTHENET, Tresors monétaires du Cher. Lignières(294-310). Osmery (294-313) (Numismatique romaine. Essais, recherches,et documents, 8), Wetteren, 1974.

BI A. BLANCHET, Les trésors de monnaies romaines el les invasions germani-ques en Gaule, Paris, 1900.

BI suppl unpublished supplement to Blanchet (1900), Cabinet des médailles de laBibliothèque nationale de France.

BOST J.-P. BOST, M. CAMPO, D. COLLS, el al., L'epone Cabrera III (Majorque).Échanges commerciaux eL circuits monétaires au milieu du ]]r siêcle aprèsJ .-C. (Publications du Centre Pierre Paris, 23). Paris, 1992.

CAVADA M. CAVADA NIETo, Halla:zgos monelarios dei siglo JI] en el ierriiorio de laGalicia aclual, in C. LOPEZ ARIAS (ed.), VI] 1 Conqresso Nacional de Nu-mismaiica. Auiles, 1-4 abril 1992. Madrid, 1994, p. 348.

CHAL M. CHALANDRY, Le trésor de Yilliers-Saini-Grien: antoniniens de GordienIII ci Poslume, in Monnaies el trésors en pays Dunois. Journées de la So-ciété Française de Numismatique, Châleaudun, 7-8 juin 1986 (Bulletin dela Société Dunoise, 19, 275-276), 1985-1986, p. 41-44.

DE BOONE W.J. DE BOONE, De Franken nan bun eerste optreâen loi de dood nanChilderik (diss. doct.), Groningen, 1954.

DOC documentation of the Belgian Coin Cabinet (Brussels).FERD A. FERDIÈRE. Répertoire des cacheiies monétaires d'Eure-et-Loir et des mon-

naies d'or gauloises, romaines el du haut Moyen Âge isolées, in Monnaies el

58

FREY

FRIEDL

H&L

HIERNARD

HOLL

HUVELIN

JACOB

KOETHE

LALL (1993)

LALL (1994)

LASER

LERAT

LORIOT

PEREIRA

PY

ROURE

SCHAAD

STAHELINSUTHERLAND

GIJS DE GREEF

trésors en pays Dunois. Journées de la Société Française de Numismatique,Châteaudun, 7-8 juin 1986 (Bulletin de la Société Dunoise, 19, 275-276),1985-1986.S. FREy-KuPPER and O.F. DUBOIS, AusgewiiLte Mûnzfunde. Kirchen-{unde: eine Übersicht (Inventar der Fundmünzen der Schweiz, 1), Lau-sanne, 1993.J. FRIEDLAENDER, Miscellen, in Berliner Blâller {ur Münz-, Siegel- undWaffenkunde, 3, 1866. p. 299-300.H. HUVELIN and X. LORIOT, Les trouvailles de monnaies d'or dans l'Occi-dent romain au Il r siècle de noire ère. in C. BRENOT and X. LORIOT (eds),L'or monnayé lll. Trouvailles de monnaies d'or dans l'Occident romain.Acles de la Table Ronde tenue à Paris les 4 el 5 décembre 1987 (CahiersErnest Babelon, 4), Paris, 1992, p. 215-272.J. HIERNARD and J.-Cl. RICHARD, Les lrésors monétaires du Il r siècleaprés Jc-C. d'Aigues-Mories el Saini-Laureni-d'Aiqouze (Gard), in Sympo-sium Numistnalico de Barcelona, 27 y 28 [ebrero 1979, I, Barcelona, 1979,p. 153-189.D. HOLLARD. La thésaurisation du monnayage de bronze de Postumus:structure et chronologie des dépots, in TM, 13, 1992, p. 72-105.H. HUVELlN, Le trésor des « Carmes» à Reims (200-2158 AD), in H. Hu-VELIN, M. CHRISTOL and G. GAUTHIER (eds), Mélanges de numismatiqueofferts à Pierre Bastien à l'occasion de son '75e anniversaire, Wetteren.1987, p. 73-83.J.-P. JACOB, H. LEREDDE and X. LORIOT, Trésors monétaires gallo-ro-mains du département de L'Yonne, in RAECE, 34,3-4, 1983, p. 301-327.H. KOETHE, Zur Geschichle Galliens im drilien Viertel des 3. Jahrhunderls,in BRGK. 32. 1942 (1950), p. 199-224.J. LALLEMAND, Gallaix. in L'Archéologie en Hainaul occidental, 1988-1993(Amicale des archéologues du Hainaut occidental, 5), Ath, 1993, p. 79-83.J. LALLEMAND, De munlschallen van Velzeke, in M. ROGGE and L. BEECK-MANS (red.), Geld uit de grond. Tuieeduizend jaar muntgeschiedenis in Zuid-Oost- Vlaanderen (Publicaties van het Provincîaal Archeologisch Museumvan Zuid-Oost-Vlaanderen - site Velzeke. Buitengewone reeks, 2), Zot-tegem, 1994, p. 74-78.R. LASER, Die râtnischen und {rühbyzanlînù;chen Fundmünzen aus dem Ge-blet der DDR (Schriften zur Ur- and Frühgeschichte, 28), Berlin, 1980,p. 144-145.L. LERAT, Les trésors de monnaies romaines en Franche-Comté, in RAECE.19, 1968, p. 160-163.X. LORIOT, Inventaire provisoire des trésors de monnaies romaines décou-verts en Saône-et-Loire, in BSFN, 32, 6, 1977, p. 205-207.I. PEREIRA, J.-P. BOST and J. HIERNARD, Fouilles de Conimbriqa III.Les monnaies, Paris, 1974, p. 232, n" 3.M. Pv, J. HIERNARD and J.-Cl. RICHARD, Le trésor de Nages-el-Solorgues(Gard), in TM, 5, 1983, p. 117-123.A. ROURE y BONAVENTURA, et al., Troballa d'un conjuni monetari a Vi-lauba (Camos, Pla de l'Estany) , in Etnpurias, 48-50, 1986-1989, p. 268-281.D. SCHAAD (ed.), Le trésor d'Éauze. Bijoux et monnaies du Ilr siècle aprèsJ .-C .• Toulouse. 1992.F. ST'\HELtN, Die Scluueiz in rômisdien Zeil, Basel, 1931.C.H. V. SUTHERLAND, Coinaqe and Currency in Roman Brilain, Oxford-London, 19:~7.

ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 59

Th M. THIRION, Les tresors monétaires gaulois el romains trouvés en Belgique(Cercle d'études numismatiques, travaux, 3), Brussels, 1967.

vH J. VAN HEESCH, De muntcirculaiie iijdens de Rotneinse iijd in hel noorduies-ten oan Gallia Belgica. De civitates van de Neroiërs en de Menapiërs (ca.50 v.C. - 450 n.C} (Koninklijke Musea voor Kunst en Geschiedenis,monografie voor nationale archeologie, Il), Brussels, 1998.

VON KAENEL H.M. VON KAENEL, H. BREM, J.T. ELMER, ei al., Der Mûnzhor! aus demGuisho] in Neflenboch, Anioniniane und Denare oon Sepiimius Seuerus bisPostumus (Zürcher Denkmalpflege Archâologische Monographien, 16),Zürich, 1993.

WEDER M.R. WEDER, Del' Bachofensche Münzschalz (Augst 1884), in Jahres-berichie aus Augst und Koiserauqst, 11, 1990, p. 53-72.

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

BELGIUM1 Anderlecht (Brussel) (15)89, AR coins încluding Valerian, Gallienus BI 659, Th 7

and Postumus.2 Arlon (Luxembourg) 1760, AR and AE coins of which only 7 are BI 731, Th 10

known. Terminus: Postumus (Elmer 593) =AD 265·266.

3 Asper (Oost-Vlaanderen) 1579, large number of coins including sorne of Th 12Deciusand Postumus.

4 Autelbas (Luxembourg) 17th century, AR coinsfrom Valerian to Postu- Th 14mus.

5 Barbeçon (Hainaut) Before 1873, ca. 250 AR coins of which only 5 BI 704,Th 18are known. Terminus: Valerian and Gallienus(Elmer 74 + 85): AD 259-260.

6 Basècles (Hainaut) 1934, 513 coins of which 507 are known from Th 19, DOC,Augustus to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 335, vH p. 223336,337: AD 264-265.

7 Belœil (Hainaut) 1839, coins from? to Valerian and Gallienus, BI 648b, Th 228 Belsele 1892, 1587AR coins of which 1527 are known, Th 23

(Oost-Vlaanderen) from Septimius Severus ta Postumus. Termi-nus: Elmer 332 and 336: AD 263-265.

9 Ben-Ahin (Liège) 1883, 264 coins of which 247 AR are known, Th 24(rom Septimius Severus ta Postumus. Terrni-nus: Elmer 593: AD 265-266.

10 Berlare 1776: several AV coins of Postumus. BI 681,Th 25(005t-Vlaanderen)

Il Blicquy II (Hainaut) 1968, 25 AR coins from lulia Maesa to Valeria- BCEN (1986)nus (RIC 72 + 126) and Gallienus (RIC 148 + p. 1-11178). AD 255-256.

12 Bras (Luxembourg) 1981, 108 coins (2 as, 1 S, 105A) from Hadrian AB (1982) p. 94·to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 333: AD 263. 97, AB (1986)

p.205-21113 Casteau III (Hainaut) 1784, 600-700 coins, only 23 known from Mar- BI 648, Th 43

eus Aurelius to Gallienus (Victoria germanica).AD 259-260.

14 ClavierII (Liège) 1967, 8 coins (hoard'î) from Lucius Verus to Th 47APostumus (Elmer 130 or 186). AD 261.

15 ClavierIII (Liège) 1967, 1085 D + 595 A from Commodus to Gal- Th 47Blienus.Terminus RIC 397, AD 253.

16 Dadizele l 1884, 6 or 7 kg of small bronze coins including Th 52(West-Vlaanderen) Gallienus, Salonina and Postumus.

60 GIJS DE GREEF

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

17 Dailly 1 (Namur) 1856, hoard of 316 coins, only 23 0 and 191 A BI 694, Th 54from Commodus ta Postumus are Imown. Ter-minus: Elmer 313, AD 262.

18 Dailly Il (Namur) 1871 (100 m [rom Dailly 1), unknown number BI 695, Th 55of coins.37 D and 50 A from SeptimiusSeverusta Valerian are known. Terminus: Valerian(RIC 80) and Salonina (2nd western mint), ter-minus between AD 253 and 257.

19 Denderleeuw 1938. 40 AR coins, 3 0 and 17 A from Septi- Th 59(Oost-Vlaanderen) mius Severus ta Postumus are known. Termi-

nus: Elmer 336: AD 262-265.20 Deux-Acren (Hainaut) 150 ft deniers ~ from Julia Maesa to Valerian 1 Th 63

and Il (list of emperors probably incomplete).21 Dranouter 1858. hoard consisting of coins from Pertinax Th 71

(West-Vlaanderen) to Postumus.22 Drongen 1789, over 200 AR coinsof Postumus. BI 673, Th 72

(Oost-Vlaanderen)23 Eben-Emael (Liège) Before 1896, 157 AR coins (possibly not the Th 74

complete hoard) from Gordian 1 (?) to Postu-mus. Terminus: Elmer 317: AD 263-265.

24 Elverdinge Before 1920,hoard of ± 700 AE coins, only 601 Th 80(West-Vlaanderen) are known: 597 S, 3 Dp and 1 as from Vespa- HOLL, p. 96

sian to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 294 (AD261) + imitation of type TR P IlII COS III(AD 269-270).

25 Fontaine-Valmont V Unknown number of AR coins. only 7 D and Th 97(Hainaut) 13 A from Elagabalus to Valerian and Gallie-

nus have been studied. Terminus: Gallienus(Elmer 82): AD 259,260.

26 Forest-lez-Frasnes 1835, hoard endîng with coins of Valerian and Bl648bis(Hainaut) Postumus. Also located in Mortagne. Th 98

27 Gallaix (Hainaut) 1969, 3 0 + 31 A from Septimius Severus to LJ\LL (1993)Valerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Elmer 40,42, 55, 60. 68 =AD 259.

28 Givry l (Hainaut) 1981-1983. 1 AV, 56 0 and 5 A from Septimius Helinium (1984)Severus to Valerian. Terminus: Valerian (RIC p. 247-263; DOC124-125-126): AD 254-256.

29 Givry II (Hainaut) Hoard consisting of at least 162 AE coins from Amphora (1993),Vespasian ta Commodus. Attribution of 2 AE p.26-33imitations of Postumus ta the hoard is uncer- DOCtain.

30 Givry III (Hainaut) 1992, 1014 A from Elagabalus ta Valerian and BCEN (1993)Gallienus. Terminus of AD 259 (Elmer 68, 69f p.25107. 75. 82. 83).

31 Grotenberge 1950,2410 coinsof which 2381 A are identified Th 114(008t- Vlaanderen) (from Gordian III ta Gallienus and Postumus).

Terminus: Postumus (Elmer 561 and 593), Gal-lienus (RIC 206): AD 268.

32 Habay-la-Vieille 1 1990-1991, 99 A from Gordian 1II to Postumus. DOC(Luxembourg) Elmer 332 '" AD 263.

33 Habay-la-Vieille Il 1990-1991 (next to Habay-la-Vieille 1), 37 AE DOC(Luxembourg) and AR coins from Titus to Postumus (Elmer

336). Terminus: AD 262-265

ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 61

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

34 Han-sur-Lesse 1 1851, hoard of ± 50 coins of Postumus. Only 7 BI 692, Th 117(Namur) A are known. Terminus: Elmer 130: AD 261.

(= hoard of Éprave)35 Harchies (Hainaut) 1858, 102 AR coins (24 D, 77 A, 1?) from Faus- BI 637, Th 119

tina 1 to Valerian, Saloninus and Gallienus.Terminus: AD 259-260.

36 Havré (Hainaut) 1886. 3 rings and 7 AE coins from Antoninus Th 123, DOCPius to Postumus.

37 Hensies (Hainaut) 1914, in a tomb, a large number of coins. only Th 12910 A from Gordian III ta Postumus are known.Terminus: Elmer 187: AD 260.

38 Herchies(Hainaut) 1837, ± 40 coins from Augustus ta Postumus. Th 130,Possîbly the same as the hoard of Harchies. vH p. 93

39 Herfelingen 1883-1884, hourd of AR coins from Gordian III BI 656, Th 132(Vlaarns-Brabant) to Postumus.

40 Howardries1 (Hainaut) 1842,2000 AR coins«from the period of the 30 BI 645, Th 139tyrants ».a.o. Valerian,Gallienus and Postumus.Terminusof AD268accordingto Thirion(?)

,JI Howardries II (Hainaut) 1855-1856, hoard of which 43 A from Gordian Th 140III to Postumus are known. Terminus: Elmer336 and 395 = AD 266.

42 HowardriesIII 1953,242 A from Elagabalus to Postumus. Ter- Th 141(Hainaut) minus: Elmer 335, 336, 337 = AD 264-265.

43 Howardries IV 1989-1990, ± 30 A from Gordian III to Gallie- BCEN (1992)(Hainaut) nus (AD 253M2(0). p.34

44 Izenberge 1845. 10 AR coins from Gordian III ta Postu- BI 679. Th 145(West-Vlaanderen) mus (Elmer 336), AD 262-265.

45 Kester 1988, ± 1700 D + A. only 800 studied (from vH, p. 104(Vlaams-Brabant) Pertinax ta Postumus). Terminus AD 260.

46 Kortrijk Il 1897, ± 7 kg of AR coins of which only 300 are Th 155(West-Vlaanderen) known. Hadrian to Postumus (AD 265·266, a.o.

Elmer 593).47 Leerbeek 1873. unknown number 01 coins. 7 D and 81 A Th 151 and 162

(Vlaams-Brabant) from Septimius Severus to Postumus have been'. identified. Elmer 314 and 336 = AD 262M265.

'18 Lichtervelde 1849, 62 AR and 15 AE coins from Tiberius to Th 166(West-Vlaanderen) Postumus. Elmer 383 and 333 or 564-567 =

artel' AD 266.49 Liège (Liège) 1910, 7 A of Postumus (hoard?). Th 16750 Lokeren 1810 or 1819, Clodius Albinus to Postumus Th 169

(Oost-Vlaanderen) (hoard?).51 Longchamps-lez-Bas- 1896, 381 A from Elagabalus to Postumus. BI 688, Th 174

togne (Luxembourg)52 Macquenoise (Hainaut) Possibly 2 boards (2.1 coins from Nera to Pos- Th 177

tumus and 144coins from Maximinus to Postu-mus)?

53 Maisières (Hainaut) Before 1910, known are 241 A from Elagahalus Th li8ta Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 186 and 189:AD 261.

54 Malonne II (Namur) 1916,58 S + 115 A from Domitianus ta Vale- Th 180rian, Saloninusand Gallienus (AD 259-2(0).

55 Mariakerke 1908, 25 Sand 50 (or 51?) A from Domitian ta(Oost-Vlaanderen) Postumus.

62 GIJS DE GREEF

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

56 Marke 1757. a large number of small AE coins of Gal- Th 175 and 185(West-Vlaanderen) lienus.

57 Matagne-la-Grande 1 Before 1995,16 Sand 2 A from Antoninus Pius BCEN (1995)(Namur) ta Postumus. p. 14-15

58 Modave (Liège) 1802, :!: 1200 AR and AE coins from Severus BI 703. Th 201Alexander to Valerian. Gallienus and Postu-mus.

59 Moerbeke-Waas AE coins from Trajan to Gallienus (huard?). Th 203,(Oost-Vlaanderen) vH p. 131

60 Mons (Hainaut) 1912. 242 AR coins from Philippus 1 ta Postu- Th 205mus.

61 Montrœul-sur-Ha ine 1846, 3937 coins: 400 S. 600 D, 2037 A from BI 638, Th 207(Hainaut) Trajan to Postumus.

62 Namur III (Namur) 1939, in a tomb: 6 D + 1 A (Republic ta Salo- Th 216nina). Terminus: Salonina (RIC 29): AD 254-258.

63 Namur (Namur) 1974, 55 A from Gordian III to Postumus. Ter- BCEN (1982)minus: Elmer 129and 133=AD 261. p.50-58

64 Nismes (Namur) 26 S. 2 Dp, 2 as and 2 A from Domitian ta Gal- Th 219lienus(RIC 1(3) and Postumus. AD 267-268. HOLL. p. 94

65 Noordschote 1857, 136 AR coins from Septirnius Severus ta BI 663. Th 224(West-Vlaanderen) Gallienus.

66 Péruwelz (Hainaut) 1845, hoard ending with coins of Valerian or BI 648bis,Th 239Postumus.

67 Petigny II (Namur) 1955. ± 8 tOO coins of which 93 are known: 88 Th 242,S from Domitian ta Maximinus, 1 A of Saloni- HOLL, p. 93na and 2 A + 2 S (imitations) of Postumus. El-mer 129 or 185=AD 261.

68 Petit-Rechain (Liège) 1883, 55 A from Pupienus ta Valerian, Saloni- Th 244nus and Gallienus, AD 259-260.

69 Ploegsteert 1970, unknown nurnber of coins (at least 42 ta HOLL, p. 100(West-Vlaanderen) 45 AE). Only 5 identified: 1 S of SeptirniusSe-

verus and 4 imitations of double S of Postu-mus. Terminus: AD 266-267.

70 Pommeroeul1 1969, 138 A from Gordian III to Valerian, Sa- BCEN (1982)(Hainaut) loninus, Valerian II divus and Gallienus. AD p. 70-83

258-260.71 Pommeroeul III 179 A + 2 imitations, from Gordian III ta Pos- LALL (1982)

(Hainaut) tumus, Terminus: Elmer 130 =AD 261.72 Pommeroeul V 1980. 28 AR from SeptimiusSeverus ta GaIlie- Helinium (1984)

(Hainaut) nus (Elmer 47). AD 257-258. p.53-6773 Pommeroeul VIII 1970,99 A (complete?) from Elagabalus to Va- vH, p. 160

(Hainaut) lerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Elmer 81 =AD DOC259-260.

74 Pommeroeul IX 100 m from Pommeroeul VIII, 1 D + 350 A vll, p. 160(Hainaut) from Elagabalus ta Postumus. Elmer 123-125: DOC

AD 260.75 Pommeroeul X 1987, AR coins from Septimius Severus ta Gal- vH, p. 158

(Hainaut) lienus, only 37 are known. Terminus: Salonina DOC(Elmer 60): AD 257-258.

76 Quaregnon(Hainaut) 1976. 15 A from Gordian III ta Valerian and BCEN (1982)Saloninus. Terminus: Elmer 74 and 107 = AD p. 6-10259-260.

ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 63

n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

77 Riemst (Limburg) 1905, 200 coins including 110 A and 2 AE of Th 250,Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 568-569: AD 268. HOLL, p. 95

78 Saint-Mard III Before 1938, at least 35 A from Volusian to Th 258(Luxembourg) Gallienus and Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 565

and 567: AD 268.79 Sars-la-Buissière 1860, hoard of AR coins including Trebonius, Th 264

(Hainaut) Gallus (sic), Trajanus, Decius (sic) and Vale-rian.

80 Sint-Truiden t9th century: AR «médailles ~ of Valerian II. BI 686bis, Th 271(Limburg) Also located in Tongeren.

81 Thulin 1 (Hainaut) 1862, in a tomb: 535 AR coins from Septimius BI 639, Th 294Severus ta Gallienus (Elmer 39). AD 257-258.

82 Thulin II (Hainaut) 1878, 1 D + 697 A from Iulia Maesa ta Postu- BI 640, Th 295mus (only 157 coins have been identified). Ter-minus: Elmer 563 and 569: AD 268. (Alsolocated in Montrœul-sur-Haine).

83 Tilff (Liège) 1893,± 300 A but only 20 known from Gordian BI 712, Th 160III to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 187: AD260.

84 Tournai III (Hainaut) 1826 or 1827. hoard ending with Valerian or BI 648bis, Th 304Postumus.

85 Velzeke 1 1966-1967: unknown number of coins, 1 D and Helinium (1971)(Oost-Vlaanderen) 236 A have been identified. From Caracalla ta p. 48-60. LALL

Valerian, Saloninus and Gallienus, Terminus = (1994) p. 74-75AD 259-260. (= hoard of Oombergen).

86 Velzeke II 1971, 593 D + 538 A from Trajan to Postumus. BCEN (1974)(Oost-Vlaanderen) Terminus: Elmer 335, 336, 337 = AD 264-265. p. 12-15; LALL

(1994) p. 76-7887 Velzeke IV 1997,91 D + 93 A from Clodius Albinusto Pos- DOC

(Oost-Vlaanderen) tumus. Terminus: Cunetio le: AD 261.88 Viesville (Hainaut) 1858, 64 A from Gordian III to Valerian rand BI 650, Th 311

Il, Saloninus and Gallienus. AD 258-260.89 Villerot1 (Hainaut) 1841, AR coins of Septimius Severus, Gallienus Th 312

and Salonina.90 Villerot Il (Hainaut) 1842, hundreds of AV, AR and AE coins from Th 313

Antoninus Pius to Postumus.91 Virginal-Samme 1862, at least 800 A from Caracalla to Gallienus BI 657, Th 314

(Brabant Wallon) (= hoard of Tubize).92 Vitrival (Namur) Beîore 1859, 3 D + Il A from Severus Alexan- BI 696, Th 315

der to Gallienus. Terminus: Elmer 26: AD 257-258.

93 Vlaanderen Found somewhere in Flanders, 221 coins from Amphora (1986)Gallienus III to Postumus (or Vîctorninus?)are p.29-36known. Terminus: Elmer 571, 591, 597 = AD269.

94 Waasmunster 1750. 22 A of Postumus, only 1 coin known: Th 319(Oost-Vlaanderen) Elmer 381, AD 266.

95 Waudrez Il (Hainaut) 1970, 16 AR and AE coins from Nerva to Va- vH, p. 220lerian and Gallienus (hoard1). Terminus: Elmer DOC76, AD 259-260.

96 Werken 1898, hoard of 96 S, 1 Dp and 5 A from Dom- Th 331;(West-Vlaanderen) itianus to Gallienus and Postumus. AD 266- HaLL, p. 95

267.

64 GIJS DE GREEF

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

97 West-Vlaanderen 1994, sornewhere in the province, hoard of 303 vH, p. 223A (complete?) from Gordian III ta Postumus, DOCElmer 593. AD 265-266.

98 Wijtschate 1845, 1000 ta 1200 AR coins [rom Trajan to BI 664, Th 335(West-Vlaanderen) Postumus.

99 Wodecq 1 (Hainaut) 1895-1900, only 288 AR coins known from a Th 91atotal of ± 8 600. Vespasian ta Postumus (Elmer RBN (1980)125 and 126). AD 260 (= hoard of Flobecq). p. 69-95.

100 Wodecq II (Hainaut) 217 D + A known(assumed ta be ± 2/7th of the Th 160entire hoard) from Septimius Severus ta Vale- RBN (1980)rian (= hoard of Lahamaide). p.69-95

101 Wommelgem 1631,a large number of coins from Caracalla to Th 341(Antwerpen) Valerian and Gallienus.

102 Zingem 1858, ± 8 400 A from Philippus 1 ta Postumus. Th 345, Amphora(Oost-Vlaanderen) Terminus: Elmer 563, 565, 593 =AD 268. (1988) p. 34-36GERMANY

103 Alzey 1938, hoard consisting of pearls, golden ear- FMRD, IV, 1005(Rheinland-Pfalz) rings, 1 AE and 381 AR coins from Geta to

Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 568 =AD 268.104 Bingen 1912, numerous AR coins but only 76 known: FMRD, IV, 1059

(Rheinland-Pîalz) 47 D and :~O A from the Republic ta TrajanDecius or Postumus (uncertain). 263 AD.

105 Bollendorf Hoard ending with coins of Postumus (uncer- KOETBE, p. 213(Rheinland-Pfalz) tain).

106 Bonn 1896, coinsof Gallienus (36), Salonina (2), Salo- BJ (1897)(Nordrhein-W.) ninus (14) and Postumus (2). Terminus: Elmer p.176-177

133-189 (Postumus) and RIC 61 (Salonina): 81748AD 2B2-263.

107 Cottbus Alter 1850, unknown number of coins: only 13 FM RD, XI, 3039(Brandenhurg) D + A are identified. From Caracalla ta Gallie-

nus and Saloninus. Terminus: AD 258-260.108 Daxweiler 1830, hoard ending with coins from Valerian Il Germania (1942)

(Rheinland-PfaIz) (AD 256-258). p. 157KOETHE. p. 209

109 Diepholz 1910, 1 A of Gallienus and 6 A of Postumus. FMRD, VII,(Niedersachsen) Terminus: Elmer 566 and 567: AD 268-269. 4006

110 Ditzingen 1821, unknown number of coins: only 7 coins FMRD, II, '1296(Baden-W.) from Gordian III to Saloninusare known. Pro-

bable terminus: AD 258-260.111 Donauwôrth 1949, Il A from Valerian to Postumus. Terrni- FMRD, 1, 7071

(Bayern) nus: Elmer 592 = AD 268.112 Eining III Hoard supposed ta he found in the casiellum of FMRD. 1,2036

(Bayern) Eining and associated with the invasionsof AD259-260 (very doubtful).

113 Flamersheim 1881, hundreds of D and A from Septimius Se- BI 745(Nordrhein-W.) verus to Gallienus. Terminus: AD 258 (?).

114 Giessma nnsdorf 1850,unknown numher of coins: only 7 A iden- FMRD, XI, 3028(Brandenburg) tified, from Caracalla ta Valerian (RIC 117 and

256), Gallienus (RIC 40) and Salonina (RIC 5).Terminus: AD 258.

115 Gymnich Befare 1866, 180 AR coins from Gordian III to FRIEDL., p. 299-(Nordrhein-W.) Valerian. Gallienus and Saloninus. Probable 300

terminus: AD 258-260.

ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 65

n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

116 Halle-Dôlau Hoard (?) of ± 20 coins, only 4 A known from LASER, p. 250~(Sachsen-Anhalt) Trajan Decius to Valerian and Gallienus. 251

117 Heidelberg-Neuenheim 1897, 130 (or 141) AR coins known (probably FMRD, II. 1064(Baden-W.) half the completehoard) froma coin of the city

of Terina (4th century BC) ta Postumus. Ter-minus: either Elmer 333 (AD 263) or Elmer564 (AD 268).

118 Irnsing(Bayern) 7 A of the sole reign of Gallienus. FMRD, 1. 2045119 Kempten-Burgtall 1852, ± 800 AR coins and 6 AV. Only a small FMRD, I. 7189

(Bayern) number of coins is known: from Septimius Se-verus ta Gallienus and Salonina.

120 Klugham 1852, unknown number of coins. Only 2 D and FMRD, I, lt78(Bayern) 31 A have been identified, from Caracalla ta

Valerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Gallienus(RIe 410 F) =AD 254-256.

121 Leimersheim Hl27, severalabjectsand 365D+AfromCaracal- FMRD, IV, 2069(Rheinland-Pfalz) la ta Postumus.Terminus: Elmer385: AD266.

122 Mainz 1886, hoard of 3220 coins of which 1871 D + A BI 802(Rheinland-Pfalz) are known. From Antoninus Pius to Postumus. FMRD, IV, 1164

Terminus: Elmer 336 and 337: AD 264-265.123 Mettenbach Before 1846, small number of AR coins. 28 A FMRD, l, 2075

(Bayern) from Gordian III to Valerian are known. Ter-minus; Valerian (RIC 90): AD 255-256.

124 Mürlenbach 1886. hoard consisting of 226 D from Clodius Bl762(Rheinland-Pfa Iz) Albinus to Gordian Ill, 426 A from Caracalla

to Gallîenus and 2 S from Trajan and Antoni-nus Pius. Terminus: Saloninus: AD 258-260.

125 Neuhofen 1924. hoard of 353 A from Caracalla ta Vale- FMRD, IV, 2219(Rheinland-Pfalz) rian and Gallienus. Terminus: Valerian (RIC

241) and Gallienus (RIC 377) =AD 254.126 Niederbieber l 1900, in the caslelIum, sorne abjects and 192 A HJ (1901) p. 95-

(Rheinland-Pfalz) from Caracalla ta Valerian (AD 254-256). It is 131possible that alsoan AfromGallienus makespartof this huard (Iovi viclori imp ces, AD257-258).

127 Niederbieber II 1900, in the casiellum, 88 D and :JOI A from BJ (1901) p. 95-(Rheinland-Pfalz) Clodius Alhinus ta Valerian, Gallienus and Sa- 131

loninus. Terminus: AD 259-260.128 Niederbieber III 1906,bronze kettle, sornesilver plates and 900 EJ (1911) p. 273

(Rheinland-Pfalz) AR coins. Hoard dated AD 259-260 (?).129 Olgishofen 1797, a great number of AR coins. 1 D, 40 A FMRD, t, 7160

(Bayern) and 2 S from Caracalla to Gallienus are known.Dated AD 25-259.

130 Pfakofen Unknown number of coins, only 32 D and 3 A FMRD. 1, 3040(Bayern) have been identified. From Antoninus Pius ta

Salonina (RIC fi5): AD 258-260.131 Poppelsdorf 1876, 1 D of Severus Alexander and 211 A HJ (1876) p. 155-

(Nordrhein-W.) from Gordian III ta Postumus (AD 260-262). 159; Bl 749132 Ramsen 1892, over 1000 AH coins.A list of 1224 D + A FMRD, IV, 2120

(Rheinland-Pfalz) fromTrajan to Postumus was compiled. Termi-nus: Postumus (Elmer 337 =only type exactlyknown), AD 264-265.

66

PLACE

GIJS DE GREEF

DESCRIPTION BIBL.

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

Regensburg III(Bayern)

Regensburg IV(Bayern)

Schlier-Oherankenreute(Baden-W.)Schwarzenacker II(Saarland)

Schwege(Niedersachsen)Spesbach(Rheinland-Pfalz)

Stegelitz(Sachsen-Anhalt)

Steingaden(Bayern)

Süderbrarup(Schleswig-Holstein)Thüngersheirn(Bayern)

Trier(Rheinland-Pfalz)

Trier(Rheinland-Pfalz)Unterammergau II(Bayern)Wiesbaden II(Hessen)

Winnefeld(Niedersachsen)

Xanten (Nordrhein-W)

1832, a large number of coins, only 3 D and115 A which might belong ta this hoard havebeen identified. From Faustina 1 diva to Vale-rian II âious and Saloninus: AD 259-260.1864, over 300 coins but only 1 0 and 55 Afrom Julia Domna to Gallienus' sole reign (orNumerian?) are known,19th century, 46 AR coins, only 20 from Septi-mius Severus ta Gallienus are known.1915, hoard of 4811 0 and A from Caracalla toGallienus and Postumus. Terminus: Postumus,coins Irom the Cunetio-emissions lIa and Ilh:AD 262.'1907, hoard of 54 coinsof which 35 Wall Id havebeen struck between AD 253 and 268.1898, 1 D + 41 A from Diadumenian ta Postu-mus. Terminus: coins of Cunetio-emission le ofPostumus: AD 261.1845, possible hoard but only 4 coins areknown: Septimius Severus (1 0), Macrinus(1 D) and Gallienus (2 A). AD 259.1902, hoard ± 2400 AR coins, mostly of Septi-mius Severus. Only 21 coins are known (Faus-tina 1 ta Volusian), but another 463 D and Amight belongto the same hoard (SeptimiusSe-verus ta Valerian).Before 1926, 69 A and 2 AE from Elagabalusta Gallienus and Postumus.1885-1886, 8 aurei and a golden [ibula werefound. Antoninus Pius (1), Faustina II (1), Gal-lienus (5), Valerian II (1). Terminus: Gallienus(RIC 5, 16,69 var, 74) = AD 263.1969, hoard of at least 212 A from Valerian toPostumus. Terminus: Postumus Cunetio-ernis-sion V, AD 268.1882,60 S from Vespasian ta Postumus.

19th century: tools and coins; 1854: a swordand 2 A of Gallienus (same hoardî).1903, only 2 D and 12 A known: Iulia Mamaeato Valerian and Gallienus. Terminus: Valerian(RIC 89), Gallienus (RIC 56), Salonina (RIC7): AD 258-259.1879, hoard of 133 coins of which 117 AE areknown (from Trajan ta Postumus). Terminus:Postumus RIC 107 and 179, AD 261.1848, hoard of 174 0 and 157 A from Comme-dus ta Gallienus.

FMRD, l, 3081

FMRD, J, 3082

FMRD, II,3153

FlV!RD, III, 1023

FMRD, VII,1070

FMRD, IV, 2102

LASER, p. 144-145

FMRD, I, 7196

FMRD, vm,1081FMRIJ, I, 6110

TZ (1972) p. 127-133

BI 769; HaLLp. 101FMRD, 1, 1103

FMRD, V, 1257

FMRD, VII,7051

BI 739

FRANCE

149 ? Hoard of unknownorigin,736 AE (almost ail of HOLL, p. 103Postumus) but only 52 are known: 1 as of Phi-lippus land 51 doubleS or Postumus. AD 267.

ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 67

n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

ISO Saverne 1880, 168 AR from Elagabalus ta Gallienus, BI suppl 1302(Alsace, Bas-Rhin) dated AD 260. BA (1926)

p. 153-163151 Lutterbach 1978, unknown numher of coins, only 182 D Gallia (1984)

(Alsace, Haut-Rhin) and 602 A from Commodus to Gailienus are p.267known (probably less than 1/3th of the entirehoard). Terminus: AD 258-259.

152 Ostheirn-Horburg 1634, 1800coinsof Valerian. Gallienus, Saloni- BI suppl 1328(Alsace, Haut-Rhin) na and Postumus.

153 Raedersheim 5 kg of coins from GordianIII ta Gallienus (AD Pv, n° 1(Alsace, Haut-Rhin) 253-260).

154 Saint-Amarin Between 1850and 1860: 50 coinsof Gallienus. BI suppl 1310.(Alsace, Haut-Rhin)

155 Sentheim1 1850, hoard of the reign of Gallienus. BI suppl 1311(Alsace, Haut-Rhin)

156 Sentheim II 1909, 200 ta 300 coinsfrom Gordian III to Gal· BI suppl 1312(Alsace, Haut-Rhin) lienus(AD 253-260).

157 Boisse Before 1851, large number of AE « médailles & TAF, VI,(Aquitaine, Dordogne) of Gordian and Postumus. Dordogne, 3

158 La Chapelle-Aubareil 1939, ± 200 D + A from Septimius Severus ta TAF. VI,(Aquitaine, Dordogne) Postumus. Terminus: Elmer 299 =AD 262. Dordogne, 4

159 Bordeaux 1866, find of 5 A: Philippus Il Caesar(1), Va- TAF, VI,(Aquitaine, Gironde) lerian (2), Salonina (2). Hoard? Gironde, 44

160 Bordeaux 1 1801, hoard of 43 golden coins of which 41 TAF, VI,(Aquitaine, Gironde) AV from Vespasian ta Valerian and Gallienus Gironde, 6

are known. Terminus: Valerian (RIC 55) andGallienus (RIC 73,93,97) =AD 257-259.

161 Escoussans 1957, unknown number of coins, only 26 A TAF, VI,(Aquitaine. Gironde) from Philippus1 ta Postumus are known. Dat- Gironde, 18

ed AD 260-262.162 Vayres 1900, unknown hoard of (Roman?) coins. 4 Tf1F, VI,

(Aquitaine, Gironde) known A might come from this Iind: from Gor- Gironde, 38dian III ta Gallienus (AD253-2(0).

163 Momuy 1850, hoard of 3000 to 4000coins(A?) from the TAF, VI,(Aquitaine, Landes) reign of Gallienus. Landes.8

164 Poyartin Belore 1884, hoard of coins of Gallienus and TAF, VI.(Aquitaine, Landes) «empereurs contemporains ~. Landes, 12

165 Montaut (Aquitaine, 1900, findof 200 to 300 AE coinsof which only TAF, VI, Lot-et-Lot-et-Garonne) 10 (from Nerota Gallienus) arc known. Garonne, 12

166 Pyrénées 1865. somewhere in the department, 19kg of D TAF, VI, Pyr.Atiantiques (Aquitaine) and A from Sabina and Aelius Caesarta Gallie- Atlantiques, 8

nus and Saloninus.167 Avermes II 1986, hoard of 5 kg of coins(± 1200). Only 762 TAF, VII, Allier,

(Auvergne, Allier) A from Gordian III ta Postumus and Claudius 2II arc known. Terminus: AD 268-269.

168 Besson 1900, hoard of 193 Sand 3 as or Dp, from Tra- TAF, VII, Allier,(Auvergne. Allier) jan ta Valerian. together with a small AR bra- 3

celet.169 Broût-Vernet 1824, board or 493 D + A. from Marcos Aure- TA F, VII, Allier,

(Auvergne, Allier) lius(Consecratio) ta Valerian 1and II, Saloninus 6and Gallienus.

68 GIJS DE GREEF

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

170 Cindré Before 1898, unknown number of AR coins TAF, VII, Allier,(Auvergne, Allier) from Gordian, Philippus, Gallienus and ~ autres 49

empereurs de ce temps e.171 Dompierre-sur-Besbre 1 1895, find of hundreds AR coins but only two TAF. VII, Allier.

(Auvergne, Allier) small parts from the hoard are known. From 7Elagabalus to Gallienus and Valerian II (andNumerÎan?). Probable terminus: AD 256-258.

172 Dornpierre-sur-Bresbre 1910, hoard of 19 kg of AR and AE coins TAF, VII, Allier,II (probably ± 2100 AR and 1500 AE). lnventory 8(Auvergne, Allier) of 1750 coins from Trajan ta Quietus and Pos-

tumus (or Claudius II?).173 Mercy II 1891. ± 600 S from Trajan to Postumus. TAF, VII, Allier,

(Auvergne, Allier) 14174 Néris-les-Bains 1847, possible hoard of which only 4 A (Philip- TAF, VII, Allier.

(Auvergne, Allier) pus II to Saloninus)are known (doubtrul). 56175 Saint-Loup 1855, a large number of AR coins from Com- TA F. VII, Allier,

(Auvergne. Allier) modus (?) to Postumus (= hoard of Echerolles 26or La Ferté-Hautrive).

176 Saligny-sur-Raudon 1888, ± 300 AR coins but only 243 (or 202?) A TA F. VII, Allier,(Auvergne, Allier) are known, from Geta or Maerinus to Postu- 27

mus. Dated AD 261.177 Sauvagny 1892, hoard constisting of jewels in gold and TA F, VII, Allier,

(Auvergne. Allier) silver and an uncertain number of AR and AE 28coins (from Nero ta Postumus).

178 Vichy l 1852, find of 122 D + A from Geta to Gallienus. TAF. VII, Allier,(Auvergne. Allier) 32

179 Allègre Some hundred coins from Hadrian to Valerian, TAF, VII,(Auvergne. Haute-Loire) Gallienus and Salonina. Haute-Loire, 16

180 Saint-Privat-d'Allier 1864, 16 AH and AE coins found in a tomb, TAF, VII,(Auvergne, Haute-Loire) from Trajan ta Valerian and Gallienus (AD Haute-Loire, 15

259-260).181 Sanssac-l'Eglise 1975, hoard of 39 A from Gordian III to Vale- TAF, VII,

(Auvergne. Haute-Loire) rian II (AD 256-258). Haute-Loire, 10182 Clermont-Ferrand II Between 1880-1890: find of 600 ta 700 A. 579 TAF, VIl,

(Auvergne, Puy-de-Dô- coins from Gordian III ta Postumus are known. Puy-de-Dôme. 3me) Terminus: AD 261.

183 Miremont(Auvergne, 1859, hoard of 6 to 7 kg coins (probably A). TAF. VII,Puy-de-Dôme) « près tous les souverains de l'anarchie militaire Puy-de-Dôme. 5

comprise entre les années 211 et 268~. Men-tioned are Elagabalus and Gallienus.

184 Saint-Beauzire (Auver- 1826, find of 500 to 600 A. Only 123 coins[rom TAF. VII.gne, Puy-de-Dôme) Gordian III ta Valerian, Gallienus and Saloni- Puy-de-Dôme, Il

nus are known.185 Carpiquet (Basse-Nor- 1970, unknown number of coins. Known are 52 HOLL. p. 100

mandie, Calvados) AE from Hadrian to Postumus.186 Douvres-la-Dèlivrande II 1952, linard of 15 kg, coins mostly of Postu- CAG, Calvados.

(Basse-Norm., Calvados) mus. 226187 La Garenne (Basse-Nor- 1851, find of ± 40 S of which 2 of Cornmodus HOLL, p. 100

mandie, Calvados) and 7 or 8 of Postumus.188 Le Manoir (Basse-Nor- 1850. hoard of ,125 S from Vespasian to Gallie- CAG. Calvados,

mandie, Calvados) nus. 497189 Mosles (Basse-Norman- 1878, ± 220 Roman coins [rom AD 244 to 267. CAG, Calvados,

die, Calvados) 604

ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 69

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

PLACE

Courcy (Basse-Norman-die, Manche)Eurqueville (Basse-Nor-mandie, Manche)Lapenty (Basse-Nor-mandie,Manche)Le Vicel (Basse-Nor-mandie, Manche)

Marigny (Basse-Nor-mandie, Manche)

Montmartin-en-Graignes(Basse-Normandie, Man-che)Regneville-sur-Mer(Basse-Normandie, Man-che)Saint-Martin-de-Varre-ville (Basse-Normandie.Manche)Sottevast (Basse-Normandie, Manche)

Urville (Basse-Norman-die. Manche)

Valognes l (Basse-Nor-mandie, Manche)Valognes II (Basse-Nor-mandie, Manche)

Ampilly-le-Sec(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or)Arceau(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or)Beaune(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or)Clamerey(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or)

Esbarres(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or)

Fontaines-les-Sèches(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or)

Molesmes(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or)

DESCRIPTION

1835, ± 200 coinsof Postumus.

1809, small find of coins (A?) of the reign ofGallienus.Unknownnurnber of AR and AE coins,only 25known from Antoninus Pius to Postumus.1772, find of 2 golden spoons, ± 1000 AR coinsuntil Gallienus and a large number of coins ofGallienus and his family. Only 10 coins areknown (Augustusto Lucius Verus). Also knownas the hoard of Valcanville.1844, a large number of AE coins but only fiare known (Trajan ta Gallienus) (= hoard ofCarantilly).1800, find of ± 40 as and S of which 18 areknown: Antoninus Pius (1), Marcus Aurelius(1), Postumus (Hl).Hoard of ± 100 A from Caracalla ta Gallienus.

1822, find of sorne 40 AR coins. Hoard eitherfrom Septimius Severus to Gallienus or fromSeptimiusSeverus to Probus.1819, find of 3000 to 5000 AR coins but onlysorne 2000 are known, from Vespasian to Vale-rian 1 and II, Saloninus, Gallienus and Postu-mus (only 1 coin - terminus AD 260?).1836, hoard of 452 A from Caracalla ta Gallie-nus and Postumus (probably = hoard of Monte-bourg).1705, hoard of ± 25 4 livres ~ of Roman coinsfrom Hadrian ta Postumus.1853, hoard or34t A from lulia Domna to Pos-tumus.

Hoard of 310 coins from Gordian III ta Gallie-nus (AD 253-2(0).Hoard of 185 coins from Elagabalus ta Gallie-nus (AD 253-260).Small hoard with coins frorn Balbinus to Vale-rian and Gallienus (AD 253-2(0).1974, hoard of 2 D and 1548 A from Caracallato Valerianand Gallienus. Terminus: Elmer 74-75, 82-88, 96-97, 107=AD 259-260.1979, Iind of 2 rings, a double hook in bronzeand 6 D, 224 A and 6 S from Trajan to Vale-rian, Saloninus and Gallienus. Terminus: AD259-260.1937, hoard of 103 AE coins (Trajan to Fausti-na II) and a small number of AR coins (Balbi-nus to Valerian and Gallienus).Find of a hundred coins from Gordian III toValerian and Gallienus (Ad 253-260).

BIBL.

CAG, Manche,140BI suppl?

BI suppl 1163

CAG, Manche,354bis

CAG, Manche,236

HOLL, p. 100CAG, Manche,401CAG, Manche,275

BI 429CAG. Manche,445BI 426CAG, Manche, 99

BI suppl t166GAG, Manche,263GAG, Manche,570BI suppl 1164GAG, Manche,570Py, n" 17

Py, n" 11

Pv, n' 14

TM (1980)p.9-29

TM (1993)p.9-16

BI suppl 1038

70 GIJS DE GREEF

n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

209 Montliot-et-Courcelles Hoard of 55 Sand 16 A from Trajan ta Gallie- Py, n" 18(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) nus (AD 253-260).

210 Nuits-Saint-Georges 1931, hoard of 124 D and 1137 A from Clodius BI suppl 1029(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) Albinus to Gallienus and Valerian 1and Il. Ter-

minus: AD 256-260.211 Orgeux 1987, a unknown number of coins. Known are Gallia (1968)

(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) 194A from Gordian III to Valerian and Gallie- p. 486nus.

212 Plombières-lès-Dijon Hoard of 665 coins (Septimius Severus to Pos- BI suppl I03!(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) tumus).

213 Quèrnigny-sur-Seine 1896, hoard of 129 AR coins from Gordian III si seo(Bourgogne, COte-d'Or) ta Saioninus. Terminus: AD 258-260.

214 Varois-et-Chaignot Hourd of 1034 coins but only 180 are known BI suppl 1028(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) (Vitellius to Valerian and Saloninus). Termi-

nus: AD 258-260.215 Vertault 1 1880, find of 45 A (Elagabalus ta Valerian). CH (1976)

(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) p. 70, n" 281216 Vertault II 1890, îind of 1 AE e médaille 0 of Lucius Verus CH (1976)

(Bourgogne, Côte-d'Or) and 169 AE coins from Augustus to Postumus. p. 69, n"259HOLL, p. 101

217 Vitteaux Hoard consisting of over 200 coins [rom Anto- BI suppl 1040(Bourgogne. Côte-d'Or) ninus Pius ta Valerian, Gallienus and Salonina.

218 Chatenay-Saint-Imbert 1885, find of 80 coins [rom Severus Alexander 81268(Bourgogne, Nièvre) ta Valerian li and Saloninus. Terminus: AD

258-260.219 Coulanges-les-Nevers 1802, hoard consisting of 2 golden rings, 1 sil- BI 269

(Bourgogne, Nièvre) ver neeklace, 1 aureus of SeptimiusSeverusand352 AR coins from Marcus Aurelius to Vale-rian,

220 Entrains 1890, hoard consistingof coinsof Postumus. BI 281(Bourgogne, Nievre)

221 Luzy 1876. hoard of 80 AR coins and 200 S (Trajan BI 275(Bourgogne. Nièvre) to Valerian and Gallienus).

222 Marié-le-Grand 187G, hoard (Elagahalus to Postumus). BI277(Bourgogne, Nièvre)

223 Millay 1883, 16 S and AR coins from Hadrian to Va- BI 276(Bourgogne, Nièvre) lerian. BI suppl 1048

224 Oisy Before 1939, :!: 70 A but only '14 examined. BSFN (1988)(Bourgogne. Nièvre) Gordian III to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer p. 341-345

322 and 336 = AD 263-265.225 Raveau t957, hoard of 10 D and 179 A from Hadrian RN (1958)

(Bourgogne, Nièvre) to Valerian, Gallienus and Saloninus. Terrni- p. 193-196; RNnus: AD 258-260 (= hoard of Forêt de Bre- (1961) p. 178tagne).

226 Alleriot 11 (Bourgogne, 1858, board of200to 300ARcoinsfromHadrian BI suppl 1057Saône-et-L.) or AntoninusPius ta Valerianand Gallienus. LORIOT, n" 2

227 Autun (Bourgogne, 1614, hoard of several jewelsand silverware to- BSFN (1985)Saône-et-L.) gether with AH and AV coins (at least aurei p.603-G07

from Philippus II and Gallienus).228 Autun V (Bourgogne, 1956. find of 63 coins from Elagabalus to Va- LORIOT, n°8

Saône-et-L.) lerian and Gallienus (AD 253-260).

ROMAN COIN BOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 71

n"

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

210

241

242

243

244

245

PLACE

Curtil-sous-Burnand(Bourgogne,Saône-et-L}

Étrîgny 1(Bourgogne,Saône-et-L)

La Chapelle-sous-Bran-cion (Bourgogne,Saône-et-L)La Comelle 1(Bourgogne,Saône-et-L)Le Breuil (Bourgogne,Saône-et-Lj

Mâcon l(Bourgogne,Saône-et-L')Mâcon II (Bourgogne,Saône-et-L)Mâcon III (Bourgogne,Saône-et-L)

Ouroux-sur-Sâone ](Bourgogne,Saône-ct-L)Ouroux-sur-Sâone Il(Bourgogne,Saône-et-L)Pierreclos(Bourgogne,Saône-et-L)Saint-Boil(Bourgogne,Saône-et-L)Verjux 1(Bourgogne,Saône-et-L.)Verjux Il (Bourgogne,Saône-et-L]

Chemilly-sur-Vonne(Bourgogne, Yonne)Grimault(Bourgogne, Yonne)

Joigny(Bourgogne, Yonne)

DESCRIPTION

1979, unknown number of coins, only 84 Awere examined (Gordian ]JI to Valerian andGallienus). Terminus: Elmer 83 '" AD 259·260.1844, hoard of 2 silver bracelets, 3 golden ringsand almost 200 AR coins from Gordian III toValerian and Postumus.• Probable terminus:Saloninus: AD 258-260.1951, small hoard of fi A from Gordian III toGailienus and Valerianus II. Terminus: AD256-260.1770, hoard consisting of coins from Gordian taPostumus.

1858, several AR and AE coins. Only 3 ARcoinsknown(Trajan, Iulia Mamaea, Gallienus).1764, hoard consisting of ± 30000 AR coinsfr.om the Republic to Gallienus, ± 15 aurei andseveral abjects in AE, AR and AV.1867, hoard consisting of 189 AR coins (Anto-ninus Pius to Gallienus).1873, find of 14 AR en 8 AE coins (MarcosAurelius ta Valerian 1 and Il) together with asilver bracelet and a golden ring.1884, hoard of ± 50 AR coins (Gordian III -Valerian and Gallienus).

Hoard of 352 AR coins from Faustina II to Va-lerian, Gallienus and Saloninus. Probable termi-nus: AD 258-260.1898, hoard of 27 AR and 93 AE coins (Trajanto Postumus).

1980, hoard consisting of 7 D + 515 A (Septi-mius Severus ta Postumus) and several jewels.Terminus: AD 263.1988-1990, 140S (Nerva to SeverusAlexander),6 D and 644 A (AntoninusPius to ValerianandGallienus),Before 1990, hoard consisting of 1 D of Cara-calla and 572 A from Gordian III ta Valerian Iand Il, Gallienus and Saloninus. Probable ter-minus: AD 258-260.1950-1955, hoard of ± 200 A, only 50 studied(Gordian III to Postumus).1952, hoard of 437 coins (mostly A) from IuliaDamna (reign of Caracalla) to Postumus (a.o.coinsof the 9th TR P). Terminus: AD 268.1946-1954, group of 285 S (?) and 1 Dp froman unknown hoard. Domitian to Valerian andGallienus.

BIBL.

TM (1993)p. 17-19

LORIOT, n" 24

CAG, Saône-et-Loire, 528

LORIOT, n" 19

LORIOT, n" 13

81284,LORIOT, n" 32

BI 289,LORIOT, n" 13LORIOT, n' 13

LORIOT, n"40

Pv, n" 42

LORIOT, n' 42HÛLL, p. 102

CAG, Saône-ct-Loire, 39

Gallia lnîorm.,Bourgogne (1994-1995), p. 176.CAG, Saône-et-Loire, 571

JACOB, n" 17

Gallia (195:{)p. 163~164

JACOB, n' 69

72 GIJS DE GREEF

n PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

246 Lailly 1903, hoard of over 120 AR coins but only 88 BI suppl 1042(Bourgogne, Yonne) are known (Elagabalus ta Valerian II divus). JACOB, n"25

Alsocoin of Probus?247 Migennes 1847, hoard of 1200 to 1500coins(probably A) JACOB, n"31

(Bourgogne, Yonne) from Gordian III to Postumus. Location uncer-tain, possibly in Laroche-Saint-Cydroine.

248 Noyers-sur-Serein 1952, 1 D and 436 A from lulia Domna (reign JACOB, n"38(Bourgogne. Yonne) of Caracalla) to Postumus. Terminus: Elmer

332 and 336 = AD 263~265.249 Saint-Florentin 1969, hoard of 6,5 kg, 1173D + A from Marcus JACOB, n"47

(Bourgogne, Yonne) Aureliusta Gallienus and Postumus are known,250 Senan II 1980, find of 200 to 300 Roman coins. Most re- JACOB, n"52

(Bourgogne, Yonne) cent coins probably of Gallienus.251 VîIleneuve-sur-Yonne 1931, hoard of ± 5300 coins (A), only 30 A JACOB, n" 63

(Bourgogne, Yonne) known (Otacilia ~ Postumus). Terminus: Elmer335 = AD 264-265.

252 Yonne 1859. only 48 A from Gordian III to Valerian, JACOB, n° 68(Bourgogne, Yonne) Gallienus and Valerian II diuus are known (AD

258-260). It is not certain of these coins comefrom a new, unlmown hoard found sornewherein the department or from an already knownhoard.

253 Yonne Found somewhere in the department, 13 dou- HOLL, p. 97(Bourgogne, Yonne) ble S (entire hoard?). Terminus: AD 269-271.

254 Pleumeur-Bodou 1869,find of several coinsof Gallienus and Pos- BI 454(Bretagne, tumus.Côtes-du-Nord)

255 Saint-Brieuc 1 1847. find of coins of Valerian, Salonina and BI suppl 1171(Bretagne, Postumus.Côtes-du-Nord)

256 Saint-Brieuc Il 1870, find of 262 A from Philippus l to Postu- BI 442(Bretagne. mus.Côtes-du-Nord)

257 Tonquédec 1825, find of 0 and A from ~ Antonin 0 (Anto- B1456(Bretagne, ninus Pius or Caracalla) ta Trajanus DeciusCôtes-du-Nord) and 1 A of Valerian.

258 Bourg-Blanc 1989, hoard of 1199S, 1 as and 4 A from Ves- HOLL, p. 94(Bretagne, Finistère) pasian or Titus to Gallienus and Postumus.

Terminus: Elmer 605-608 = AD 268.259 Brest 1760, hoard of 20000 to 30000 AR coins (Se- Bl461

(Bretagne, Finistère) verus Alexander ~ Postumus).260 Landevennec 1970, small hoard of AE coins. Only 38 are TM (1992)

(Bretagne, Finistère) known (Nero ta Postumus). Terminus: AD p. 11-14261.

261 Lervilly Hoard consisting of coins of Maximinus, Gor- RN (1935)(Bretagne, Finistère) dian III, Valerian, Gallienus and Salonina. p. 127-128. n"2

262 Locmariaquer 1676, hourd of ± 10000 coins (Caracalla - Pos- BI suppl 1183bis(Bretagne. Morbihan) tumus).

263 Plouhinec 1974. board of 629 A ending with Gallienus Gallia (1975)(Bretagne, Morbihan) (victoria qermonica. AD 259-2(0). p.345-346

264 Questembert 1879, over 6000 AR coins. Half the hoard was BI 465(Bretagne, Morbihan) examined: Caracalla ta Postumus. Date given

by Blanchet: AD 260.

ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIC INVASIONS AD 253-269 73

na PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

265 Vannes 1962. hoard of 651 coins of which 458 S, 16 D HOLL, p. 98(Bretagne. Morbihan) and 96 A are known (Galba - Postumus). Ter-

minus: Elmer 333 = AD 263. Terminus gîvenby Hollard for AE coins: AD 264-265.

266 Bourges (?) Found in unknown circumstances. 17 D, 172 A HaLL, p. 102-103(Centre. Cher) and 1 double S from Trajan ta Gallienus (sole

reign) and Postumus. Terminus: AD 268.267 Bourges II 1843, find of 137 AR coins of which 97 are BI 546

(Centre, Cher) known (Pertinax ta Valerian and Gallienus. BASTIEN, na 10Terminus: coins of Valerian II, non of Saloni-nus: probably AD 256-258.

268 Bourges III 1868. find of 3 S, 8 as or Dp and 1 A from Au- BI 548(Centre, Cher) gustus to Postumus. BASTIEN, na Il

269 Bourges VIII 1956, a large number of S but only 12 exarni- BASTIEN, na 16(Centre, Cher) ned (Titus to Postumus). AD 264-265. HaLL, p. 98

270 Cher Somewhere in the department, find of 200 coins BASTIEN, 0° 62(Centre, Cher) of which 1 of Postumus.

271 Clément-sur-Sauldre II 1898, ± 1200 coins from Elagabalus to Gallie- BASTIEN, na 24(Centre, Cher) nus and Postumus.

272 Clemont-sur-Sauldre III 1901. an unknown number of coins, only 9 are BASTIEN, 0 0 25(Centre, Cher) known (Etruscilla ta Postumus). Possibly a

part of the hoard of Clément-sur-Sauldre II.273 La Celle-Condé 1973, over 45 kg of S (± 1980 S) from Philippus CAG, Cher, 149

(Centre, Cher) ta Postumus.274 Morogues (Centre. Cher) 1851, Iind of 75 A. 3 Dp and 10S (Augustus to BASTIEN, na 39

Gallienus).275 Morthomiers 1969, ± 400 coins of which 1 D and 149 A are BSFN (1974)

(Centre, Cher) known: Septimius Severusto Valerian 1and II, p.525,Gallienus. and Saloninus. Probable terminus: CAG. Cher. 57AD 258-260.

276 Osmery 1 1876. ± 3000S and A from Caracalla to Gallie- BI 552(Centre. Cher) nus. BASTIEN, na 44

277 Raymond Il 1880, unknown number of coins. Only 3 A are BI suppl 1246(Centre. Cher) »: 1{nown: Gordian III, Gallienus and Postumus BASTIEN, na 50

(Elmer 337 =AD 264-265).278 Saint-Martin-des- Hoard of 80 AR coins but only 28 from Ha- BASTIEN, na 53

Champs drian ta Valerian II are known (hoard sorne- CAG, Cher, 224(Centre, Cher) times located in Henry).

279 Allaines-Mervilliers 1857, board of 394 (probably AE) coins includ- FERD, na 1(Centre, Eure-et-Loir) ing a large number of pieces of Sabina, Fausti- HOLL, p. 100

na and Postumus.280 Belhomert-Guehouville 19th century, hoard of 163 kg of AE coins HaLL, p. 94

(Centre, Eure-et-Loir) (7000 - 7400 pieces). Sorne 200 coins from Tra-jan to Postumus known.

281 Châtaincourt 1928. hoard of 239A (Gordian III to Gallienus). FERD, na 18(Centre, Eure-et-Loir) Terminus AD 268.

282 Châteaudun Before 1723, ± 1000coins. mostly or Gallienus FERD. na 20(Centre, Eure-et-Loir) but also 1 coin of Postumus and 1 of Laelianus

(AD 269).283 Chàteauneuf-en-Thy- 1993. hoard consisting of coins of Lucilla, Se- CAG, Eure-et-

merais verus Alexander and Postumus. Loir, 161(Centre, Eure-et-Loir)

74 GIJS DE GREEF

n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

284 Dreux 1973. hoard of 2583 A from Caracalla to Gallie- FERD, na 28(Centre, Eure-et-Loir) nus and Postumus. Dated AD 265-266. CAG. Eure-et-

Loir. 204285 Gas 1950. find of a silver mirror and 73 coins(Tra- FERD, n" 30

(Centre. Eure-et-Loir) janus Decius- Postumus).286 Merouville II 1850or 1859, unknown number of coins(proh- Bl 469. 471, 472

(Centre, Eure-et-Loir) ably A), mostly of Gallienus and Postumus. and 473Several other hoards have been wrongfully FERD, n° 45. 2placed in Merouville by Blanchet. CAG, Eure-et-

Loir. 264287 Neuvy-en-Dunois 1913, hoard consisting of coins of Postumus. CAG. Eure-et-

(Centre, Eure-et-Loir) Loir. 76288 Nogent-sur-Eure 1843-1844, hoard of 610 A (Maximinus - Postu- BI 476

(Centre. Eure-et-Loir) mus). FERD.O"47289 Saint-Laurent-la-Gâtine 1900, hoard of AE coins, 169 are Imown (Ves- HOLL, p. 100

(Centre, Eure-et-Loir) pasian or Titus ta Postumus). AD 266-267.290 Thimert-Gàtelles 1993, hoard of 269 AE coins: 17 Dp or as and TM (1995)

(Centre, Eure-et-Loir) 252 S. Domitian ta Postumus, AD 261. p.253-256.291 Villiers-Saint-Orien 1863, unknown number of coins (max. 1500 or CHAL. p. 41-44

(Centre, Eure-ct-Loir) 2000). Only 108 still known (Gordian III to FERD, na 63Gallienus and Postumus). AD 261.

292 Ymonville 1866, hoard of5830(mostly AR) coinsof which BI 475bis(Centre, Eure-et-Loir) 5130 are known from Galba to Valerian 1 and FERD, n" 65

Il, Gallienus and possibly Saloninus. Terminus:AD 256-260.

293 Sainte-Gemme 1974, find of A of Valerian (1), Gallienus (4) Gallia(1984)(Centre, Indre) and Postumus (2). Also 7 French coins to Na- p.323-324,

poléon III (modern collection?) CAG, Indre, 1552\1;1 Vèretz 1855, in a Roman villa: a skeletonand 3000 to CAG. Indre-et-

(Centre, Indre-et-Loire) 4000 A. Only 200 coins known (Gordian III to Loire. 1t2Postumus).

295 Billy 19th century, large hoard with coinsof Antoni- CAG, Loir-et-(Centre. Loir-ct-Cher) nus Pius, Faustina (S)and 1 A of Postumus. Cher. 24

296 Huisseau-sur-Cosso n 1834. hoard of 800 ta 900 coins:S from Vespa- CAG, Loir-et-(Centre. Loir-et-Cher) sian to Maximinus and AR from Gordian III ta Cher. 69

Valerian.297 l\'lillanç3Y Before 1833, a large numher of coins (A) of CAG, Loir-et-

(Centre. Loir-ct-Cher) Gallienus and Postumus. Cher, 19298 Soings-en-Sologne 1882. ± 285 AR of which 275 are known: Mar- CAG. Loir-et-

(Centre, Loir-et-Cher) eus Aurelîus to Postumus. Cher, 28299 Beaugency Befare 1838, ± 1100 coins of Otacilia Severa. CAG, Loiret, 97

(Centre. Loiret) Gallienus, Postumus. etc.300 Bannée (Centre, Loiret) Before 1878. ± 1000A of Gallienus and Postu- CAG. Loiret, 32

mus.301 Briare 1836, ± 100 coins, only 8 known from Augustus CAG. Loiret. 6

(Centre. Loiret) to Vespasian (hîghly unlikely).302 Chambon-la-Forêt 1 1857. a large numberof AE coinsof Postumus. CAG. Loiret. 152

(Centre, Loiret)30:1 Chambon-la-Forêt II 1867. ± 30 A of Gallienus, Salonina and Postu- CAG, Loiret. 152

(Centre, Loiret) mus (a.o. Elmer 301, AD 262).304 Chilleurs-aux-Bois II 1900 or 1910, hourd of 647 S, 7 Dp, 7 as and 8 RN (1972)

(Centre, Loiret) A from Vespasien to Postumus. Also 3 « lin- p. 169;gots ~ in bronze. HOLl•• p. 102

ROMAN COIN HOARDS AND GERMANIe INVASIONS AD 253-269 75

n0 PLACE DESCRIPTION BIBL.

305 Crottes-en-Pithiverais 1914, lind of 150 A of Valerian, Gallienus and GAG, Loiret, 204(Centre, Loiret) Postumus.

306 Dampierre-en-Burly Find of two hoards: 1) 990 coins until Postu- CAG, Loiret, 29(Centre. Loiret) mus, 2) ending with coins of Tacitus and Pro-

bus. Two seperate hoards or two parts of thesarne hoard?

307 Ingrannes Small hoard, terminus given: AD 269. Gallia (1972)(Centre, Loiret) p. 317

308 Lailly-en-Val 1953. Iind of 71 A (Balbinus ta Valerian and CAG, Loiret, 100(Centre. Loiret) Gallienus).

309 Lion-en-Sullias 1845, hoard of 240 coins but only 65 are known CAG. Loiret. 23(Centre, Loiret) (probably ail A). Volusian ta Postumus.

310 Montargis 1822, AR coins of which only 5 A are known GAG, Loiret, 131(Centre. Loiret) (Philippus- Valerian).

311 Montigny 1894, 2 rings(1 in gold, 1 in silver)together with GAG, Loiret, 203(Centre, Loiret) an unknownnumberof AR coins: 170piècesare

known(Septimius Severus- Postumus).312 Nancray-sur-Rimarde 1857. large number of A, mostiy or Postumus. HOLL, p. 100

(Centre, Loiret) Terminus uncertain: AD 261 or 268? CAG, Loiret, 153313 Noyers 1987, hoard of 368 Sand 1 as (Nero - Postu- HOLL, p. 93

(Centre, Loiret) mus). AD 260-261.:114 Outarville 1890, board of 3891 coins, A of Gallienus and GAG, Loiret, 215

(Centre, Loiret) Postumus.315 Pannes 1940, several skeletonsand 130 coins, partly of CAG, Loiret, 133

(Centre, Loiret) Gallien us.:{16 Pithiviers-le-Vieil 1986, hoard of 1892 AE coins from Vespasian HOLL, p. 94

(Centre, Loiret) or Titus ta Postumus. AD 260-261.317 Sceaux-du-Gâtinais IV 1871, hoard of 75 coins (A). Antoninus Pius ta GAG, Loiret, 147

(Centre. Loiret) Postumus.318 Sceaux-du-Gâtinais VI 1977, find of 501 A (Julia Damna - Gallienus), GAG, Loiret, 147

(Centre. Loiret)319 Givet (Champ.-Ard., Ar- 18th century, hourd with coinsof Gallienus and BI 98

dermes) Postumus.320 Le Theux Before 1864. hoard of 60 coins from Septimius BI suppl 935

(Champ.-Ard.. Al" Severus ta Gallienus.dermes)

321 Maubert-Fontaine 1814, hoard of 1700coins from Gordian III to BllOO(Champ.-Ard., Ar- Postumus.dermes)

322 Sachy (Champ-Ar- Hoard of 22 coins from Domitian to Valerian. Hl suppl 939d., Ardennes)

323 Signy-l'Abbaye 1865, hoard of 2605 AR coins From Comrnodus BI 95(Champ.-Ard.. Ar- ta Valerian, Gallienus and «Salonin s. Termi-dermes) nus: AD 256-260.

324 Villers-Semeuse 1740 and