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(8 )
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The research on administrative problems of the Subdistrict Administration
Organization (SAO) has three objectives : (1) to study the background of the SAO;
(2) to investigate administrative methods of the SAOs established in 1995 in terms
of organizational structure and working system , personnel administration, finance,
budget, and supplies administration; and (3) to identify administrative problems of
the SAO and provide recommendations to tackle the problems.
This research employs a combination of field and documentary researches.
The population under study are 617 SAOs which were established in 1995.
However, 61 SAOs of these, located in 30 districts of 12 provinces, are selected as
samples by multistage random sampling.
Results of the research are as follows:
1. BACKGROUND OF THE SAO.
The origin of the SAO can be dated back to the adoption of the Local
Administrative Law 1914 which formed the foundation of subdistrict and village
administration. Not until 1956 when the Ministry of Interior issued the Order No.
22211956 dated 8 March 1956, did the administrative practices at subdistrict and
village levels become concrete. Later in that year, the Subdistrict Administrative Act 6 6
1956 created a form of local government called Subdistrict Administration 99
Organization . Because subdistrict and village administration established by the
Order met with numerous problems, it was revoked by the Ministry of interior's
Order No. 27511966 dated 1 March 1966, which also rearranged the
administration at these lower levels. In 1972 , the Revolutionar Order No. 326 dated
(a)
13 December 1972 finally abolished the Subdistrict Administration Organization and
reformed the administration again by adopting only one form of organization called
the "subdistrict council)'.
In 1994, the Subdistrict Councils and Subdistrict Administration
Organizations Bill was enacted. This Act has made all Subdistrict Councils legal
entities and enabled a number of Subdistrict Councils that could obtain a required
amount of revenue to change their status into Subdistrict Administration
Organizations (SAO).
2. ADMINISTRATIVE METHODS OF THE SAO
2.1 Organizational Structure and Working System
The executive committees meet at least once a month. Generally, the SAOS'
councils hold two sessions annually, which are attended by both the executive and
legislative branches. It is found in most SAOs that there are no written division of
work or cleared job description and no delegation order authorizing the ones
acting on behalf of the chief of the executive committee.
Most SAOs have their own buildings elaborated with boards saying the
offices' names. However, some employ offices of previous Subdistrict Councils,
rent commercial buildings or temporarily use a space of district administration
offices.
Documentary works are made somewhat orderly. These include a filing
system, records for the receipt and delivery of official letters, and arrangement of
filing cabinets. However, a filing system is somewhat diversified because the
arrangement are mainly based on working convenience of each organization.
2.2 Personnel Administration
The SAOs often employ two methods to recruit temporary employees. The
first method combines written examination with interview while the second one
conducts only interview. It is important to note that these employees are mostly
descendants or relatives of councilors and executive committee members of the
SAOs.
2.3 Financial and Budgeting Administration
At present, the SAOs collect by themselves merely one source of revenue-
the signboard tax. The budget is mostly spent for infrastructure development or
investment projects. The draft Budget Regulations for 1997 are completed on
schedule.
2 .4 Supplies Administration
The SAOs appoint committees for purchasing supplies and engaging
contractors. Most SAOs develop supply records and inspect supplies annually.
3. ADMINISTRATIVE PROBLEMS OF THE SAO
3.1 Organizational Structure and Working System
The arrangement of the meeting is hardly in conformity with the Regulation.
Reports of the meeting reflect different patterns from SAO to SAO. The SAOs
without their own offices often encounter a problem of unsystematic filing. Their
staff lack basic knowledge of documentary work. Equipment and material are now
insufficient to manage the organizations efficiently. Councilors are not very clear
about their roles and functions.
The subdistrict headmen still play a major role in making decisions on
various matters while councilors play a passive role. In many cases, this has led to
conflict between the council and the executive committee.
(I)
With respect to routine work, no systematic performances exist. Other
problems relate to the communication between the SAO and the district
administration office which does not handle well, the shortage of publications such
as handbooks and regulation books needed for good performances, and the lack of
coordination in preparing Budget Regulations among neighboring SAOs.
3.2 Personnel Administration
Temporary employees give no attention to record their working hours. They
hardly understand the system of routine works and often do their jobs in scattered
departmental district offices which are required to provide assistance to the SAOs.
There is a shortage of personnel for some positions, such as public work technicians
and financial and accounting officers. The government officials who are allowed to
work for the SAOs do not provide much efforts for local jobs because they have a
great deal of routine works. Furthermore, knowledge and understanding about the
SAO'S jobs are insufficient among such personnel. These obstacles can be attributed
to the perception of these staff that they work for local authorities only for a
limited time.
3.3 Financial and Budgeting Administration
The SAO lacks adequate data necessary for making appropriate decisions.
This makes it impossible for the administration to appraise or forecast situations. An
adverse consequence is that the collected revenue is less than the target amount. A
large part of the budget is spent on infrastructure development. There is a delay in
preparing draft Budget Regulations in some SAOs due to inadequate understanding
about the process. The government officials who help perform the SAOS' works
(a)
lack sufficient knowledge of financial and budgetary performances. The SAOs do
not place an emphasis on subdistrict development plans. The budget is allocated on
a distributive basis by dividing development funds into numerous small amounts for
different small projects. They are confused about making subdistrict development
plans and SAO development plans. Neighboring SAOs do not coordinate with each
other to draw up conformable development projects.
3.4 Supplies Administration
Purchasing supplies and hiring contractors are not in conformity with law
and regulation. This results from the lack of knowledge and the intention of greedy
performers. By means of legal loopholes, they involve themselves in gaining
personal benefits from SAOS' jobs.
Many SAOs do not own office buildings. Despite having their own offices,
some SAOs have not carried out legal transferring of the property possession. Other
difficulties relate to the shortage of equipment, depots, and supply officers. The
problem of expensive land prices has a negative impact on purchasing land for
constructing SAOS' office buildings. Local costs of material and equipment are
higher than the standard prices.
Turning to supervision over local governments exercised by the district and
provincial authorities, the study shows that administrative structures of the
authorities do not coincide with the rapid change of roles and missions of
overseeing local governments. The number of manpower at these two levels is also
limited. Moreover, the district authorities are not clear in their role of supervising
the SAOs and some assistant district chief officers taking charge of coordination
with the SAO are unskilled in this new job.
(y)
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Recommendations for Policy Making
1.1 The central administration should adjust provincial administration
structure so that the provincial authorities can deal efficiently with missions and
functions of supervising, supporting, and facilitating the performances of the SAO.
1.2 The allocation of grants-in-aid to SAOs should take into account such
factors as population size, area, revenue, and capacity for collecting revenue.
1.3 Agencies involved in enhancing SAOS' revenue should be in a hurry to
fulfill the financial measures approved by the Cabinet.
2. Recommendations for Implementation
2.1 Training programs should be arranged for all concerned personnel in all
aspects. The course should be intensive and practice-oriented.
2.2 Functional regulations should be revised to allow the SAO to gain more
operational flexibility.
2.3 There should be a coordination among national plans, provincial plans,
and local plans so that they are in accordance with and in connection with each
other.
2.4 SAOs and concerned agencies should hurry to legalize the SAOS'
possession of property.
2.5 Subdistrict development plans and SAOS' expenditure should cover all
major issues of development. However, focus should be increasingly put on the
projects which aim at human and environmental development.
ilil
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Executive Summary a1s3J"y
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~aoi~~a~ui:nub~udwafl"ud~~bn~bm:n'nvfu:uadciu~ 1 d?unidn13u?wi3q3?~'bm"bfina7u hiK~iii!~uatuils~ua~ni~u3wi~~~u~iudi~aanlpl~n~a Gnu (Men) aju (Money) 7kq ad (Material) %n13 (Method) milaim (Market) bb'l: b~%d<n3 (Machine) bb~:~'?un
8u 7 a'? 6 M's bgu6u
ni~~Gpd"n?~inisui~~iulm"b~~aiu~4u~~u~iu~u&acn?wuin~niiu?~i~~~nnsjia bbga$u bba~ i i~ :b~u~add~ndau%d~inn?wuin%ni%u~g/ r i%~&~d 4 di:ni~~dnna'iauibb~a%u nauKun"miu ~ ~ ~ d E d a u f i i % f i ~ ~ a ~ ~ i ~ d n i w ~ a u u ~ ~ n ? ~ u i n ~ ~ 1 ~ n i ~ u 3 ~ i ~ ~ n a " i ~ u i n d u
ns:u~unl3u~lll3 (Process of Administration) ~ ~ ~ ~ l d 3 : ~ ~ ~ ~ l 3 % ~ ~ l d Y ~ M l 3 6
~ ' f ~ u i d ~ < ~ - d i b ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 6 ~ ~ d s d " f l ~ ? 9 / 1 1 3 (Executive function) $u l6~$fiflai~b$~fld61gpl~ui 61K~uosn~:uauni~u'iwi~la"bbmndi~n"u u i ~ 9 i i u a ~ P d . d i P d i ~ : K a ~ p l ~ : n a u 6 a u n i ~ a i ~ ~ ~ ~ u (Planning) ni3<mad6fli3 (Organizing) n13t?11uaun1~5 (Directing) ni~d~:niudiu
(Coordinating) aan:msnau?udiu (Controling) LTJUKU 8Eildl3k; Iuni~iinvii<unkG ~ ~ e : ~ B u u a R n n ~ : u a u n i ~ u 3 w i ~ u a ~ v l i a m ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ 6 ~ ~ ~ a f f$in (Luther Gulick) LLR:
vlinnaieis6~uman ~aas"in (Lyndal Urwick) 8 u n 3 a u u n i n i i u TmsGnun:dun &6 bbn:baaf?jn ~6ajdns:uauni~u3wii'ba"bu~sd"d~a~a "Papers on the Science
of Administration" $db!uudu%ug 1937 <I ns:uauni3u?wi%~aud~:nau6au&~mau6 w w dW 6 1 K ~ 7 dm13 w?afh%nn'uda 1 ii "POSDCORB ~ o d e l " ' $ J ~ E U I U ~ I ~ ~ ~ I U M U I U ~ R ~ ~ ~
1) P=Planning wrJiuiianisai~~~wu9iu $so:6'aaii~sflauTuuiu (Policy) $dd ~ ~ ~ % ~ b b ~ ~ d l ~ ~ f i l M ~ ~ d ~ ' a a " ~ ~ ~ l r J ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~ % ~ ~ l 3 ~ l b ~ ~ d ~ ~
naiu~~ic~nuimsa~a:4~i~~~~isuiEejua~qm~na%usuinmaa~afii~uni8n1~Tmu~nm;1~ a d i d ~ w ~ i i ~ n ~$a%yifi i5~nfiuaiu~ilulplTmu~nKa~aan:nu~~d
4 Willism T. Greenwood, Management and Organization Behavioral Theories : An- Interdisciplinary Approach (New York : South-Western Publishing
Company , 1965) pp. 74 - 75
Luther Gulick and Lyndall Urwick (eds), Papers on the Sciences of
Administration, (New York : Inslitute of Public Administration), P .17.
2) O=Organizing ~~iuii~ni~<mdaum~ni~w3an~6ni~ ~ d ~ ~ ~ l T ~ ~ E I 1 ~ 1 d ! , b ~ ~ d $ 4 -4 f sl3mi~au~dn"unl3dfiU?dlu~3naijfll3<mfll3 (Management) 6audsdnis~mu~i~daudiud
n ercl
~:6adfoi~mi%fib~%~i:fiun"~1ni~dgumdiu b l i ~ n?~<mbtiddiu (Division of work) bgun%u find
bbWUfl ~ ~ u ~ l ~ l d l qmni~~~ddiuw~'e)<m~iua"n~616~%nddiub~wi:adid (Specializa-
tion) 516 u o n o i n ~ n i o f o i s n n ~ u u u 4 ~ a ~ n i ~ n a ~ q ~ (Control) ~rn:w"ssWi~~iPuu~4wpdau
diu (Organization) adu ~Gau.nuw$n (Line) wpdau~iuifin~i (Staff) ~3aUi.1AEun
abunrias~i~m6'n (Line) ~Gauaau:iri~3nifinwi (Staff) aas?:wdau~iuniaua~3a~Gau~iu oyns (Auxiliary) r h h
uonsind 1uniatinui&a~n1irimn~n"nisd~~'b6~~inwiii(nisun%~d~ssn$a~m$n~ naamsuni;d?~d~aa~&ni~u?~i5 (Administrative reorganization) ~ f i $ ? h h u
3) S=Staffing ~ u i u i i ~ n i i < m ~ i ~ n n a ~ ~ a : ~ < i ~ C i ~ u i d f i ~ 1 ? ~ i u ~ ~ f i a m n ~ i ; ~ ~ n " ~ ] n i ~
< ~ b b ~ d ~ ~ ~ ~ d i ~ ~ ~ b ~ d ~ a " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ u ' u ~ ~ d ~ ~ i ~ ~ d ~ 3 < ~ b ~ ~ ~ n " ~ l ~ i ~ ~ 1 ? ~ i ~ d i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ (Personnel n -
Administration) a~~1~~6~n~a i i ima iua iu i3nu id~umdiu~f ib~u i :u (Competent man for
Competent job) W38 Put the right man on the right job ~ u 5 a u i i d n i ~ i s : ~ f i ? ~ ~ i i d b b a : ~ i ~ d
'ba~~~~~usn~w~unicjs~1i~iu"~1a~nu~iu~aa:wCn~iu~au A'
d ~ d r ~ u a ~ u n i s u ? ~ 1 5 ~ 1 u ~ n ~ a u 1614 ~ % f i m a i u ~ u i u I ~ a i i s n ~ i ~ 7 ii ~ ~ n i ~ u ? ~ i ~ ~ i ~ ~ n n a ~ u u ~ u n ~ : u a u ~ ~ 6 u a n " u n i ~ a i ~ u T ~ u i u n i ~ a i ~ u Tm3aniz 3:aiiuu~~a: a4 o w $ 2 n * A r; a ~ n i ~ ~ u ~ ~ u ~ 6 u a n " u ~ ~ ~ n n a ~ ~ a ~ < i \ i u i n n d ~ ~ m ~ i u ~ u n d ~ n i ~ ~ n a d 6 n i s ~ u ~ r w ~ ~ ~ " l u i a r a : 16d~:~uu~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i 3 ~ l 7 d ? ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ? ~ ~ i ~ 3 6 i ~ ~ ~ E I ~ ~ ~ 3 : ~ ~ ~ ~ i ~ i l ~ : ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ ~
a un t P)
d I d c 4 W d V 8: i ~ o ' L f i n i ~ d ~ u n ~ i u u ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ i ~ s n i u ~ ~ i ~ u i u ~ ns:uaumsnaius~3au~ui~mi~ 1 nd~umu'u
uaini%a%=i~i a~a:Yumua$ifii~iu oun~:~~w"sdsinwCi~ni3~iu~n~a~6ni~Id 8:
4) D=Directing W % J l B ~ d f l l 3 ~ f l ~ l " a ~ f l l 3 ~ l u a u f l l 3 T ~ ~ W d f l l 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d l ~ b b a :
Qbnwn"91u ~aon9u~ad%uni5u?~i5diu n?a$fil (Leadership) ~iy~8g~~w"ud (Human
relations) bb~:nl~y19 (Motivation) a h k l
n ? ~ 6 ~ u a u m ~ u f i ~ 3 a u ~ d f l l r j ~ ~ s ~ B ~ d n i ~ (Decision making) dddu~$n$u
i i ~ Q ~ s o d i ~ ~ d ~ u ~ s n i ~ ~ ? ~ i ~ ~ i u ~ ~ a : ~ u ~ ~ n " u m a i u a i ~ i ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ 3 J " ~ ~ u 3 J " ~ ~ i ~ ~ o 9 9 " a ~ ~ i i u ~ n
a w ~ t w n : i ~ m s ~ s : i i u a u n i ~ I ~ n i ~ f i s i ~ a ~ u I ~ ~ a u ~ I ~ ~ i a ~ u ~ ~ ~ i i n i ~ ~ n ~ u ~ s i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ i i n i ~ k ~ nis~nn6a~a~ui:au~~~~d~:~num~~a~ni~~n3uIs
5) CO=Coordinating ~uiuG~na iu Ia~Oad~:~ iu~ iu ~ddfifl15hia~~ldiu$u1d 6"anaiud~uu?auaaba:~iu$u 4nwi~a"n~nm. i i~aa :T"s i~~ezdau l f i n i~d~zn iu~ iu~ i f ' u ~ $ 9
dauaa~flq~iCa$a$adluni5dfiG?diu nisiauijads:mudiu~~u~adiinaiu?i~quin~u w n
rn5u5~15 Lw~i:L~u~~~m~~/5zii~ui0:~aiils~an:ii~uni~~~unaiuabaz~ilub~iis~~u yn;;:guvoaaiu ni~iaudad.i-niu~iu~ilu~Ci~"~1a~$3J"~<usJ"~~i~e:cpl"a~TmlGiif'ulu~pda~ mn,mamu ~w.ii:~3ufl~Tu?i<qluCu~e~daulG~~~naiu?i~~u~~~Ym~e]~:n~6va~a~Ani~
adanii l i ;~nisdaniuaiuu&a i ?n6a~wds~na i l6n i ia8a~w~i : ina iu? i~aaa : ~ilu$a~nird~:~snufl"ua~in"~a ni;lmda8ani~ (Communication) rw~imi.j?nu(s8ani~6G e : ~ ~ u ~ ~ a ~ a n i ~ p ~ ~ z ~ i u ~ i u ~ ~ ~ r a z ~ i ~ ~ n i ~ u ~ ~ i ~ ~ i u i ~ ~ : ~ n ~ n i w ~ ~ d u
- e r a 6) R=Reporting M ~ l ~ ~ d ~ l 5 3 l ~ d l ~ d ~ ' 1 ~ l 3 d ~ ~ ~ d l ~ W R ~ ~ ~ ~ B J ~ ~ ~ ? S ~ ~ : % I ~ ~ ~ " ~ ~
W e i P
(Public relations) ~ss~adrr~d~99"ds:%i%un3iu~au ou~e~dn i3~ iud iu~~na iu~~~w"u i~n "un i3 a - 4
~nda?hnla (Communication) aiuin n i ~ ~ i u a i u ~ a u ~ a \ p J 9 ~ u i u n ~ a ~ n i ~ v a ~ ~ n i s ~ " u ~ u 8 . A $ nauwmwaCasn"nini~lG~aa~e~5s~"sCa~~aan'$~ul~uiiaian~uniu~sJ"~~uGq~i1~n~~a$
~audiu 707 na iu? i~qvad~ iud iu$ua~ i~ :~ad~~uu~ in2 iu~adna iu~~d 7) B=Budgeting ~uiuG~nicj~ud~zuimTau4nwiTGw~iu~~~zuu~rba:n~~u^a"5Tu
n i ~ u 3 ~ i ~ ~ ~ u a n " u ~ u d ~ : u i m a ~ a z n i ~ ~ u mj laaa~un i~TE"5n i~~ud~:u imaba~~~eJu~iu agu i n ~ a ~ ~ a l u n i ~ n a u ~ u ~ i u ' i ~ m s u 5 n i ~ . r u d s : u i m T ~ u ~ a I d ~nia.rusdn$iunff-rn"uadi.i~~un<i
" 3 7 "adesdudrrzuim" (Budget Cycle) $dd3:nau6au?%m~u adu n. ni~an~uudud~:uimbra~fl13bBua"LIaay~~ (Executive Preparation and Sub-
mission)
v. n i~G~i~mi%Gnaiu~Au"11au~~~d iuG?3J"~q7 (Legislation authority)
n. nicj61bGuni~ (Execution)
4 . ni'dn5aqnou (Audit)
n5:uaunisu~~i-i~updiP:bduu~uuiu (Policy) uaz i iu imf i i (Authority)
aCiId6awhudsundu 7 <I PAPOSDCORB ~ ~ u n ~ ~ $ a i o % e i ~ m i ~ 6 a ' i b b ~ u d i u (Planning)
muaauaanuava~ui?~m51~1~&~r~a~ ~ 8 n (Luther Gulick) rin: pi?slw~i~ns&uaa raa%n w $ % : E : 1
(Lyndall Urwick) &rjio:l6=iauubuuis (Policy) a<i\a"6auaa6a ~~U~IUI~MYI~UU~I~IO:
sau\a"bu6ilsniiii'aa~Ani3 ~ w n - n i s u n ~ o i ~ b a ~ i ~ C i i ~ s ~ " ~ i i ~ ~ ~ r j . ~ ~ ~ i i l a 7 $OUT):G~S
~ 6 i u i ~ w ~ i ~ a ~ 6 a u a a a ~ai~ie:aaun~ei~mi6iuiu~~i~%ua"nwmz"~a~w?wuin~ni~~~5~i~ miu~~uavoa~ionmoi~56Tna~uu n?uy (William Greenwood) aaFi?Re:~Au~du~aa'iiiuie wfi~~ilufl~~u~?i<~luni~u3~i~a3uCuuin
7 Jesse Burkhea, Government budgeting (New York : John Wiey & Sons. Inc. 1965),
p.87 X ni~wPI~mn3, '~lSn?gda~mqa~m7am4. ( L D ~ ~ I I S I ' S L C U ~ ) R ~ ~ Y ~ E ] = ~ " I W U H I ~ ( " I ~
~ J ~ , ~ I ? ~ ~ I ~ Y u D ~ ~ B J H I W ( " I ~ , w.8. 2510 MCI 47
8: uansin~fl inn~is&pla<au~w" ma (Ernest Dale) 'bknupl61tiU~1unplun~:uau
e, 24 niiu?~iil~~i0uuualwi~~~ulpdwisni~~13wi~~~5~~ud~:nau~as$umau mmna
1) fli3<m096nis (Organizing)
2) nlrjald LbWPddlu (Planning)
3) nis<mf l is~~t~a&~<iw~i$ (Staffing)
4) ni3iiuauni3 (Direction)
5) nisnauqu (Control)
6) nis~mnhaass6i~PwJ (Innovation)
7) nist~ufaaawuuadod6flis (Represention)
o:affu'b6<ihaamndi~asn'bd~in~1a~fliamsi~is6~5n (Gulick) I J ~ J liaEi?pli
3 ds:nis 88 niTnauqu nids:Wy~nn'un?i~os~6aaa:ni~a6u~a~~p1u"11a~a~6ni~ ndiaiia
n nismauqu (Control) ~an1d~u3nu1s;l"a3u'bdmiu~~wu$61~un'bi~u3~is w i a ~ < m n 1 ~ ~ : 6 a ~ n a ~ t i o m d a ~ ~ ~ a ~ o ~ a n ~ ~ o i i w ~ n i ~ d ~ u ~ ~ i u a ~ u ~ d u ' b ~ n " i a ~ ~ i ' b d ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ i u ~
c. - fiiwumlTuinGaua4ud'b~ aia:~:6pl~n~iumsd~um~iu~n$ui~a~~:ni~~is~~in"b~nniunisd w?siltywiiis 1 ~t~mdu~u~~o i~ i3uwaf i i l s ; l "n i s~~s~"S~ iu~p l~~uu 'bd~ in~aua~~~~~6 i~um'b~
nisaauplnealu (Reporting) ~ l ~ ~ ~ P I p l d f l l ~ ~ ~ . 1 9 1 3 6 Gulick l i 1 ~ : 5 ~ ~ i i d f l l ~ n a ~ ? ~ (Control) e n ; d
6au nm:nisnu.s~unawsnil:l~~G~ujm'uGty~i#u~~$u'bd'b&nsiuw~nisdfiG~~iua~us:~: 1
~inii~tywiaiin$u~:'b6~~ni3~d~uuaada~'b6~"usia~i d~~ilu?gu~ldnianau?u$u~ad am:lu
fiiuod~~sa~uni~<mduds:uim (Budgeting) ~ G M L ~ U L ! U ~ I L W U ~ I U L L ~ O ~ I ~ L A U ? L Y ~ I & A d -a A ~ inniu isnP~~3ul~ds :a iu~iu~aa:n1~na~lqup1m'bma~wu~&~s idu l u n s ~ 6 i n i i l 9 4 i u f i u
aiiuauds:uim6i~um'ba%~:a~uan~pl~~uan'b~<iaiim~plunw~pl~lu~mlm~mw~~ua~nis~l~~i~$ua~a"a u. ni=ia?idas36$ds~i (Innovation) wuiu~sni3o?idnss6$dlw~ 7 ~aa:nisw"mui
aau?naiu$mlw~7 &ui~~?upldn;?is$~si~o:~munisw"wuimaiu~ (Idea) uplafaapld w?pl
bmuniads:aiuaauanaiu8mafii~aa:lw~i<16aun"u ~ l l f a ~ i i a u a ~ m o i n a i u i ~ i i ~ u 7 ~lid?udqa
lI!'~wui:au w?plbm~nisn5:~u~I!'~~audiu~n~:~~1fliid~d~w~ 7 flisa?idass6id~w J i3udauwda~hiuj~luns:uauni~u~wis rwn:~3u~e<uaa~unhsnaiu~~5~lX~~n'a~Anis~~a:
&nu nisdfi~Saiuds:iiiu'bi~aa'ia~unisn?i~~s36~~l~~ n i i a? iaa3s6na~ i~n~m:
agumaani:m8d~wd (Difficult to Search) a 8 u n i a u ~ i l N w i r a a : a ~ u i i ~ n ~ ~ u ~ l i i ~ u u f
Ernest Dale, Management : Theory and Practice, (New York : Mc Graw
- Hill Book Co.. 1965), pp . 37 - 48
10 Dale, %id pp. 37 - 48
1 1 wuwd L ~ W B J ? ~ U , $idbb&, ~ $ 1 28 - 32
12 ~ i j ? 9 b b & , vc i 29 - 30
E = (0-1) + S
ado E = Efficiency d5:8TI 6niw~8ddl~
o = output Wa ~~m~dl6?uaanui
I = Input ?a u~~mi~?wu in~ lun i~u3w i~w"~wa iu$ l~d S = Satisfaction ~ ~ I ~ G ~ W ~ % ~ % ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ B ~ ~ I ddb$l%9l6~1f!Jbb~:fi
~ ~ ~ i ~ i u i n u i ? s i i ~ ~ i ~ ~ i a ~ w i : ~ u ~ i u n i ~ u ~ w i ~ g ~ ~ s $ i f i a i3 i~u iu i c i<~s i i f i i I ~ $driswa
~l6uinnii~u$ai~uEsni~$udaufiii~~na:aisiiaa~u$a~~issui~u~iu~ diuheioufi
d5:8n 6niw aan'nizu^swisnanism~n'a~uadu$u~~ a w ? < i a ~ i w u i u ~ i ~ ~ u a ~ n 1 5 ~ ~ ~ 1 5
~ianisdian'unisu3wi~q52s a ~ ~ i : < i m ~ u ~ ~ i ~ ~ i ~ n i ~ $ u + ~ $ u ~ u ~ ~ : T u ~ P d d ~ u u s ~ ~ ~ : " ~ ~ i ~ u g:
afluiih s:~a~?ufinildau aiui~aaua~naiu6a~ni~aaa:asnui~udua~d~:~iau a:uu ni3% ds:8nEniwua~nizu~wi~~i"11ni~Z~a~u~~~a"m'bn'6au~w~$ni.i~~i~ainaiuw~k (Satisfaction)
% u n a i u ~ 1 ~ s " ~ d ~ i u a ~ u s ~ d d ~ : n a u n i ~ f i ~ 1 ~ ~ i ~ ~ n a i u f i d ~ : ~ ~ 1 ^ 6 n i w ~ u n i ~ u ~ w i ~ a ~ u ~ ~ ici<~aaa:gau6auaw?baa:wa
usnsinbna~ua ma=fauas' (Daniel Lerner) ~m~fi~i~~uiunaiuwuiuuadnaiu ~ ~ w a ~ ~ w a ~ i u ~ T ~ ~ u ~ s n u i a ~ u a ~ u a ~ u n i ~ u u i u n a i u ~ n i i naiuGdwsk (satisfaction)
s:Kaditoi~milnlGdnaiuBi6s (Achievement) aaa:naiu~duimdm50~1 (Aspiration) W P l d
~iu$un'auawn:o:$unaiu~uiunaiuG~wals%uwa~iu~~aisa"iiuua~u~n~lmn~~
Satisfaction = Achievement : Aspiration
adidl5ffZ .11~:5w^6niw.1~a~ni5u3wi~~iu~dauwuiuG ~n~iiau~a~39n?wuin5ia9
nuw'fal?fLd airsisltilariGu aasidiufiiiYal naiu+~wi~dauynn~aaa:wa~uafimoinni~u3wi~ ~iuua~a~dni~~.idau~:~alfia~nE!adia~unaiuwshdaaa3~%fi~fiiiY~lsni~ii~iu finaiu
auiuCu~5:wii~uaaw~aui7n naansuaiiu5iaaa:naiu$und 1a-1 gd$u ii i i~15:3n~niw l un i~u^sw i~man i~Z~~~aun~uG~na~uwa l sua~ynna ni+au aaa:s~~m~6auiau%u~i~
q~iis$u+d~~i~~id5:8n~ni~uaddiu~muai~u~n~iiauuad~s~u6iu~~niw ( ~ u a l i t ~ ) fiuiru
(Quantity) baa? (Time) ?!h i5 (Method) bb~zd1%#'5?1~ (Cost) ~guii<tl~
3) q~dilu61uds:8nEw (Effectiveness) iiii d5:3nEniw~~a:nl5:~wEwa~ $4
~ d n a i u w u i u l n ~ a i i s ~ n " u ~ i n ~ins:~~i~nai~fiasis~~~daa~affs:&u~6<id~:~nEwa$u d 4 4
w u i u ~ ~ n i ~ f i s i s a u i w ~ u a d n i ~ ~ i d i u ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ ~ d d ~ : f l ~ n w ~ a n n i m w a " d ' b a " a ~ u w ~ n unznaiu
l 3 Daniel Lerner. "Toward a Communication Theory Modernization, A Set of Communica- tion." Communication and Political Development, Lucian W.Pye (ed) (Princetion. New
Jersey : Pr~nceton University Press. 1963) p.333
K v c ; aaCa~aunassna- agaail aaa-fiinul q~d;~u6 iuna iua~usssu$~ins :~~ i sna iTmuan"11~~~aan 9 ~ b ~ ~ ~ l b ~ ~ ~ P d " l 6 b ~ ' i ~ ~ 2 l ~ ? ~ ~ ~ % ~ ~ 1 % ~ ~ l ~ ~ ? ~ l ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ b ~ d El~ ld 'b$z ! F l ~ l ~ b ~ ~ E 5 ' d r d ~ $ ~ d ~ d
~ilud.rd'b6?umsw:iia~ld~i ua:ui.rTin%n"~ilinoun"uaibnua istduq~sssuilinu?ni3$~
~aiuu'iu:daun"uw~a~aiu~flu~ssu%G~is~a~%uuaa~~Z~nuuy~&via'bd 5) qludilu61u~aiudaZm&bba:i~~ssl (Honest and Honour) malu9~dhn15
zc; d u?lii~~dunn~iu~u~ia:u'i~1:ntiijluni~~~ufissu~Gu'd~nisu3n1~'b6-dinisdfiu3~iu~~:~a~
nisn=mluiiuie (Decentralization) ~ ~ u w ~ n n i s a d i ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a . r T i n i ~ ~ m ~ : ~ ~ u u n i ~ dnnsaads:~~~ ~nuinti'nni%ii<q Wa ~ ~ u n i s T a u i i u i ~ n i s d n n s a ~ ~ i ~ ~ d a u n a i ~ l d T p s "
I I 8%m ZxbaSu. ~ ~ n ~ s n s - ~ ~ w i ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ a ~ n ~ ~ ~ a j ~ u i a u % u n ~ s w " ~ ~ d ~ " ~ ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ , ~ I U ~ I ~ L W ~ ~ ~ D W ~ I ~ ~ J
V P U una9uuw??w~i<u$wuaba:yw~~ Friedrich Ebert. (nyb"n9"r : fl;lfld"~flidW~ ~ J ~ I ? w ~ I ~ ~ s T T ~ ~ ~ I W W ~ , 2535),
ww"? 3
PI$:M<~ ~ d g w a q i i l 8 I6~au3aunaiu~uiu aasnis~lnn~asfia~iuaa~~n~~i ni~maiisd3:~wala" $36
1) William A. Robson ~~?~~~-Ic~HuIu<I ni~dnn~a~fiaddu WUIU;~ ni3
dnn3asdauw%daadd3:lnn $d~iiuis~ns: (Autonomy) %uni~dfi~3~~1$~1uduna3
~ i u i s ~ a ~ : % u n i s d f i ~ G ~ ~ i ~ o : n ' ~ ~ ~ u ~ n o u ~ c r o n . i : n ~ n s : ~ ~ s u d a i i u ~ o a~sdlnuaas?~~~~i:a~6ni~dnn~a~fia~~u~l~~u~u~Giiui~~"sdlm a.16n3~1nn3mfins$u~
BnEniun~wuiu (Legal rights) a a o : f i a i i u (Necessary Organization) ad8
d~-bsiu%uni-id~u%w9-d"i~aa~a~4ni~dn~rja~w"a~$u~u~a~ 2) William V. Holloway n d i a i i ~~nisdnn5adnu~a~aaafia~6u~~ nuiuiis
as6ni~iGaimi~ma~ljuau ~ ~ ~ ~ r n n ~ r n i u ~ ~ n ~ n m ~ i f i i ~ u m I ~ ~ i i u i o ~ j n n ~ a ~ n u ~ a ~ Gn13
u5w1~~iun~~"uaawu~~~ ~~a:Ganim~"n~$u$~ui3nl6?~1ni~a~an$~vin~~~:~i~u 3) Daniel Wit % ~ ~ ? l ~ M ~ l f l h "~13df l~3~df i~dl&" HU-IUA-I "fll5dfl~138di
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d u E I 3. wiaunidnn~asrios6uw~mmavu 6ad0addns6uioinni3~:an:d (Election)
litical Participation)
4. wliaunidnn3aa6ad6u$u 0:~adfi~1~lQ~unls~nbn"u31u'b6 (Revenue) bmu
ni i~Pi ' l l imain?2a6alf i f las6u~~iu'b6Giui i~Y~i~~f la~6ulp; l"~~~~~iawdi
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3. ninJnn-issfiasdu ~:fiilfids:.n~suaiinnaiu~auf~~.;ju~a~~wi~nisa~a.r (Politi-
cal Maturity) niian'a d~:nguo:f~fi~niira"anRa n i i i 7 ~ l u k ni3u?~is ninGa.~flas6u
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~ i a o i m i < m w . ~ . 2523 - 2527).
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fiu 9a.r nr. Gufj'~inn.irn=ia~ n u w n3u ~3airZywnniia 1 saufYqGufj'qin
iisd3:~nar ~?~a3dni33:plla'l9d~:b"11H
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32 ln'n^awi' wasaiu, a%osaGiuan"~.
I. %ni%%u a~uni5"a<uaanwi5 (Documentary Research) bba:"a<unini3ulu
(Field Research)
2. d-=~xin=i d w E Y
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4. n + ~ h o d i s ci 4 w
a u i m a n i sum. 61 ada (nrauonndauariin"u 1 "L 10 ~sad~:ains w
sum. Gsnum) -a
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o i n 12 <an?m "I: 2 - 3 iians 5aaJ 30 iiano
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i ibnn In76 aum. miu4iuau ~iinumla"buaadsl:nin 5au 61 aada
6. ?Sni=i~nC~=iau=iawZa.ya
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onuwo nl. ~~aaans iu uiunf'uum? iua:f~uum%imsna:wsa~u~imlwul6i ~i&~ns:wsaaus/limTwu i 22212499 a s ~ u i 8 ~ u i n u W . W . 2499 do9 s:iCuuu~~is3ianis
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4. niau~wia~iu D ~ ~ ~ M I G G W d !
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16~aa:3iuiiua9~"~109~u~as %u~~ ia :~n i~~u - r j i u f i u~as cum. $B~L~~~RI~.J~u~~:BJIN ni3
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30 Tu ~~~a;ii~u~1cdl"~ui~9$a3~"9~u$u a d a w " u i i w u m ~ a ~ i ~ ~ n a ' i a ~ ~ ~ a 61an1 sun. GTII~NI~~ iaair&o nawuiu%fl?isa'inni sum. %flna~urGuasumiuAna:nssuni.iu?wi~aauo~~n:~
1) %un~Garn~ sun. afluaou6aun"P1ii~$nsJ"~~usud~:uia~iuiiud~:ii3 ~ 7 s
iia$sfi&~uds:uia~iuiiua~ua~uaa~a u:6sd~ianuouiu~ims~yu? o"iuiu8ims'bisyu? w w 8:
~ l ~ ~ l ~ f l ~ 9 ~ 6 ~ d ~ d ~ ~ % f i ~ f l l DPln. ~ ~ ~ ~ % 1 3 6 1 d 7 ~ ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ ~ 1 9 $ ~ ~ 9 ~ ~ ~ ~ % M ~ ~ 1 ~ % ~ 15 a " ~ GlJ
a~ia"~di'b6?ui1d$ssJ"sguCdniia 2) % u n i ~ i n n i sun. ~ u % ~ u & n i u i i d h ~ ~ u d u d ~ : u i a ~ i u ~ i u d ~ : i i ~ ~ ~ a
~ 1 d ~ ~ s J " d ~ ~ d ~ d 7 ~ ~ 1 0 1 5 1 ~ ~ l ~ b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ Q ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ f i ~ l ~ 8 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ : 6 ~ d ~ d ~ l d ~ ~ s J " d n ' u
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niu%ui~wum 15 a"sd Guaamaunarni nun. a~4'~uZtuGu ~i~iisi~nis<~wa"maGu"11su6aun"u i1a$sGsGududs:uia7iuiiud3:ii3 ~7si1-r$suj<u~ud~:uia3iuiiuaiu~Zu n ~ w u i u
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(U) ~ 1 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ N f l 1 3 ~ 3 ~ 9 ~ D ~
U D ~ B - I ~ ~ il%w'li$a~u~~m'b~u~:ssn~:aGuua~uan"uni~ii~Gu~iudu "161109
sun. a$s%fi sun. dfiuT6auii16 Iun1insn3:aGsui16au6sdiid 7 niu6ni1a~iauiu&
n~~u1ui iwum'bTi i%"9in$:~~asu~im'b~ui i~~~~naiuaf lu5ar~: naiunisdi'aaaa:naiuG d3~3~"5lw%un13u39/117~1uUsd sum. 6au
mmsaooaunisn& ninjqTl w'fsni3Qudu 7 sss sun. miuz:aGuui?iiwum'bT
nuass (Autonomy) $~r3unaiuB~~:~f ia~6u'b6i j~sni~dnn~s~muas~miua~nui~ud~s~ ds:~ i~u%uw"as6ui iaGuf i~n i~~ i~ i~a: i i~ 7 Tmui i i 1u i~ i 'm~u%0ad i~5n~ :~~~ :~ iu i~~ i1wunu~uuiuu~3~isfiod6uI6~s~ a a i f i % m i a f l u m a i u ~ a r s : ~ ~ n i i u i ~ ~ s ~ ~ ~ u i a ~ ~ a ~ u n ~ ~
hu6a6aniuoanisi<un?aC ~aiin~lisaids:nsu6~i~~anan?wuinsnis ~~~i13d1~uod~~aualuW"a 4 oaids:nauiia ni3<mnis (Management) nu (Man) du (Money)
aa:~~~an';ua~aan';ad~$(Material) bnufii~umds:a~u~unis~nwi"a"5nisu3nisdiuuoa sun. 'bl" 4 6iu adolsil"aamn~sa~una6d~:nspI$iacdl"uGaC i io 1) 6iunisjnmsaa~ia~ba:~:upIaiu
2 ) i'iunisu5nisaiuqnnn 3) 6iunisn&ua:auds:ui6~d LLR: 4) 6iuni~u5ni~Gaq Ga$ulu
~ 1 ~ 9 " a l b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ < ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ l ~ 0 ~ ~ b e i ~ ~ l ' d 9 " a l b ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 2 dX4 d 4
daunnua a d u n i s a ~ d n u w a $ a ~ a ~ ' b ~ ~ i n n ~ s a f i u ~ a u ~ a u ~ ~ n s ~ ~ n a u ~ u l u tiau~a8unis$a~niwd$u3ni~ sun. T m u ~ ~ ~ m ~ l u ~ d n i s i ~ a a ~ n a a ~ a ~ a ~ a ~ ~
d V s
tiau6aa~ ~ilunisd~:~3a$s~ai'b60innistiun1wcu~us~lss:$u~1anaoa:
4~~ma~saCuunuinlunisfiiCu~rra ni~sanf;anG'uayu sun.
~innisaiiu$o~aninou~uludauua~n~~~a~niwdn~ld:ns~~n~su~~~s sum. A ' A
dailun~umiseiiaiiuau 61 aavia Tuwun 30 Bianausa 12 <anTm lui$sanisu~nis nun. W"a 4 w e , 2
6iu a i~ isno~~iua~unis i~~~~naa~anaiu~ 'bmmau
1 . ~ I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ % ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ L P I P I ~ I ~ " I I B ~ BUH.
1.1 fl15bbbei991~
1 ) ~1$4bb'lh~l~
F l l c b l 4 i 1 b b ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ f i 1 ~ l ~ d ; 9 b b 9 j ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ DpIn.
p i n m i n ~ i 1 n~um'aoeil~iJu sum iiuau 61 rrvia tiaPjlwn/'bdCJnis;mfii iittdaa~i~aiu iiuau 33 a r i a ~ima8u<au~"4.1 aaad~ni~~mfiiii~aaapi~~iua~uaiiuau 28 aavi9
Gm3u?sua: 45.9
~ i n m i n a i 4 n ~ u i ' a a d i ~ d ~ i l u aua. iiuau 61 ~ i . r dadw i i n i s<mf i i
i i&$u 7 ds:niw iiuau 39 LL*S ? m ~ f l u ? a ~ ~ : 63.9 ~ ~ a z h d f ~ i ~ ~ m f i i ~ i & 9 $ u 7 d-izniw
~ iuau 22 b b i ~ ?mjlbgu?~ua: 36.1
% ~ f ~ t ~ z
63.9
36.1
100.0
i i&du 7 ~~a:sj3:niwii9 7
i7 hi .ii =ia u
iiuau
3 9
22
6 1
1.2 ~ n 3 n l ~ ~ m 9 a f l l u ~ i l " l 5 ~ B 9 sum.
1) mni5A~lini3$us sum. as9
mi519 i 5 ~bamsaini~6iini5"us9 BUR 1 4 9
~fll~dfi~lfl15"119 BUm.
b ~ B l ~ l 5 ~ 1 t % ~ ~
ani 6 i ~ a ~ G u
~ ~ P I ~ z ~ u P I ~ z i i s s ~ ~ i u
d9601~15~~~909 OUR. ~dfl9~96hdu1%998j
os6'ni5u?~isdau<d~a"~ (dauii~na)
a i t4 '~6<in is i i~na
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~ f i l f l 1561~d
~u&~"wuIH~?
52 u
~ 1 ~ 2 ~
9
3 0
2
5
1
8
3
2
1
6 1
?sflfl%
14.8
49.2
3.3
8.2
1.6
13.1
4.9
3.3
1.6
100.0
u inm insd 6 n~uel-2sciisia?lu sum. i i u a u 61 aa49 ~ -2uTw~an iu i f i i n i sso .1
aum. a 3 u a n i i i u a a Z ~ i i u -2~ 30 aa4~ Emagu?sua: 49.2 s s ~ a s a ~ i a ~ u n i s a d i o i n i ~ w i ~ ~ d w A *
i i u a u 9 ~ ~ 4 s Emb?Iu?oua: 14.8 o16alu'~laini~~ianaiiuau 8 ab49 Emagu?oua: 13.1 a9u P A
s in iswunum oum. d a ? i ~ ~ u u i 2 w i i i u ? u 5 aariq Ema?lu?oua: 8.2 a?Ju~u&aiEmnisanwns
i i i u - 2 ~ 4.9 aa4s En~gu?oua: 5.4 ~ f i i n i a f i i ~ u i i u a u 2 aa.As Em~~u?oua: 3.3 n96ni2
l J ? ~ i 4 d - 2 ~ ~ 9 ~ a " f l (dau61~no) i i u -2~ 1 bb49 8mb~u?suas 1.6 b~u~u&w"wu?nm? i i u -2~ 1 b a i 9
?ma~u?oua: 1.6 3) a m w o i n i s i f i i n i 3
m i 5 1 9 i 7 a~a~jlsaniwoini3uo9 sum.
o i n n i n a i 7 n ~ u ~ a i a o c i i ~ ~ ~ f l u sun. i i um 61 ask d a u % w ~ i a m w a i m s
ifiinisni-2'1. i i u a u 41 ~4 . l ~magu?ouao. 67.2 ~ ~ ~ z I i ~ a i n i s i i i n i s i n i a s i i u a u 20 1149
@?nb~u?oua: 32.8
4) I r i u ~ o u s ~ i i i n i s '4 A 0
~ 1 3 1 9 i 8 bbdfljl~g:~%~~'Ylini3"11~9 sumil.
o i nmn . rd 8 n ~ u n j s r i i s i a g u o u n i i u a u 61 a~4a d a u T w ~ i i i 3 i u $ s ~ f i i n n
i l ' U - 2 ~ 46 !,a49 fimb8~?ElEla: 75.4 b b ~ : $ ~ ~ ~ l ~ $ ~ " ~ 9 ~ ~ l f l l 3 i l ~ d - 2 ~ 15 bL.49 fiFIjlbg~?Elflt3% 24.6
5) fl15<Flbl~fl91~
~ 1 3 i d 9 bb~mi19niG'mbiCn~iu"us~ sun.
sinni3is6 9 n~unisu'ic6ailu sun. i iuau 61 lar ia daul~aj i jn is
~ f l b l P d " n 9 1 ~ 6 ~ ~ ? ~ ~ ~ I U ~ U 40 b b i 9 F~FI~?U?EIEJB: 65.6 bba:6<mbl~d"n9l~%i~u3~?9~ ~ 1 ~ 3 ~
21 bb49 ?mjlb?h?fIEJa~ 34.4
einmiils6 10 nt$tTasd~a&i?u sun. i iu2u 61 ~ r r i a dadvajijnia<n
~13:~unarnnuni.iu?~i3 sum. I n;d~is~iisu i i u ~ u 49 ~~ri~ia ~mbilu?s~n: 80.3 aan:u~nni~
1 n ? ~ i o ~ ~ a u i iuau 12 bbri9 ~njlb~u?sun: 19.7
2) 51ua?un15d5:~aJR6~:n55un75u59/113 sum.
mind 11 a r i m a ~ i s a i u n i d ~ : ~ a ~ ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ a ~ n i ~ u 5 ~ 1 ~ " ~ 1 s a sum
o i n m i 5 i a i 11 n~u~aiindiai~8u sum. buau 61 aaAa d?uhl~Gm5cnii
nua iun ix l s :~a~~w:n~~a~ni~u39 /11~ sun. i i u ~ u 55 ad9 Gma8uIsua: 90.2 aaa:~biini~
~ ~ ~ 1 5 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ ' l i l ~ ' 2 ~ 6 bb49 8Plb8~?iin~t3: 9.8
1.4 ni~d5:!urini sun.
1) ni=iPI5:qurini sun.
m i n a f ? 12 ammaninl5rplaJoni sun.
ainminai 12 n~umioeiiai~ilu sum. i iu -~u 61 aaria dni56d5:qunni sum.
ni%d$:ta~rin~ sun.
G I i G
5'2 aJ
2) ~iuaiuni~d~:qurini sum.
m i n a i 13 amnanuaiuni~5:qmi sun.
iiuau
6 1
-
6 1
?aut3:
100.0 -
100.0
~iuaiuni~d5:!urifii sum.
G
' b i G
5'2 'dJ
imau
5 6
5
6 1
%ma:
91.8
8.2
100.0
~inmisi96 13 n~u6hi ia6~gu sum. kru3u 61 L L ~ dauI~@his<mfii
nu~iunisdscqunni Bum. iiuau 56 a r i s 8n~Duio~w: 91.8 ~aw:lihi~<mfiimu9iunis
ds:qunni oun Biuau 5 ~ ~ d s An~iiuisun- 8.2
3) iiuaunCupJs:quoni oum.
mima6 14 aann~iiuaunlruds:ymmi sun.
sinmind 14 niunisii~dailu sun ;luau 61 awis dau'ln~OnisCnniu
ds-quoni sun. 2 nsju iiuau 47 ~dq Am~Suiouat 77.0 ssso9uiai~lds:qrn sum. 3 -
4 nfu $luau 4 ~ds 8m~gu<suw: 6.6 ~m:~insiunCuds:qunni sum. iiuau 10 k i a iim~8u
?sm: 16.4
1.5 91U~15p1$36Ld
1 ) wymquw-aGuu?us/iG9!o
nisi36 15 aannanisinynquwt~Guu?u~Gs!s~ss oum.
sinmisla6 15 ntjuiYaiioiia~~flu sum. iiuau 61 ~ds daul~njOnis<nfii
a ~ n u w G u u G s o i iu?u 59 t~ds Gnliluiounr 96.7 uo:liinis<mfiioy mquw:~G~u
?LlM~9!'Fl ~ 1 ~ 3 ~ 2 bL49 ?Flilbfl~?ElEli3: 3.3
?aerfiax 96.7
3.3
100.0
ary rnqa~w-aGeruisnCsia G
l%i?i ?a %J
i iuau 59
2
6 1
ainninad 18 n~umjs~iisdailu n u n iiuau 61 ~a4s daul~$hi5<n
~uan~ ibdubsna is ~ iuau 46 bds ~ ~ L ? ~ ? E I U R : . 75.4 b ~ ~ : ~ ~ ~ n ? s < ~ ~ u a n ~ ~ b b ~ u b s n a i s
Gluau 15 bb49 EFlilb?h?~Ua: 24.6
5) if~fiuasnais
n i i isd 19 namsif~fiu~snaisuss BUR.
'a pl Ei
ainn13isi 19 n d a ~ ~ ~ s d i s d ~ % ~ sun. iiuau 61 LLI& daul~qa~c~nu~sna-15 ld p, Ci
~ 1 ~ 3 ~ 54 bb49 ~ P l b ~ ~ ? ~ U R ~ 8 . 5 ~~a:'l.uu~~nubnnai~ ~ 1 ~ 3 ~ 7 b149 ~ F l b ~ ~ d ? k l U ~ ~ 11.5
2. niranisu?wisy~naum aua.
2.1 msd~u~s iuussa7n< i s~a~~ ia
ninad 20 u~n~nlaasnaidfiu$sluussgn$is~a~sia
{~ffuaanais
ii K G 52 u
ainnisiad 20 n~unisdisdrgu sun. Biuau 56 L L ~ daul~l j2nRa * a - $a~?nsiaGnisas~aaid~unsiu iiuau 48 ~ ~ 4 s Rnailu$sa: 78.7 r~n:~iGniaasnaidgunsiu
Giuau 13 ~ ~ 4 9 8nbilu?s~a: 21.3
iiuau
54
7
6 1
?am:
88.5
11.5
100.0
~ l i n w i n a i 21 n~umioeiiaAdu nun. iiuau 61 ~da dadw@ijnis<mfii sJ"y?ni?ifiu ~11~314 56 ~ ~ 9 / i 9 8~~3u?oua: 91.8 iia:IXjini~Cmii3J"y?ni~~u iiuau 5 ~ ~ 9 / i a 8mi~u?nua: 8.2
3.2 ni~<mfiiwr~duuqunulm'
n m a i 22 ~mmani~<mfiin:iGuuq~~~iulm'~oa oun.
uinni3iad 22 n~u~asti iaia~u sun. iiuau 61 i l i a d?dw~ijnls<m fiin:aGuuqunuln" iiu2u 50 Rm~~u?oua: 82.0 ua:llii7ni3&fiin:i~uuqa~3iu\a6'
i l ~ d ' l ~ d 11 bb9/i9 8L9ilb~~%IEJa~ 18.0
3.3 ni%<mfiiw:~GuuqaJ~i~iiu
m i n a i i 23 uomanis<nfiiw:iGuuqaJ~iu~iu"~~oa sum.
Qinn in . r i 26 n~uniau ' ia i6gu aum. iiuau 61 a6T'i.r c i au~wa j i f l i s6 i i i
~sG~~]~3u'bPImi~fiiwumj1baai iiuau 40 ~ ~ 4 9 6mjl3u?sua: 65.57 i,~a:Gn1%4'mii$aGdKu'bi
~3PdbnJmiaJiiwpdm~aai iiuau 21 b~T'i9 ~mjlb3u?nua: 34.43
%ua:
65.57
34.43
100.0
nis<mfii$aGqgu
b3Pdbd~laJ61M~fl
I ~ b ~ P d b ~ ~ l a J f i l ~ ~ ~
3'2 a~
4.2 ~b68~qaJw"Hq
n i n d i 28 a~Hm~n:r6uuqa~wkiquo.r sum.
iiuau
40
21
6 1
%ma:
100.0
-
100.0
ni3~~i9$qns~uni3;mda<m<i9
G li ci $3 a~
iiuau
6 1
-
6 1
1.5 usuu~uuiu~sdiibnsbba:<d~a"m ~mubawi:n%au~~wisni~w"wui%sd
i i~naaan:<~~lkua:uluu~u~u 1 ~ O i ~ Y l u 6 o ~ W sum. ?uwnuw?aiiadfju$ du u luu iun is
am~~ilq~inaiuaAomiou~s~d3:"111"11u n i ~ 9 s ~ n ' u ~ ~ a : u ~ ~ m i a i ~ i ~ a ~ u ~ ~ s l ~ sum. 4 s i s a i ~ d m a i u h i ~ q ~ u m ~ ~ m ~ ~ ~ u d ~ : u ~ a ~ ? s < m ~ ~ ~ n ~ ~ n ~ ~ s ~ d ? u n ~ ~ ~ s ~ n ' u a ~ ~ : n n " l ~ ~ q m r k u 7
l u i i u a
2. ~iPanisu3~isaiPayaaa P Pb 2.1 aapia~~a<i~li1~~:Cui1ansa~ld~1~~i1~~~pd~~9~sdaud~um~1u~o sum.
l u i i ampd~~ l i i $d ia 1 luda4a:u:kuumi sum. ujWdwGnfi.liutiau61ua~s~mubsd dla d& sum. Mj~PjiAiUVn.~iudgm sum d i ~ l u ~ i L < I M ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ G U L L ~ : S J " ~ ~ L ~ u C ? U
w d w P P b 2.2 ~msusua<inuin~dgumd~udaua~"as sum. ~mujnuin33:&uiims
4 ~ i m a ~ a : o i n d a u n m oEi3ulvinaiutariaui9nani sun. na:n33uni3u5~isaaa:~n<1d $~nsi~l~Gnaiu~naiu~C~l~lpd~:bG~u namuiu i;dfiu$nudU?uaCs-r
iiuaa3labalaani~
3.4 a a i ~ $ d ~ < i l w s i i i u o a i i b n s ~ ~ a ~ ~ d ~ a " ~ a 0 u i < i ~ l i i d n ~ a ~ n i s d f j ~ ~ ~ i u Y B ~ ouw. -dau~~nisw~aosipdluwli1~~asda"mC~9~a"m
3.5 ai~~mni~l~.ji~~ud~:ui~lda3la'bdm1ui1~um~~a:yn$a~m1u~:~Guu CoG"su
3.6 Id sum. AirGuni34aFiumG9iubs~ aan:ou:(ri&sanissuiu;iu TIH'b6 b i ~ % f i OUW. !'dl~'b6b@~$~
4. ~lil~nl'6PiS~sllWYaq
4.1 nanld nun. <n$no'n<it%v;sln6~9niu~:~duu ni5<n$n%?~~n:m~~a6
n a s ~ ~ i ~ a i $ ~ n i ~ ~ i i 6 u m a i ~ i i ~ b u r i ~ u w a " ~ 4.2 ~~u:iii%d nun. i i ~ G u n i ~ % u n i ~ u ? 6 ~ u i i ~ 7 ~ i n n n i i i u a ~ ~ u
blrbuuaa nun. Id8iPsuufnurrn:~n6n.~niuna~uiu 4.3 i~u:Gild nun <niin:aiiuuquwkq n?w63uldim~iugn&nd~3u
~~~E1"u~m:aiui-san5a~wnu'b&n~~wun 4.4 6i~na < ~ w a " ~ a n n n ~ a ~ a ~ p ~ w " w q p l ~ : ~ i ~
P - r n n l - i : y u ~ ~ n r i i d x i d o u a o m n ~ o ~ n " u a n ~ w n i ~ d ~ u m ~ i u ~ o ~ aun u'n nriia8aluaniwnaiu P -
~ilus5~~~iliuaniaaa:na:n~cduni~u5~1~ a~;nuunnirmung~uiuaaa:u~uiwluni~d~um~iu adGwaiuIna3mynw"un"uuin'ou nisiiaGuaiuuod oun. ~ ~ o i ~ u n i n P s n u i ~ 1 3 o u o n ~ o u ~ 3 o aauu~lia3uni~nisn"un'ouaaa"a~~i1a$1~d~:yua$oa~uilss";nm1u~n~uiu ~:a~uufii~um
W A C ; oun. s :wu i iaa~n~~uiu f i i~umlXi ima~n~~un1c j~3~1~ ii~uiwadudiuu3~isuos oum. bad ng~uiu i iGl&G~Kulss"ds -~ iun~~un1su3~1so-6a~usu~uiua1u~?s~a~aa1u lw 'n~sun1- i
d A u3~isnu~danuIn i i ~ C i d ~ u ~ n " ~ u ~ ~ a d f i s ~ " i ~ i u l u ~ ~ i w ~ ~ u ~ ~ C i d l m T m u a a w ~ : PIN- 8.5 w u aiiuan"ud~:aiun~~uni~u5~i~~liiiiuislun1~aad~m~~~nu1~1"11n1~aanu adduiiuieae~
2) ~n<id a~dn1su3~iiau~iua$~fiui~~iuuin~~a:~siu'b6~~u~wa ni~nsa~i t~n<i~dadaudf i sJ"6~iu 'b6 ~uiiailfisJ"6mius:~.ij~~1ns:nsa~u~~imhsiiniunis < i i l . l p n < i ~ a a a ~ ~ a u n i s ~ n n s a ~ ~ a ~ 6 u w.vi. 2536 im:d~mnYIuurdua8~ (aCud 2) w . ~ . 2538 4 a ds:aiunssun1~u?~isa~6nisu3wisdauiiua~3u~iiiuis~a<i~
3) ~isimis ~ G n ~ i u ~?a~n<id~ad~Pdausi"11nis?~4@i~Es ~?a~Pd7unis
u3~ismarnsdaufiaadu ~ o a n ; ? i s u ? ~ i s d a u h u a ? a . r u o n ' o ~ ~ i ~ i u n i s ~ ~ ~ ~ m ' l ~ ~ d i i s a
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2.3 ~ i i i a n i i w ~ a w ~ n i i u s a ~ ~ 2 i ' b ~ i i ~ ~ i i a i w ~ ~ w ~ ~ n i a u ~ f i u ~ ~ ~ u I u aun.
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s:wa'isrrwu~wuiiiua<urrwuw"wui nunjl. u ciu
3.4 n i s i i r ~ u n i ~ T n i ~ n i s ~ w u i i i ~ 1 u-ludqwi&aaunnins~s+ sum.
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3 $ 0
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V I U ~ l d Y B d DUR. i l d 7 ~ ~ % J w L ! w F ~ ~ ~ " w ' b ~ ~ ~ l 3 d 3 ~ ~ l ~ d l ~ ~ ~ ~ l ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 d f l l ~ bbda:bbs/id
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~4sJ"iu i iun n.ionha~i?unuu nno. riauiiua a. ianiia1flunuugnRw?a11an4aw" ii?uKu w c ( P /
3.6 i < i ~ u i ~ u ~ ~ i m n a ~ u ~ ~ i u i ~ I ~ d ~ : ~ ~ u u i ~ u a C p l n i ~ ~ u n i ~ n ~ s 3.7 Bum. ~i~1aiua'iGu~uG~3Guelin 'b6?uni~<mna5uioinwPdaudi~lm
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2. %unisa~an$~aui~nm a m . inix%nisiw"~rwu aaa$aaumiu~iuuin
bfi~ld K
3 . ni=ia?in~umd nun. d ~ w a n ~ : n u ~ n n i ~ ? i ~ " u s ~ ~ p d a u ~ ~ u d a u ~ G n ~ n ~ a i u MI~EIJIU d~~pdau~iua~ii&i~iilu~:~nia.d?uadduuunu~wvsswuao~lfiasnn~sa~un~s adduuaidnanjniia Tmuaawi:ni~~~ua~duuu.nu~na~s~fin~~aCua~un~~iia~u~a~ sum.
I . T n ~ ~ a ? i ~ n i ~ u ? w i ~ ~ i u w a ~ i 1 a ~ 1 a a a a : < ~ ~ a " m i'~liaamntYa9iYuni3
adduuaada~unuinaa~:n13?i~~Gi6%un1~ii1iYu~aaaw"s~~u aai~:iiinnw?siauia:<awA Bari e . L b . 4
uim~nisaia~'i~ni~~uni~d~uwaw~fi~~u~aaa sum. ~amnii~nYUssnldmiUijm~aiuaiui~~~?s d A d r
Znsniw iaa:~aiu~?oufiuiid 7 ??dlu~iufiith~u d u d 3 : ~ i ~ ~ ~ a : a " a q q d n ~ ~ n u s ; 85
bsailwi:lus:guiianauu u iu i ims8 ia9u~s 'a~ l . i r "~na1n~~is~sd1~ i1~m aa:d?uunuiw
wa~diudnn~ssaaa:w"'ui aaa:$i3igni~dauiians ( % u ~ ~ ~ m " ~ 1 ~ 9 ~ 6 n i ~ u 3 ~ 1 3 d a u < ~ ~ a " m %G K auiuiiauaw~saan:riCuayu~iu6iuii~~~u~aaa sum uinwu aiu lfida'miimo6inuiiwGii
ailud&~~iuw"wuiw"a~~uii1~Gi6dsl"mi1~n0~?ufim~~u.~1u~~~n13u3~1~daui1ua aaifl~wi K d a di~~mmmwunna f iuisudiu~~nd?ufim"~~su~a~uiiuauuin ~ m u ~ i l w i ~ s d i ~ $ ~ % u d a ~ k u a a ~ n ~
sum.aiida~m$u%mi ~ i a z i ' a w i m ~ a i u w i s % ~ I u ~ i u i i ~ 7 ~nuinuiu ~ i I f i i i a ~ a < a ~ ~ u ~ i n
aau~iui~u8iuauuina~uii ia"~ id~a%fini3iiaGuni3uiid "1nailuldisu$i~ii.iii aia:Gn
aiinnaiufimwaim'b6\rii~ iiua~ua~ufl~1~iTn~~aii~ni~u3~i~~iulu~:~u<~~a"m Tnuiawi:
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2. 6 i a ~ s ~ ~ i w a i u 5 u a u ~ u u n u i n w ~ ~ n 1 ~ f i 1 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ sum. iis:gaaaauild
aiua$mrYu gum. uin~0uaailwusdi~l~Tmua~w1:sd~~6~~a1u?u~m"11au~a~i1a~a na&i sum.
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3 . daYnbianarJ?uFinasuslu sum. ui~daui'~wimnaiu"iriui~ flilGn151G
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niii<u&stilru~inisu3~i~~iu~s~a~Ani~u5~i5daui~u~ i j~nf ld5~ad6 a&
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aaa:~ud5:uim aaa&iuni~G~i3w"a~ baa") K a ~ n i ~ ~ ~ i u i l ~ ~ i n i ~ u ? ~ 1 5 ~ 1 u ~ s ~ a m .
aaa:aausaau:bauawi~ni~aanT~ 3 awe
n i 3 ? < ~ ~ 3 d ~ ~ d ~ n i 3 ~ ~ s J i ? ~ ~ ~ i ~ ~ ~ i ~ (Field Research) bba:ni3~<ubsnai~ %5 d w E 2
(Documentary Research) ~ I W ~ ~ ~ I ~ ? < H S ~ I ~ ~ ~ P ~ I ~ U U ~in17?<uQin sum. ~~mnd~uaflun?d
L L ~ ~ I u O 2538 4 1 ~ 3 ~ 617 ad9 ~ ~ ~ ~ @ u ~ ~ B ~ I ~ L L ~ u M ~ I H $ M ~ D u (Multistage random Sampling)
~6n~un ioe i id sun. 4iuau 61 a d d Iu 30 61ma 12 Q M ~ L ? a u d U & '
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1. naiadwaims nun. Gnaiu~uw"w6aiisIna3mfl"uni5u3~1~~1uIu~:~u iiuoaaa:~(Giuniun~9~uiu~itiau~nsJm:dnnss~flsc~ aaiui&uaduZdaduiia$ua~si ii&nsm3aau~imImu 22212499 ~ a & 6 8 Guimu 2499 d d i i ~ u m l ~ ~ ~ ? 3 : a ~ u u u ? ~ i 3
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ynna G ~ G n d i u i i m 5iuI& ~ ~ a : i i u i ~ I u n i ~ u ~ ~ i ~ i i ~ n i ~ d a u i i 9 ~ ~ a 3 u m ~ n u a a ~ lmuaa~k
naiuw ui~iu%unis<m~~niauni~dn~~s~w"aa~ulu~:~~1iiunuid~:~unaiu
iclliriannknda 'lug 2537 1da\6ini~d~:ni~%$w~:~i~~q~~nni~i~1a11a:s~~ni~~13~1~ dauilun w.~. 2537 d~wn%~ani i iunw"~numi~ iu :~Qu~~~nna ~m:~ni i iun~ind6miu
~nsuG~n~nuiu61~lan I6?uun2iu:~u~ilua~&ni~u3ni~dauiiua (sun.) ii;iu:ailuniau
n13dnn3asfia~$u T~~~n?ii"79nisu?nisd~~nsu6au arni sum. ~~a:n~ld:ns%un13u?ni3 sum.
%IIUIOMCI~ wcndiu ~iul6b~u~sdmu~sd &%ug 2538 ~ni~<m~?d sum. ~ ~ ~ ~ L L W W ~ U 617 b b i d
~ba:g 2539 gn 2,143 I L ~ R ' ~ 2. ?Zn1%~13~11$91pdwa9 BUR.
2.1 6iunis<mTn~~o?i~iin:~:uu~iu%u 4 ds:~$unGn 7 iis 1) m=ids:!u
2) n i ~ ~ ~ P ; ~ a i u n ~ a u a u n u i u ~ ~ n : n i ~ ~ n u i ~ i ~ n i ~ ~ ~ ~ u 3) ni%h3iGndiu IIO: 4) ar;L1udiu
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1) fIi.jd3:p sum. dau%~~~nl3d~:~~nf ; ld :n35uf l13u~~i3~u~f l
i8auaeiiaCaotWsunr 1 nA daumsdsm!~nni sum. dauZni4inumnCudszquga: 2 nCu
aa:~~i7~:d~:~uiaun"uw"~diunniun:nru:nssunisu?ni~ 2) n i~~~3j~~iu~?suau9~uiuaiu n~an i~?nwi~ ian ic j~~wuwui i sum.
i a u % ~ ~ ~ ~ l d G n i ~ ~ ~ P ; ~ ~ i u ~ ~ a u s u ~ u i u ~ i u ~ ~ u a i u ~ n ~ ~ ~ n w ~ L L ~ O : ~ O L I W S J I B ~ ~ " ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I D I
~~a:l~ini~<miiii~~~nui~i~nis11~ud~:~iun~~uni~u3ni~1w~i:1~u-di~~Id~naiu~i1ilu 3) nis<mii~Cndiu wuii sum. d a u l n ~ i m n i ~ ~ i i n i s ~ Q u ~ s ~ m u ~ s ~
~~n:ifiiuiiini3Euuisu dau sum. ~ l ~ j ~ s i ~ i s ~ i l u ~ s ~ m u ~ s ~ C n ' l ~ s i n i ~ " ~ ~ s ~ a r n i i i u ~ ~ ~ u
n'ss~niisiniswi~rm$ n'la~i~usini~~~~ni~ii~nss~~Quni~8a~~ia 4) ~nuu.~iumsunsu wuj1 sum. dau%~~ini~<miiny~quw:~fluu%
~~n:nymqun:iGuud~nsd"d3a iniso'naffu~du~snnls ~ m n u a m n ~ ~ d u a s n n i ~ ~ ~ a : n i ~ < m ~ ~ n " u ~snnis~dsuha~~u3:~GuuEuu~a ~~~ini~<mi~$u~anarirujinai~nninnn~u$ua~tumaiu
n:man%uni~%$~iu~ilu~.~Gn Q
2.2 hunisu5~1uiuy nnn T m s ~ a w i s n i n l ~ u w m u ~ a ~ ~ n ~ ~ ~ . i r " a ~ ~ i a r a a : h n m i s n ~ s w C n ~ i u ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ \ p l d a u d ~ ~ ] ~ ~ i u sun. wuii
1) % u m ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ i ~ m i i s n ~ n ~ i ~ 8 a ~ ~ i a ~ u sum. 1 2 n 1 d Q, s 4 d iia"a"srnnsuQa6uub~a:Xuniwa n u a ~ ~ n s ~ X u n i u d ~ G u d s e i i ~ ~ ~ u a
9 4 9,
2) Qn<i;l.18amnaeoa sum. M ~ I U L L ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ U ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P / ~ ? ~ ~ I ~ ~ / ; ~ ~ ~
~aswui%nnni aum. ~?ansu:n~3uni~u3ni3
2.3 6iuni~u?ssi~nisn~~aaa:~uds:uim
1) ilsgyhnu16$ auw .<nrffu6auwuaBsiidusds:anwb~ua~a mG3iu
2) ni3T$iiududs:uim3 2539 ( l ? ~ ~ d b ~ ' i l ~ 8 9 ~ 7 ~ ~ 2539) d'J'U%?4d oum. T$iiuauds-uiddaaa"auinniiioua: 50 i l iw%$lIiIkfini~udau%w~fins:~flud~ %$iiu2uniun1~na~uss3a~n~~ni~w"mui~a~uTn~~aii~~u1u~aa~Tus:~iiaiia~un1~n'aaii~
3) n i~<mi i i i~CaG~<u~3~d~:uim~iui iu 3 2540 dau%ss~afldd V W d
mi%~s:u:aaaiiiiwum aawuduuiaiauiii$i
2.4 6iunisuPssisi~q wuii oum. I6iiaiiunisaai~$~n33%~ni5<mda<m~id
dau%w~Gni3<miim:aCuuquw"aq aaa:iini3nsagaauw"aqd~:ii3 3. J ~ M I ~ I ~ P I ~ M I ~ ~ I P ~ " I I B ~ sum.
Jiuoiaussm am-winaanauiaqqdnad
4) au18noni aum. ~ ~ ~ i ~ o u ~ ~ i ~ ~ u n u i n ~ ~ i ~ w a ~ m u ~ a ~
5 ) i1l?u~~m~Gunuinhi<~%uni~$m8ulo6asdi~ 7 fiilGunuin
"LIaddiuwn16oun~idiuu?~i~ 6) b f i m n a i u ~ m a a ~ s ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ a d ~ a u n " u ~ : ~ ~ ~ d d ~ u ~ n i n " u d i u u ? w i ~ ~ ~ a
w'naaulsCuaoaniu%udiu~a~mu Ins~awi:aia~~einmsia~a~lun~~<ma~~~ud~~uim/Tncj~ni~ 7) ni3dfju%siud3-iia"u (Routine Work) $~I~~~$%uPIPI 8) 3:uuni3~miaAani~~:wii~iianaCu sum. ujldnioaoi?
9) winunnuwCsi~? s:aCuu$~iAu6as%~uni~dfiu3siu
Dun, tilplr" Bun. lsjl6<in.~ni3lddaudfiuT~iudd5:ad6 5 ) daun.~nis~lddaudfiuT~iulu sun. ~il6~uadss"fl"uni=idfiu3
,d c; ~idnamuw iwn:iaiud5:iiuaanuas~a~aaa"a ~~kuimnaiu~naiua<i lo lu~~u s u n nnvn P PlP g:
ouuimnaiurv-il~ldsdi~o3~C~ ~ w ~ i : a ~ u ~ i n ~ d a u d ~ u w ~ ~ u a ~ u ~ # a n ~ ~ a a s i ~ u u 6) ads$isinini5ildli~u~lfiu~aiu s u n nsuniann'l.d ~ ~ a z i n i ~
ussuaai~$~w~fl~iudauiiuwa~lPJ o:dawadsni~WiaPlu~iuua~ sun. Iu~:u:ndsTauaawi: flisadu~dsnaiuijnwninIun1cddfiu3~1u
a~uan'uni~w"wuinm~iw$^anua~d~:~i~u6iu6u 7 mu 3 aum. uisaai~Cniiii.i~ssJ"~~u~u~~:u~m~~u.jiui~~~ adoqoin
~ N : f l 5 5 B J ~ l 5 ~ i " s l 5 ~ d ' b ~ ~ ~ ~ b $ l ~ 9 ~ 3 ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ 3 ~ ~ f i l ~ l d $ ~ s J " d ~ ~ d ~ 1 d 3 ~ ~ l ~ 7 bb~d$Bj$fll5 iiivumau'ulls:~ulunicj~o1~m1i1~u"sG~6u~ud~:ui~la"bX~naou d~:nsufi'uhiislni~dm daud~ju3~iuIuv~iddtYm sun. ii<qu~nnaiuiriui$u&sd$
4) a ~ i ~ l i i ~ d l i a u ~ ~ s J " ~ ~ ~ u < ~ u ~ m n a ~ u a ~ i u ~ ~ ~ l u ~ : a ~ u ~ ~ ~ u a ~ u n i ~ b"sufll3ntYd
5 ) nun. liiau%flnai8~ii~~~uaawuw"mu1iiua ni3<mandu d % ~ ~ l N ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d b 6 ~ s ; r " a b b ~ ~
6) a m . ~d~ua~~sdni~~n~ibbuuw"mu~~~unn"ubawuw"wu~ sum. A d
7) ulnnl3d3:alu97u5:~-d79 sun. 6aun"u' Tmubawl: sun. WBJ a" d P wunmninnilunizCmtiTn~~nisw'nruiTn5~afi~$u~iu
8) sun. li~nu~avd~duiu~~ijdusJ"~$iju~j1n-dil6?u<ma5~u1
2) a r u i ~ n n n i ~ ~ a : n ~ : n ~ ~ u n i ~ u ~ n i s auw. a i i ' u h d a ' i ~ " ~ ~ ~
n~wuiuau'71dGdad6daub4utu auw. huaowi:ni3<m$aCm$is
3) aum nmua~p i~ l l jGnn iu$~ in i~a9uua~nuaa~ ~~a:ui~~aiaIai'bW w c : A d i i ~ ~ u n i s l u & a ~ n i s l a u n ? w ~ 8 u l 9 ; 1 a d u ~ ~ ~ u u i a u
4) uinaanauqdn5d nmu6~iiuwic~
5) ' b ~ ~ l < l ~ f i d % ? 6 ~ d ~ ~ ~ 5 3 ~ ~ 1 5 ~ ~ l 5 b $ l ' b d $ ~ b ~
6) ~ru~i?!Auainiaawa n5:nuiamsCm$a<nniA~u6sniidaini3
1.3 n ~ d a u ~ i u i a i u a ~ a s ~ u n i ~ i ~ b n ~ ' b ~ ~ i u ~ ~ ~ a ~ aun. a " l j nn$:n3a~n15~<4
ns-nsa~nuuinu ns:n~adp7nn1nnsau iTJu6u ~ a a i ~ k i i ~ i r u n i s n i % ~ u i w ~ n i ~ $ n m : ? ~ u u n 3 'bmTGnaiu~ffu"~~au'ba" a$a%G nun. i~iu'b6~inniGain3 aaa:disssua~uu~kudu
4 w q 2. ~ ; ~ ~ L ~ ~ ~ ~ L L ~ ~ % U L ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ P I W
2.1 naG'm2nausulbari unains$~iua$au a m . luyns-Guim-yn
~ 1 u % ~ ~ l ~ l 5 n ~ l ' b d d f i ~ 1 ~ 9 l ~ ' b ~ ~ ~ d %u<flM~:n138n~p13~911a"nQ~~bb~~ b 9 h J (Intensive Courses)
~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I M ~ " ~ Q W ~ % ~ ~ M U I ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I ~ % ~ L L ~ R ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ b h ~ 1 ~ f l ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d l ~ d ' 2 ~ ~ 7 ~ ~ silgfl
$A~{U?EP~MIT~I~ OUW. n ~ n t s ~ ~ ~ i i i ~ n i ~ d a u D ~ n i n ~ b ~ u a ~ a d ~ u OUW. du6u Tmuuanaiu
~ a u ~ a r ? i n o n i ~ u n i ~ 8 n ~ i ~ G n a i u ~ ~ u a " 1 1 i ~ T u n i ~ ~ ~ f i i n ~ n ~ w ~ n i ~ ~ n ~ u ~ u
n - 2.2 masdFudps:~iisudid 7 ~r~uan'yn~sd~unaipd~~~ sun. Ivipjnaiu
n w-. a" d i n ~ i u ads l f ia i 'n lu i in i i l~ id~u~l f i s i i~aamna"s~baa:~ 'v~~~~:~un"uan~u idu s:iiiuu
i6ua?hnis~urnsn& ~:aflsuaiuan'umsds:!u 3uKu
2.3 n~s~nis~s:niu~~wu~us:~u~~nin~aa:~"s~6u mnanpum3iiGuaiu
s a ~ i ~ u n a i j i u ~ a u u 7 ~Gaann~s.~~rn:rda'nluTu~n"u 2.4 nun. aaazwiaudiufia6uaDsd wasa~s?m$nnisIu60~~?~63udi~ 7
1~~r6atdunssa~dnhm EIUA. ~ G ~ ~ K ~ E I . ~ G B ~ ? ~ U ~ I ~ ~ Q M B J I ~ adu ~ R U ~ I R I ~ ~ I ~ ~ S I U
m ~ " i u w ' did 7 ~3u6u
2.5 n i s ~ n ~ ~ a a w u ~ w u i ~ i u a a a a : n i s ~ # d i s ~ ~ d s : u i ~ " ~ s ~ am. mas:
naiunssunqunisiwuifiiuii~ 7 Iriuinniinisw'hluia~~i:fiiuTn~~afi~~uiu Tnu1G SB) A
naiudi~~n"u~nsdnis~b~ua~sdn"unisw"winu dda~an~'ou~fi~in6~ubws~~wsmn~adn"unis
~wuidnmfl~udadaawu~wuibfls~~~~aia:~~nubb~d%~~ ai%i 8
Burkhea, Jese. Government Budgeting, New York : John Wiey & Sons, Inc. 1965.
Dale, Erest. Management : Theory and Practice. New York:Mc Graw-Hill Book Co., 1965.
Guick, Luther and Urwick, Lyndal (eds), Papers on the Sciences of Administration.
New York : Institute of Public administration, 1937.
Greenwood, William T. Management and Organization Behavioral Theories : An Inter-
disciplinary Approach. New York : South-Western Publishing Company,
1965.
Lerner, Daniel. "Toward a Communication Theory Modernization, A Set of Comunication".
in Communication and Political Development. Edited by Pye, Lucian
W. Princeton, New Jersey : Princeton University Press, 1963.
I . i i u v P d 9 ~ a s ~ i ~ d h a m . ( ) f j ~ z ~ i u n ~ = i ~ n i = i u ? v i ~ ( ) fl33BJfl13PI%413
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