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ARCHIBOLD’S CASTLE DALKEY

Beranger’s 1766 watercolour of Archibold’s Castle

Organised by the Dalkey Civic Trust for Heritage Week, 20th - 28th August 2011.Pamphlet prepared by Julia Crimmins.

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ORIGIN OF TOWER HOUSES

Tower houses date to the 15th, 16th and early 17th centuries in Ireland. It is thought that the construction of tower houses began circa 1429 when the Dublin parliament authorized a subsidy of £10 to whoever built a castle or tower of sufficient strength in Dublin, Meath, Kildare or Louth as part of the Pale defences and that building elsewhere was either simultaneous or a little later. Some sources suggest that Gaelic and Anglo-Norman landowners built tower houses as fortified farmsteads in response to a growing problem of law and order in Ireland. As many suffered heavily in the 16th century Tudor conquest and in the 17th century under Cromwell it is more likely that they were built to withstand petty plunder. Many were built in fertile areas, particularly in Munster where there are very high numbers of tower houses so it is thought that they were built as status symbols during a period of prosperity. This idea is supported by the fact that there are numerous records of tower houses in the annals in relation wills, tenancies, leases, family disputes over ownership and mortgages The presence of a tower house has also been thought to indicate the former importance of an urban settlement. This is true of both Dalkey and Newcastle Lyons both of which had seven tower houses.

THE PALEBy the late 14th century the only part of Ireland which remained strongly in the control of England was the Pale. The Pale constituted much of what is now the County of Dublin and parts of Kildare, Meath, and Louth. In 1488 the boundaries of the Pale were defined as stretching from Dalkey to Merrion and then to the Dodder, Saggart, Rathcoole. Kilteel, Rathmory, Ballymore-Eustace, Nass, Clane, Kilcock and Dundalk. A different boundary is given at other dates such as in 1515 when part of the boundary was defined as running from Dalkey to Tallaght. An Act of Parliament in 1494 required landowners to construct a new line of defence against the Gaelic Irish along the borders of the Pale in order to give more protection to the area within the Pale. The Pale Ditch consisted of a double ditch and a high bank in the middle. This was to hinder movement and thus tackle the problem of cattle raiding. Taxes were levied in order to meet the expense of building the Pale Ditch but the money was often used on other projects or frittered away through corruption and inefficiency. The result was that only a few lengths of the Pale Ditch were actually dug. The banks were so broad, flat and linear that they could be used as track-ways. This has indeed happened on remaining sections of the Pale Ditch where they have roads built on top of them.As the edges of the Pale were under attack from the O’Byrnes and O’Tooles of Wicklow, it is though that this resulted in the widespread construction of tower houses on the perimeter of the Pale as well as within it from the 15th century onwards. The land within the Pale was surrounded by a buffer zone known as the Marches. This area was correspondingly thickly spread with tower houses and many of these tower houses are or were found directly north of what was the edge of the Pale. At the villages of Dalkey, Newcastle-Lyons, Saggart, Clondalkin and Tallaght there were dense groupings of tower houses.

NUMBERIt is not known how many tower houses were built nationally. Many scholars have given the national figure as around 2000 to 3500 but estimates as high as 7000 or 8000 have also been given. These are based on the county archaeological inventories and the first edition Ordnance Survey maps but not all county archaeological inventories have been completed. Also, the number of tower houses was once greater than is shown on the OS maps of the 19th

O’Danachair’s map gives a rough idea of the national distribution of tower houses but not the actual numbers of tower houses in each region.

Extract of the 1488 Statute Map of the Pale

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century because there are other earlier records of tower houses such as the 17th century Down Survey, Speed’s map , Petty’s map and 18th century maps. Some tower houses were ruined or demolished before the end of the 17th century. There are also tower houses that have been incorporated into later buildings to such an extent that the remains of these tower houses are only discernible by the occurrence of features that are commonly associated with tower houses. Craig estimated that there were about 200 tower houses in the Pale. This figure is almost certainly an under-estimate as there are records of 141 in Dublin alone. 96 were south of the Liffey as this area was very turbulent, but those in north Dublin are more elaborate.

DECLINECastle French in County Galway built in 1683 is thought to be one of the last tower houses to be built. It was demolished in the 1770’s. The last phase of tower house building is characterized by thinner gabled walls, cruciform roofs, gun defences and large mullioned windows. During the late 16th and 17th centuries there was a move away from tower house building towards more spacious and well-lit manor houses. Many were badly damaged during the Cromwellian era or during the Williamite wars and its aftermath, and were never repaired or occupied again. A lot of tower houses were burned in the 1920s during the War of Independence, as they were regarded by some as symbols of foreign domination in spite of the fact that many were built by the Gaelic Irish and not just the Anglo Normans. Today the majority of Irish tower houses are derelict and in very poor condition, often with collapsed walls covered in ivy after centuries of neglect. They have also been affected by stone robbing or been demolished altogether. 88 of Dublin’s tower houses have been destroyed or have disappeared, 56 of which were south of the Liffey. Similar levels of loss have been noted elsewhere in the country. In the early nineteenth century some were destroyed to provide building stone. Black’s Castle in Dalkey was destroyed in the 1840’s and the Queen’s Hotel was built on the site. Wolverston’s Castle in Dalkey was demolished in 1843 to provide building stone for Tudor House. At least 32 of Dublin’s tower houses have been destroyed since the end of the 19th century and the main reasons were land development and neglect. Conservation and reuse does happen however. Historically farmhouses or other buildings were built up against tower houses or they were altered and incorporated into later buildings so that the tower house in question became a house. In many cases, these survive in fairly good condition because they remained in use. Many such as Barryscourt, Blarney, Bunratty, Dunsoghley, Drimnagh and Ross are maintained by tourism. The poet and playwright W.B. Yeats was one of the first to revive the taste for living in a tower house at his home Thoor Ballylee in Clare and several private owners have restored them as homes. The remains of Ballyowen Castle in west Dublin were restored and the building is now a commercial premises.

DALKEY’S TOWER HOUSESTower houses are amongst the most and conspicuous type of monument in the country. Tower Houses vary regionally in their size and design, but there are features which apply to all. They are generally square or rectangular in plan with up to four corner turrets. An exception to this form is the small group of cylindrical towers such as the tower house in Newtown, County Clare. The Dalkey tower houses smaller than the norm and less ornamented. They date from the late 15th or early 16th century and were probably built when provisions were made to defend the merchants in the town and their goods. While the majority of the inhabitants of Dalkey lived in much more modest dwellings, the range of tower houses

This distribution map shows the extent of loss in Dublin.

An extract of William Petty’s Map of 1685. It notes the locations of several tower houses.

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provides material evidence of the period of prosperity enjoyed by Dalkey. It had a charter and there were markets held there in about the year 1500. Seven tower houses are depicted in Dalkey on the Down Survey map of 1655 and the one at Bullock is entirely separate. The Dungan family owned two (Archibold’s & Dungan’s) and there were four others (Goat Castle owned by the Cheevers family, Black’s Castle, Wolverston’s Castle and House Castle) at the end of the 17th century. There was a local tradition that the seventh castle was on the south side of the street to the east of Archibold’s on the site of what was Findlaters. A small rectangular recess similar to those in Archibold’s Castle has been noted in the granite boundary walls behind the EBS, which is closer to Archibold’s Castle. There are also some worked pieces of stone embedded in the walls; they could be lintels, jambs or window sills. It is just possible that this was the site of the elusive seventh castle. John Roque described Dalkey in 1757 and mentioned that there were seven Castles there and seven Castles are indicated on his map. Peter Wilson writing in 1768, mentioned 7 but only described 5. One of these, in fact seems to have disappeared by that time as “rather the remains of it, may be found in the walls of an old cabin”. The 7th he said had been totally demolished some years earlier for it’s masonry. Lewis found three in use in 1837, one was in use as a private house, the other two were used as a store and a carpenter’s shop. The 1837 Ordnance Survey map shows five, one to the east of the ruined church, which is clearly the Goat Castle, another site further east, and a castle on the south side of Castle Street, which is Archibold’s Castle. Two sites are marked to the west of the Goat Castle. One was Wolverston’s. Dungan’s Castle is though to have been was situated between Hyde Rd and Ulverton Rd. The side wall of the premises facing onto Ulverton rd is composed of rough granite stones similar to the surviving castles and may be a relic of this building. Only two of the seven are still standing, Goat Castle, Archibold’s Castle.

ARCHIBOLD’S CASTLEArchibold’s Castle (DU023-023014) is situated on the south side of Castle Street in Dalkey, County Dublin. It is only a short way down from Goat Castle, which is the other surviving tower house on Castle Street. The tower houses for which Dalkey is famed were built as fortified residences by wealthy merchants and landowners in the town in order to protect their stock and families from raids by the O’Byrnes and the O’Tooles of the Wicklow Mountains. The castle is probably of late 15th or early 16th century date. Because of Dalkey’s situation on the edge of the Pale and its importance as a trading centre, defence became important to the town’s merchant class. A defensive rampart was also built around the town and part of this survived on Dalkey Avenue. Documentary evidence indicates that there were seven tower houses in Dalkey. The name Archibold’s Castle is a misnomer, as the tower house was never actually owned by the Archibold family but they owned the neighbouring land to the east, in the 18th century on one of which a castle stood in 1769. According to the Christ Church deeds, In 1585 John Dungan, a merchant and government office-holder (second remembrancer of the exchequer), was granted a moiety of a castle, half an orchard and two acres of land for 61 years at a rental of 7 shillings Irish. He was required to build up the premises. A James Kennan leased the same property for 21 years in 1645 at 30 shillings sterling. This lease shows the castle was on the south side of Castle Street and can reasonably be assumed to be Archibold’s Castle. The Dungan’s regained the property during the Restoration but lost it again in the Williamite confiscations. An inquisition of 9 March 1691 stated that William Dungan, Earl of Limerick, was seized of 2 castles (the other being Dungan’s Castle on the north side of the street), 6 properties and

The 1655 Down survey map of the Barony of Rathdown shows seven tower houses in Dalkey.

Roque’s 1760 map of Dublin also notes seven tower houses in Dalkey.

The 1837 OS map of Dublin notes five castles

An engraving of Dalkey’s Castles, copied from Grose’s drawing of 1792. Goat Castle is in the foreground, Archibold’s is on the left and what was Dungan’s castle is in the background.

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gardens, seven acres of arable land together with meadow and pasture (64 acres in total) in Dalkey. Beranger painted watercolours of the tower houses in Dalkey in 1766. It was referred to as a cabin in 1818. Around 1870 it was said to be in ruins. Between 1947 and 1948 the Office of Public works undertook conservation works to the ruin. This involved reopening the original entrance, which had been blocked up, laying concrete over the vault and in the embrasures of some of the damaged openings and below the bartizan.

DESCRIPTIONExternally, tower houses are quite plain. The remains of Archibold’s Castle rise to three storeys with an incomplete parapet. The tower house is rectangular in plan and constructed of roughly coursed granite masonry with dressed granite quoins. It measures approximately 15m in height by 10.3m in length and 6m with externally. The roof has long since vanished but very few medieval roofs survive. They were constructed of timber, thatch or stone. The best-known timber roof is at Dunsoghley Castle in North Dublin which has served as a model for many restorations. There are many references in the Civil Survey of the 1650s to thatched roofs on tower houses. A recently restored stone roof can be found at Castle Salem in County Cork. It is likely that the loss of the roofs in many cases is connected to the failure/collapse of the parapet or battlements and dampness rather than fire. The parapet is one of the weakest points in a tower house, as it lies on walls that are very thin at that point and often projects slightly outward from the main wall. Many parapets once had a style of crenellation that is thought to be unique to Ireland. These consist of two or three steps that rise several feet above the parapet. The parapet at Archibold’s is incomplete and the crenellations do not survive. Chimneys often project from the outer wall of the parapet to keep the allure unobstructed. The Chimney of Archibold’s is on the west elevation.The main entrance is often, but not always, situated next to one of the corner turrets. There is a turret in the NE corner and the original entrance is through a round headed doorway at the north end of the west elevation, and is protected through a machicolation at parapet level. There was another turret at roof level in the SW corner.Although no batter is present at Archibold’s Castle, many tower houses had some form of batter. This was not only for defensive reasons, but also for structural ones. Tower houses have shallow foundations and the batter would act as a stabilizer. It would also support the thick tower houses walls, particularly where there was a lot of pressure from the vaults.

THE NORTH ELEVATIONBelow the parapet there is a long window with a round arch in the centre of the elevation on the second floor. Below on the first or intermediate floor there are two openings. On the ground floor there is a blocked round-headed door opening. This is a later insertion. Beranger’s watercolour of the tower house shows that this was a window in 1766. However, a door must have been inserted in the late eighteenth or nineteenth century as Wakeman’s drawing which appeared in Ball’s ‘History of the County of Dublin’ in 1902 clearly show a door at the east end of the north elevation. This opening has since been closed up.

THE EAST ELEVATIONIn Beranger’s watercolour of 1766, the crenellations are shown as very damaged and only partially intact. It would seem, from the current appearance of the turret that the Office of Public Works also carried out repairs and consolidation to the top of the turret. The wall tops also appear to have been sealed, as is the policy of the O.P.W.

The east and north elevations.

The north and west elevations.

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There are three arrow loops on this side of the turret. On the second floor of the east elevation there is a damaged rectangular opening. Below it there is an arrow loop on the intermediate level and bricked up door on the ground floor. This is a later insertion that was partially closed up by the O.P.W. to form a window. Near the south end of the elevation there is a small arrow loop. A line of staining caused by algae below this opening runs from the base of the opening to the ground. This indicates that there is water dripping from this opening. There is also another small arrow loop just below the turret.

THE SOUTH ELEVATIONThe turret at roof level in the SW corner no longer survives but there is a good deal of it remaining on the south elevation. None the less, even here it is badly damaged. There is a long rectangular opening at second floor level. This appears to be in good condition. Below it there is an arrow loop on the intermediate level. On the ground floor there is another later door insertion that has been bricked up so that it is now a window. Concrete also lines the window and there is some dampness evident.

THE WEST ELEVATIONIn the centre of the elevation a flue projects out from the parapet slightly. There is also a bartizan at the north end directly above the door. This was to protect the door. The upper portion is missing and beneath there are two concrete supports to ensure the bartizan does not fail. These were inserted by the O.P.W between 1947 and 1948. There are three openings on the second floor of this elevation. One is an arrow loop on the SW turret. Near the chimney there is a long narrow round-headed window . Beneath the bartizan there is another arrow loop. In addition, there is evidence of a roofline, indicating that there was another structure built up against the tower house at some point. Beranger’s watercolour of Archibold’s Castle shows another building built up against the west elevation. The tower house is entered through a round-headed doorway in the north end of the west wall. Two granite steps lead up to it. This door had been blocked until the O.P.W re-opened it during conservation works in the late 1940’s.

Tower houses did not stand as solitary buildings in the landscape as they appear today. Often there were ancillary buildings and other structures. Most tower houses originally had some kind of bawn or courtyard around them. Because they had thinner walls of stone, earth or turf, they were seen as convenient sources of building materials and were subjected to stone robbing. By the late nineteenth century most bawns had already disappeared. Beranger’s watercolour of Archibold’s shows a walled area attached to the west side of the tower house. Was this the bawn?

THE INTERIORThere is usually only one large space on each level so that various living areas are stacked on top of one another instead of being side by side. These would lead into smaller rooms in the corner turrets or built into the walls.

THE SECOND FLOOR The upper floors contained the main living quarters as they were large and brighter due to thinner walls and larger and more elaborate windows The second floor was the main chamber in Archibold’s castle and is situated directly above the vault. Often there are large fireplaces, wall presses and guarderobes/toilets. What may have been a garderobe is in the SE corner of the room and the fireplace is in the west wall. There are a number of wall presses also. The NE turret contains a newel staircase that gives access to the parapet wall walk. In larger tower houses there would have been bedchambers or chapels in the turrets or

Leask’s Illustration of the roof of Dunsoghley Castle. Archibold’s Castle may have had a similar roof.

The second floor.

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within the walls.Windows in early tower houses are very small arrow loops, or ogee headed windows. In later tower houses or examples where the fenestration has been changed, mullioned windows or windows of more generous size may be found and these are often arranged to correspond vertically and horizontally. The second floor is lit by narrow, round or flat headed windows in the W, S and N walls and a larger square window in the E wall. There are smaller arrow loops in the turrets.Timber doors within tower houses were hung on ‘hanging- eyes’ or hung from a small hole set in the doorjambs. There are not many of these remaining however.

THE FIRST FLOORIn most tower houses there is at least one vault over the ground floor and often there is more than one. At Archibold’s castle it is over the first floor. The vaulting appears to be in good condition. The top of the vault is sealed with concrete, as was the practice of the Board Of Works under Leask. Vaults were constructed by laying wicker mats on timber false-work, applying lime mortar and placing stones on top. Wattle marks and actual fragments of the mats have been found projecting from the vault at Naul in County Dublin. Sometimes the haunches of the vaults were hollow as this lightened the structure. It was also a convenient place for secret chambers, as at Clara County Kilkenny. The stress the vaults placed on the sidewalls restricted their number and as a result timber flooring was common. Where there are timber floors these were supported on joists inserted into sockets in the walls or placed on corbels protruding from the walls. There is a line of joist sockets just below the vault, thus indicating that there was an intermediate floor. Corlett believes this space was used for storage. The door into this room is from the stairs. It is rather unusual in that the lintel is an early medieval cross slab from St Begnet’s churchyard.

THE GROUND FLOORThe ground floor room is generally the smallest and darkest room. This is because the walls are thickest at the base and the windows are usually very small and narrow with deep embrasures. Fireplaces at this level are rare and where they do occur they are small, shallow and simple unless they have been modified at a later date. The ground floor was used for storage or as a stable as it would have been unpleasant to live in.The original entrance opens on to the staircase. Often there is a small recess inside the main doorway. This was for holding a drawbar that was placed horizontally across the back of the door. Two can be found at Puck’s Castle in Rathmicheal. The staircase is often located just off the short passage leading from the entrance to the ground floor room. This passage often has a murder hole just above and inside the main door. It was intended that heavy objects and other things would be dropped from the room above in order to impede intruders. A spiral stairs are usually located in an angle turret, or they are built against one of the walls and straight. This type of stairs is known as a bracketed staircase. Like Puck’s Castle and Goat Castle, access to the upper floors is by straight flights of stairs at the north end. The windows that light the stairways are nearly always arrow loops and the steps are steep and uneven in order to inhibit intruders. The steps are usually stone but there are examples where they were wooden. At some tower houses, the position of the stairs changes at one of the upper floors.To the right of the stairs is the ground floor room. There are wall presses in the east and west walls. There is a recess in the middle of the west wall that Stout thought might be a blocked opening. There is no indication on the exterior of a blocked opening however. The walls are around one meter thick on the ground floor. The ground floor is lit by later

Detail of some e of the openings and wall presses.

The original stairs.

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inserted windows in the S and E walls.In comparison to many other examples in Ireland Archibold’s Castle appears to be in fair condition. As Archibold’s Castle is in state care so it is guaranteed a certain level of maintenance. However, Archibold’s Castle is an under utilized resource as access to the interior is very restricted. It has two large spaces that at present have no use beyond that of a landmark but which have potential. There would also be the considerable task of refurbishing it and making it habitable as well as the enormous financial cost.The works carried out by the Board of Works under Harold Leask in 1948 were a stop-gap and have been the means of ensuring that many of our monuments remain intact for future generations. They are rather crude by today’s standard’s and may pose problems in future. The concrete lining of the window on the east elevation is cracked and parts have fallen away, which suggests that the concrete is starting to fail. The use of concrete is also unsightly and unsympathetic with the rest of the ruin.

BULLOCK CASTLEBullock Castle was built in the 15th century by the Cistercian Monks of the St Mary’s Abbey Dublin to guard the harbour and fishery at Bullock. The castle is an oblong building, three storeys high with turrets rising above the body of the structure at the ends. One of these towers contains the entrance arch. The castle has one barrel vault over the ground floor. A spiral staircase gives access upper apartments and leads to a series of small rooms in the same tower. There is a garderobe on the first floor, and the upper walls are battlemented.In return for protection, the monks exacted a toll of fish from every vessel using the port. The castle also afforded hospitality to travellers. Prince Thomas of Lancaster, son of Henry IV, on arrival from England, partook of refreshments in November 1401, and Henry VIII.’s Solicitor-General for Ireland, Walter Cowley, spent a night on his arrival from London, in March, 1539. After the dissolution of the monasteries the Castle and its lands were leased by the Crown to Peter Talbot, of Fassaroe in 1542. On Andrew’s Day, 1555, Talbot met a violent death while protecting his property from a party of Gaelic light infantry. During the 16th century the Castle and the lands had been assigned by the Talbots to members of one of the great Dublin mercantile families of the day, the Fagans. At the beginning of the 17th century the Castle was in good repair. The port continued to be used occasionally by other vessels besides fishing craft. In 1633, a Dutch ship, while lying under the walls of the Castle, was taken by a privateer, Captain Thomas Gayner in the pay of the King of Spain.When Rebellion broke out in October, 1641, John Fagan, was in the Castle, and assisted the rebels. A month after the rising a party of soldiers under the command of descended on the village. On finding that the inhabitants had put to sea, the soldiers pursued them in boats, and threw 56 men, women and children overboard. Shortly before Christmas, John Fagan came from Feltrim to his Castle at Bullock and finding no provisions ready for him, went on to Carrickmines Castle, which, belonged to his relatives, the Walshes. It was the headquarters of the rebels. Fagan subsequently sent from Bullock supplies of fish and a small cannon. In the following March Carrickmines Castle was levelled with the ground, and, a few weeks later, another descent was made on Bullock by Colonel Gibson’s regiment. Some of the men found there were killed and others brought prisoners to Dublin. The Castle was then seized by the Crown, and a garrison of soldiers was maintained there. In 1644 the defences of the Castle were strengthened by the construction of a brick rampart, furnished with three cannon, which were conveyed to Bullock by boat under a military escort, and the erection

The Ground floor. Note the door above the stairs. This led to what would have been the first floor.

The barrel Vaulted interior. The window is 20th century but it is in an original embrasure.

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of a guard house. Bullock town is shown as separate from Dalkey on the Down Survey Map. At the time of the Restoration Bullock was stated to be “a fair ancient town of fishing”; and the slated Castle and bawn were in good repairChristopher Fagan who was catholic, regained the Castle and lands of Bullock during the Restoration. The Fagan family, however, did not remain in possession, as Richard Fagan was tried for treason and his property was confiscated. Bullock and its lands were sold by the Crown, and purchased in 1703 for £1,750, by Colonel Allen, of Stillorgan, afterwards the first Viscount Allen. The prevention of smuggling led often to serious rioting and, in 1735, a great battle took place at Bullock. At the beginning of the 19th century, a lifeboat was placed there but it was only capable of use in the finest weather. Bullock harbour was superseded DunLaoghire in the 19th century. Bullock Castle still retained the remains or it’s bawn when it was visited by Mr. J. H. Parker, an eminent authority on Gothic architecture, in 1859.The Carmelite Sisters for the Aged and Infirm were founded by Mother Mary Angeline Teresa McCrory in 1929. The castle is currently in the ownership of the Carmelite order who run the adjoining retirement home. Keane Murphy Duff Architects undertook conservation works in the early 1990s which among to others things included the insulation of the vault. They also built the modern extension to replace the Victorian house which had abutted the building..

A 1780 engraving showing the castles of Dalkey. There is a martello tower on the hill in the background.

BIBLIOGRAPHYAdams. C, L, 1904, Castles of Ireland: some fortress histories and legends, London.Alan. F, H, A and Whelan. K, 1992, Dublin City and County: from prehistory to present: studies in honour of J. H. Andrews, Dublin.Ball. F, E, 1902, The History of the County of Dublin, printed by A. Thom 1902-20, Dublin. Reprinted in 1979.Barry. T, B, 1987, The Archaeology of Medieval Ireland, Rutledge, Cambridge.Beranger. G, December 1766, Another Of Dalkey’s Castles, the National Library of Ireland, ET1958 TX24.Bradley & King’s urban archaeological survey: Dalkey p236-8Carey. A, 2004, Dr Harold Leask and the conservation of National Monuments in the Irish Free State and Eire 1923-1949, an unpublished MUBC thesis M98, National University of Ireland.Chart. D, 1907, ‘The Story of Dublin’, Dent & Co., London.). Section 21Corlett. C, 1999, The Antiquities of Old Rathdown, Word Well Press, Bray.Commissioners of Public Works, 1947-8, ‘Extract from 116th Report of the Commissioners of Public Works’.Craig. M, 1982, The Architecture of Ireland: from the earliest times to 188’, Batsford, London.Davin. A, K, 1982, The Tower houses of the English Pale, an unpublished M.Litt thesis, Trinity College Dublin.DeBreffny. B, 1977, Castles of Ireland, London.De Courcy. J.W, 1996, The Liffey In Dublin, p 109-10Donnelly. C, J, 1996, Frowning Ruins: the tower houses of medieval Ireland, in History Ireland, spring 1996, page 11-16.Donnelly. Colm, J, 1994, The Tower houses of County Limerick, an unpublished PhD thesis, The Facult of Arts, Queens University Belfast.DunLaoghaire Borough Heritage Society, 1993, Castles: Medieval Dalkey Series.Fleming. J, S, 1909, Dalkey castle, Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland vol 39.Goodbody. R, 1993, On the Borders Of the Pale: A History of the Kilgobbin, Stepaside, and Sandyford Area, Bray.

Grieg. J, 1819, Dalkey Co Dublin, an engraving by J Grieg from a drawing by George Petrie in Cromwell. T, July1819, Excursions Through Ireland, Longman and Co, Paternoster Row. Courtesy of the National Library of Ireland, IR 9141 c20.Grose. F, 1792, An engraving of three of Dalkey’s Castles, in Pearson. P, 1998, Between the Mountains and the Sea, O’Brien Press, Dublin.Harbison. P, 1970, Guide to the national monuments of ireland’, p71 Harding. J. D, 1830, An Engraving of Dalkey’s Castles, Dublin, drawn on stone by J. D. Harding from a sketch by Robert O’Callaghan Newenham Esq. for Newenham’s Picturesque views of the Antiquities of Ireland, 1830. Printed by Hullmandel. C and Boone, T and W, London. The National Library of Ireland class mark J7941.Hone. J, M. Craig and Fewer. M, 2002, The New Neighbourhood of Dublin, Dublin.Jones. S. R. and Mason. J, 2003, Haunted Castles Of Britain And Ireland, London.Leask. H, G, 1944, Irish Castles and Castellated House’, Dublin. Revised editions were also consulted.Ludlow. J, 2004, Medieval Ireland: the Barryscourt Lectures, Gandon Editions, Forward.Lydon. J, 1973, Ireland in the Later Middle Ages.Mason. A, 1983, Cross-Inscribed Slab in Archibold’s Castle, Dalkey, County Dublin, in the Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland, vol 113.Maxwell. N, 2003, Living in the Past. In Archaeology Ireland, Summer 2003, page 1-2.McClatchie. K, 1997, Records of Medieval Buildings in Ireland, an unpublished MUBC thesis M54,National University of Ireland.McCullough. N, and Mulvin. V, 1987 A Lost Tradition, The Nature of Architecture in Ireland, GandonEditions, Dublin.McCullough. N, 1994, Palimpsest, Change in the Irish Building Tradition, Anne Street Press, Dublin.McNeill. T, E, 1997, Castles in Ireland; feudal power in a Gaelic world, Routledge, London.McNeill. T, E, 1992, The origins of Tower houses, in Archaeology Ireland, spring 1992 p13-14.Murtagh. B, 1982, The Fortified Town Houses of the English Pale in the Later Middle Ages, anunpublished MA thesis, National University of Ireland.O’Danachair. C, 1977-1979, Irish tower houses and their Regional Distribution, in Bealoideas, 45-7.O’Donovan. J, and Curry. E, et al, 1837, The Ordnance Survey Letters Dublin: letters containinginformation relative to the antiquities of the County of

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Dublin collected during the progress of the Ordnance Survey in 1837, edited with an introduction by Michael Herity.O’Flanagan. FM 1941-42, Glimpses of Old Dalkey, DHR (Dalkey historical record), vol 4, no 2, p41-57. O’Keeffe. T, 1986, Medieval architecture and the village of Newcastle-Lyons, in O’Sullivan. P (Eds), 1986, Newcastle Lyons: a parish of the Pale, pages 45-61.O’Keeffe. T, 1991, The Evolution of the Pale: medieval frontiers and fortifications in the Dublin region, in Alen. F, H, A, and Whelan. K, (Eds), Dublin: From Prehistory to Present, Dublin, pages 57-77.O’Keeffe. T, 1997, Barryscourt Castle and the Irish Tower house, the Barryscourt Trust and Gandon editions, Kinsale.O’Keeffe. T, 1991, Concepts of Castle and the Construction of Identity in Medieval and Post-Medieval Ireland, in Irish Geography 34, 1, page 69-88.Parker. J, H, 1860, Observations on the Ancient Domestic Architecture of Ireland, in Archaeologia 36.Pearson. P, 1998, Between the Mountains and the Sea, O’Brien Press, Dublin.Pollock. D, 1998, The Bawn Exposed: recent excavations at Barryscourt, the Barryscourt Lectures V,Gandon editions, Cork.Price. L, 1942, An 18th Century Antiquary; the sketches, notes and diaries of Austen Cooper (1759-1830) Printed by direction of his great grandson, Albert Damer Cooper, edited by Liam Price.Price. U, Architecture and Buildings Connected with Scenery, vol II.Salter. M, 2004, The Castles of Leinster, Folly Publications, Worcestershire.Simmington. R, C, 1937, The Civil Survey A. D. 1654-1658: County of Dublin, Dublin.Somerset-Fry. P, 1996, Castles of Britain and Ireland, Newton Abbot David and Charles, London.St John-Joyce. W, 1995, The New neighbourhood of Dublin, Hughes and Hughes, Dublin (reprint).Stout. G, 1994, Site report on Archibold’s Castle Dalkey, file DU023-023014 of the Archaeological Survey of Ireland.Sweetman. D, 2003, The Medieval Castle in Ireland, in Kenyon, J. R. and O’Connor, K. Eds, Frontcourts Press, 2003.Sweetman. D, 1999, Medieval Castles of Ireland, page 137-174.Sweetman. D, 1997, The Origin and Development of the Tower House in Ireland. In The Barryscourt Lecture Series, VIII, Gandon editions, Cork.Sweetman. D, 1992, Dating Irish Castles, in Archaeology Ireland, winter 1992 page 8-9.Turner. K, 1983, If you Seek Monuments: a guide to the antiquities of the Barony of Rathdown,Rathmichael Historical Society, Dublin, p76-7Wakeman. W, 1896, An engraving of Archibold’s Castle from a drawing by William Wakeman, published in Ball. F. E, 1902, The History of the Count of Dublin volume I, page 70.Wallace. P, F, 2004, The Restoration of the Tower House at Ballyportry, Corofin County Clare, inHourihane. P, (Eds), Irish Art Historical Studies in Honour of Peter Harbison, pages 190-209.Wilde, Lady, 1876, ‘Dalkey Castle’, JRSAI vol 14 p152 1896, ‘The Towers or Castles at Dalkey’, JRSAI vol 26, p414-5 has an engraving of the castle which shows the parapet of the turret in a more compleate state.

CARTOGRAPHIC SOURCESThe 1488 Statute Map of the Pale, in St John-Joyce. W, 1995, The New neighbourhood of Dublin,(reprint), Hughes and Hughes, Dublin.Barry. T, B, 1987, A Map of the Pale in the Fifteenth Century, in The Archaeology of Medieval Ireland, Rutledge, Cambridge.The Cotton Manuscripts of 1520-30, in The National Library of Ireland, MS.16-C-5.William Petty’s 1685 Map of Dublin and Wicklow. Courtesy of the National Library of Ireland.The1655 Down Survey Map of the Half barony of Rathdown, Courtesy of the Map Library in Trinity College Dublin.Davin. A, K, 1982, Map II: Late medieval Tower houses in the Counties Kildare and Dublin, in, The Tower houses of the English Pale, an unpublished M.Litt thesis, Trinity College Dublin.O’Danachair. C, 1977-1979, A map of Ireland showing the distribution of tower houses, in ‘Irish tower houses and their Regional Distribution, in Bealoideas, 45-7.Ordnance Survey of Ireland, six inch to one mile series 1837, Sheet 22 and 23, at a scale of 1:16920.Ordnance Survey of Ireland, six inch to one mile series 1907-9, Sheet 22 and 23, at a scale of 1:12000.The Ordnance Survey of Ireland. 2003, An extract from the Ordnance Survey map of Ireland showing Archibold’s Castle, Dalkey in County Dublin at a scale of 1:1000, permit number API0008505, © Government of Ireland.Pearson. P, 1998, Map of Dalkey showing the locations of the seven Castles, in Between the Mountains and the Sea, page 86.Roque. J, An Actual Survey of the County of Dublin, 1760.Salter. M, 2004, The ground plan of Archibold’s Castle, Dalkey, in The Castles of Leinster, FollyPublications, page 33.