Concepts of Class-XI which are very often used in Class … Class 11...For solving Numericals Understanding the concept easily Used in Titration ( Quantitative – Analysis) to determine

Concepts of Class-XI whichare very often used in

Class-XII( Which needs to bemastered for better

performance in Class-XII)

Concepts of Class-XI whichare very often used in

Class-XII( Which needs to bemastered for better

performance in Class-XII)

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IUPAC Naming and structure – including all functional group , ( somecommon names )Isomerism—geometrical , StructuralClassification of Organic compoundsFundamental concept of Organic reaction mechanismHomolytic and Heterolytic cleavage ,Nucleophiles and electrophiles.Electron movement in organic reactionsElectron Displacement Effect In Covalent Bond—

(i) Inductive effect ( +I and –I –effect)(ii) Resonance Structure – Rules while resonance Structure ,

Predicting the stable resonating structure ,Hybrid Structure Resonance Effect ( + R and - R –effect )

HyperconjugationReactive Intermediates

Stability of carbocation , Carboanion , free radicals , alkenesTypes of Organic Reaction and its Mechanism[ Substitution – SN1 and SN2 , Addition Reaction - AdE and and ,

Elimination Reaction – alpha and beta , Rearrangement , Polymerisation andCondensation Reaction ]

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY -- Some Basic PrinciplesIUPAC Naming and structure – including all functional group , ( somecommon names )Isomerism—geometrical , StructuralClassification of Organic compoundsFundamental concept of Organic reaction mechanismHomolytic and Heterolytic cleavage ,Nucleophiles and electrophiles.Electron movement in organic reactionsElectron Displacement Effect In Covalent Bond—

(i) Inductive effect ( +I and –I –effect)(ii) Resonance Structure – Rules while resonance Structure ,

Predicting the stable resonating structure ,Hybrid Structure Resonance Effect ( + R and - R –effect )

HyperconjugationReactive Intermediates

Stability of carbocation , Carboanion , free radicals , alkenesTypes of Organic Reaction and its Mechanism[ Substitution – SN1 and SN2 , Addition Reaction - AdE and and ,

Elimination Reaction – alpha and beta , Rearrangement , Polymerisation andCondensation Reaction ]



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INDUCTIVEEFFECT

Stability of Carboanion

Stability of (C ––)) α –I /+I

POLARITY OFORGANIC

COMPOUND

INDUCTIVEEFFECT POLARITY OF

ORGANICCOMPOUND

ACIDIC STRENGTH

Acidic Strength α -I/+I



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RESONANCEEFFECT

Stability of Carboanion

Stability α No of resonating St

Reactivity of BenzeneTowards electrophilic

substitution

RESONANCEEFFECT Reactivity of Benzene

Towards electrophilicsubstitution

BASIC NATURE

Basic nature α +R, +I/-R, -I

Electron density increases by resonance H + attraction capacityMore basic & vice-versa

ACIDC NATURE



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CARBON FREE RADICALS

1- ELECTROPHILIC ADDITION OF ALKENE & ALKYNE2- ELECTROPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF BENZENE3- NUCLEOPHILIC SUBSTITUTION OF HALIDES(SN1)4- ELIMINATION OF HALIDES(E1)5- ACID CATALIZED DEHYDRATION OF ALCOHOL

CARBOCATION ORCARBONIUM ION

1- SUBSTITUTION REACTION IN ALKANE2- WURTZ REACTION,3- KOLBE SELECTROLYSIS,4- ALLYLILIC OR BENZYLIC SUBSTUTION BYNBS.5- SIDE CHAIN HALOGENATION OF ARENES

REACTION INTERMEDIATE

CARNANIONS1- NUCLEOPHILIC ADDITION REACTION OFALKYNE2- DECARBOXYLATION OF ACID3- REDUCTION OF HALIDES BY Zn/HCl4- ALDOL CONDENSATION

CARBENES1- CARBYL AMINE REACTION2- REIMER-TIEMANN REACTION



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Wurtz Reaction , Duma’s Decarboxylation Reaction , Markovnikov Rule ,Kharash Effect (Peroxide effect )Ozonolysis , Polymerization and cyclic Polymerization , Aromatization ,Isomerization , bayer’s reagent , lindlar’s catalyst , dehydrohalogenationReaction—β-elimination of haloalkanes ( Saytzeff Rule)Aromaticity , Resonance and stability of Benzene

Electrophilic substitution Reactions-- Friedel Craft Reaction – alkylation andAcylation ,. Nitration And halogenations , SulphonationElectrophilic addition Reactions-- Markovnikov RuleFree Radical addition Reactions -- Kharash Effect (Peroxide effect )Directive influence of a functional group in monosubstituted benzene , ringactivating and Deactivating group towards electrophileMechanism of Markovnikov Rule and Kharash EffectPreparation and Properties of Alkane , alkene , Alkyne , BenzeneAcidic Character of Alkynes , alkenes and alkanesEffect of branching on the boiling point of isomeric isomeric compounds (

alkanes , alcohols , haloalkanes)Effect of H-bonding on BP of alcohols , Carboxylic acids , Amines etc.Understanding acidic and basic character using resonance and Inductiveeffect

HYDROCARBONWurtz Reaction , Duma’s Decarboxylation Reaction , Markovnikov Rule ,Kharash Effect (Peroxide effect )Ozonolysis , Polymerization and cyclic Polymerization , Aromatization ,Isomerization , bayer’s reagent , lindlar’s catalyst , dehydrohalogenationReaction—β-elimination of haloalkanes ( Saytzeff Rule)Aromaticity , Resonance and stability of Benzene

Electrophilic substitution Reactions-- Friedel Craft Reaction – alkylation andAcylation ,. Nitration And halogenations , SulphonationElectrophilic addition Reactions-- Markovnikov RuleFree Radical addition Reactions -- Kharash Effect (Peroxide effect )Directive influence of a functional group in monosubstituted benzene , ringactivating and Deactivating group towards electrophileMechanism of Markovnikov Rule and Kharash EffectPreparation and Properties of Alkane , alkene , Alkyne , BenzeneAcidic Character of Alkynes , alkenes and alkanesEffect of branching on the boiling point of isomeric isomeric compounds (

alkanes , alcohols , haloalkanes)Effect of H-bonding on BP of alcohols , Carboxylic acids , Amines etc.Understanding acidic and basic character using resonance and Inductiveeffect



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Some Basic concepts of Chemistry

(A) Calculation based on MolarityMolality , Mass Percentage ,Mole Fraction , ppm ,Mole concepts and Molar masses

(B) Calculation based on stoichiometry equations

Use in Solution ChapterFor solving Numericals

Understanding the concept easily

Some Basic concepts of Chemistry

(A) Calculation based on MolarityMolality , Mass Percentage ,Mole Fraction , ppm ,Mole concepts and Molar masses

(B) Calculation based on stoichiometry equationsUsed in Titration ( Quantitative –Analysis) to determine the molarityEquation; M1V1/a1 = M2V2/a2

Preparation of standard solutionIn Lab.



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STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Idea of writing electronic configuration

Shape of orbitals & Degenerate orbitals

Effective Nuclear Charge screening effectPenetrating power of different orbitals

Stability of completely filled and half filled subshell

Use in p-block,d-block & f-block elementsto determine stability, I.E., E.G.E,magnetic properties, colour compounddetermination of structure by VBT incoordination compound

Use in CFT ( coordination compound )

STRUCTURE OF ATOM

Idea of writing electronic configuration

Shape of orbitals & Degenerate orbitals

Effective Nuclear Charge screening effectPenetrating power of different orbitals

Stability of completely filled and half filled subshell

Use in variation of size of p-block , d -block&f-block element ,concept of lanthanoidcontraction

stability of different oxidation state in p & d blockelement



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VSEPR Theory

VBT IN CORDINATIONCOMPOUNDHYBRRIDISATION

PREDICTING SHAPE AND GEOMETRY OFVARIOUS MOLECULE

USED IN P BLOCK ELEMENT TODETERMINE STRUCTURE OF OXO

ACID,INTER HALOGEN COMPOUND,&COMPOUND OF NOBLE GAS

CHEMICAL BONDING

Resonance and Resonatingstructures

VBT IN CORDINATIONCOMPOUND

-- Understanding the conditions ofstability of resonating structure

( various application Questions)



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CLASSIFICATION OFELEMENTS& p-BLOCKELEMENTS

VACANT d-ORBITAL INERT PAIR EFFECT

P∏-P∏BONDING

B.D.E

BASIC NATUREOF HYDRIDE

BOND POLARITY

STRUCTER OF OXO ACID

ACIDIC NATUREOF OXIDE &

OXOACID

CLASSIFICATION OFELEMENTS& p-BLOCKELEMENTS THERMAL

STABILITY

REDUCTIONCAPACITY OF

HYDRIDE ANDOXIDE

FAJAN’S RULEELECTRON GAIN

ENTHALPY

METALLICPROPERTY

ACIDIC NATUREOF OXIDE &

OXOACID

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

CATENATION



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IONISATIONENTHALAPY

Metallic and non metalliccharacter

IE α 1/Metallic property

IONISATIONENTHALAPY

Stability of oxidation state



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APPLICATION OFELECTRONEGATIVITY

METALLIC AND NONMETALLIC NATURE

BOND ENTHALPY∆EN α 1/BOND

LENGTH

BOND ENERGY αELECTRONEGATIVITY

DIFFRENCE

ACIDIC STRENGTH OFHYDRIDE

BOND ENERGY α STABILITYOF MOLECULE

REACTIVITYDIFFRENCE IN

ELECTRONEGATIVITY αSTABILITY α 1/REACTIVITY

APPLICATION OFELECTRONEGATIVITY

REACTIVITYDIFFRENCE IN

ELECTRONEGATIVITY αSTABILITY α 1/REACTIVITY

NATURE OF BONDAND PRCENTAGE OFIONIC CHARECTER

NATURE OFHYDROXIDE

ACIDIC NATURE OFTHE OXIDE α

ELECTRONEGATIVITY

NOMENCLATURE OFINORGANIC

COMPOUNDSOF2 OXYGEN DIFLORIDE



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Enthalpies of different types of reactions –Std enthalpy of combustion , Std. enthalpy offormation , Std. enthalpy of reaction

Enthalpy of atomization ,Bond Enthalpy , Latticeenthalpy , Hydration Enthalpy , Enthalpy of solution

Spontaneity – Enthalpy and entropy , Gibb’s FreeEnergy of reaction

Thermodynamics

Enthalpies of different types of reactions –Std enthalpy of combustion , Std. enthalpy offormation , Std. enthalpy of reaction

Enthalpy of atomization ,Bond Enthalpy , Latticeenthalpy , Hydration Enthalpy , Enthalpy of solution

Spontaneity – Enthalpy and entropy , Gibb’s FreeEnergy of reaction



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States of Matter

Intermolecular forcesIsotherm , isobar , isochoreVapour pressure – Boiling point , std. and normalBPevaporation and vaporizationCritical TemperatureVapour pressure Vs Temperature CurveIdeal Gas Equation

Intermolecular forcesIsotherm , isobar , isochoreVapour pressure – Boiling point , std. and normalBPevaporation and vaporizationCritical TemperatureVapour pressure Vs Temperature CurveIdeal Gas Equation



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Idea about dynamic equilibrium , Rate lawexpression , Law of mass action ,

Relation between Kc and Qc , Kp and KcLe Chatelier’s Principle and its applicationDifferent concepts of Acids and Bases—Lewis ,

Bronsted , ArrheniusConjugate Acid –Base pairPH calculation .

knowledge about Ka , Kb , Kw Pka , PKb . Pkw , Ksp( Solubility Product) , common ion effect

EquilibriumIdea about dynamic equilibrium , Rate lawexpression , Law of mass action ,

Relation between Kc and Qc , Kp and KcLe Chatelier’s Principle and its applicationDifferent concepts of Acids and Bases—Lewis ,

Bronsted , ArrheniusConjugate Acid –Base pairPH calculation .

knowledge about Ka , Kb , Kw Pka , PKb . Pkw , Ksp( Solubility Product) , common ion effect



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Understanding the concept of Redox Reactions ( both oxidation andReduction half cell reaction)Calculation of Oxidation number ( deal some special cases H2O2 , NaH ,Cr2O5 , H2S2O5 , CaOCl2 )Identification of oxidizing and reducing agent in a given reactionTypes of redox reactions – Combination , Decomposition , Displacement,Disproportionation ReactionsCompetitive electron transfer reactions -- Metal activity orelectrochemical seriesBalancing of redox reactions -- half reaction method ( Ion –electronmethod ) in acidic and basic mediumRedox reactions as the basis for TitrationsRedox reactions and electrode processes -- Feasibility of Redox couple ,Standard Hydrogen electrode , Standard electrode potentialCell Representation , carriers of current , Sign of electrode , Half cellreaction .

REDOX REACTIONS

Understanding the concept of Redox Reactions ( both oxidation andReduction half cell reaction)Calculation of Oxidation number ( deal some special cases H2O2 , NaH ,Cr2O5 , H2S2O5 , CaOCl2 )Identification of oxidizing and reducing agent in a given reactionTypes of redox reactions – Combination , Decomposition , Displacement,Disproportionation ReactionsCompetitive electron transfer reactions -- Metal activity orelectrochemical seriesBalancing of redox reactions -- half reaction method ( Ion –electronmethod ) in acidic and basic mediumRedox reactions as the basis for TitrationsRedox reactions and electrode processes -- Feasibility of Redox couple ,Standard Hydrogen electrode , Standard electrode potentialCell Representation , carriers of current , Sign of electrode , Half cellreaction .



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ELECTROCHEMICALSERIES

TO COMPARE THERELATIVE ACTIVITIES OF

METALS

ELECTROCHEMICALSERIES

TO PREDICT THESPONTANEITY OF REDOX

REACTION



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Documents

Concepts of Class-XI which are very often used in Class … Class 11...For solving Numericals Understanding the concept easily Used in Titration ( Quantitative – Analysis) to determine