Step Up to the TEKS - stepupteks.com Sample Books/Biology EOC TE...Step Up to the TEKS. ... B.7D analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural : ... Your body is made up of many

Step Up to the TEKSBiology EOC

Practice MaterialTeacher Edition

written by

Glenda Mosley, Nicole D’Augereaux, Anne Scott, & Michelle Mann

edited by

Charlene Mercer

Graphics byAlison KoenCassie Fuller

August 2014Edition II

Copyright ©2013Sam

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Table of ContentsIntroduction ................................................................................................1

Biology TEKS ..............................................................................................2

Biology Journal Entries .................................................................................3

Cell Structure and Function (Category 1) ........................................................9

Mechanisms of Genetics (Category 2) ........................................................... 34

Biological Evolution and Classification (Category 3) ........................................ 62

Biological Processes and Systems (Category 4) .............................................. 90

Interdependence within Environmental Systems (Category 5) ........................ 109

Hands-on Activities .................................................................................. 133

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© 2013 GF Educators, Inc. Biology EOC 1

IntroductionStep Up to the TEKS Biology EOC meets the specifications published by the Texas Education Agency for the State of Texas Assessments of Academic Readiness (STAAR) and includes the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS) which are tested.

The organization of the student expectations under general science concepts enables a teacher to integrate these worksheets into the curriculum to provide the format, depth and complexity of the test so instruction flows evenly without interruption to prepare for ‘the test’.

At the beginning of each section there is a teacher informational page to assist the teacher in understanding the student expectation, organization and vocabulary on the test.

The book is organized following the categories one through five. Each instructional target is addressed as a different section with the blooms levels of questioning that is expected on the STAAR Biology EOC Test.

Vocabulary activities are provided for each Category. These vocabulary activities vary from crossword puzzles to card matching games. Vocabulary activities that need to be cut out and distributed are provided as black line masters within the Teacher Edition of the book.

Graphic Organizers are also provided for each Readiness TEKS. These graphic organizers are in both the teacher and student books. In the Teacher Edition, the graphic organizer answer key and a black line master version are available.

Hands-on Activities are provided for each Readiness TEKS and can be found within the Teacher Edition.

We have strived to provide the most accurate representation of the types of problems the students will encounter on the test. In analyzing the instructional targets as related in the TEKS, the TEA information booklet describing the types of questions for each instructional target, and the thirty years of experience developing questions for Texas standardized tests, we have developed this book to be a valuable tool in your classroom. We have also analyzed the types of wrong answers used on the multiple choice answers for each instructional target. The criteria we detected are utilized in this book, which provides the same level of thinking as on the test.Sa

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2 Biology EOC © 2013 GF Educators, Inc.

CategoryREADINESS

Readiness StandardsSUPPORTING

Supporting Standards # of Items

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B.4B investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules

B.4C compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza

B.5A describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms

B.9A compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

B.4A compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cellsB.5B examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and

leaves of plants; and animal cells such as blood, muscle, and epithelium

B.5C describe the roles of DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and environmental factors in cell differentiation

B.5D recognize that disruptions of the cell cycle lead to diseases such as cancer

B.9D analyze and evaluate the evidence regarding formation of simple organic molecules and their organization into long complex molecules having information such as the DNA molecule for self-replicating life

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B.6A identify components of DNA, and describe how information for specifying the traits of an organism is carried in the DNA

B.6E identify and illustrate changes in DNA and evaluate the significance of these changes

B.6F predict possible outcomes of various genetic combinations such as monohybrid crosses, dihybrid crosses and non-Mendelian inheritance

B.6B recognize that components that make up the genetic code are common to all organisms

B.6C explain the purpose and process of transcription and translation using models of DNA and RNA

B.6D recognize that gene expression is a regulated processB.6G recognize the significance of meiosis to sexual

reproductionB.6H describe how techniques such as DNA fingerprinting,

genetic modifications, and chromosomal analysis are used to study the genomes of organisms

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B.7A analyze and evaluate how evidence of common ancestry among groups is provided by the fossil record, biogeography, and homologies, including anatomical, molecular, and developmental

B.7E analyze and evaluate the relationship of natural selection to adaptation and to the development of diversity in and among species

B.8B categorize organisms using a hierarchical classification system based on similarities and differences shared among groups

B.7B analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning any data of sudden appearance, stasis, and sequential nature of groups in the fossil record

B.7C analyze and evaluate how natural selection produces change in populations, not individuals

B.7D analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural selection, including inherited variation, the potential of a population to produce more offspring than can survive, and a finite supply of environmental resources, result in differential reproductive success

B.7F analyze and evaluate the effects of other evolutionary mechanisms, including genetic drift, gene flow, mutation, and recombination

B.7G analyze and evaluate scientific explanations concerning the complexity of the cell

B.8A define taxonomy and recognize the importance of a standardized taxonomic system to the scientific community

B.8C compare characteristics of taxonomic groups, including archaea, bacteria, protists, fungi, plants, and animals

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B.10A describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of regulation, nutrient absorption, reproduction, and defense from injury or illness in animals

B.10B describe the interactions that occur among systems that perform the functions of transport, reproduction, and response in plants

B.9B compare the reactants and products of photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of energy and matter

B.9C identify and investigate the role of enzymesB.10C analyze the levels of organization in biological systems

and relate the levels to each other and to the whole system

B.11A describe the role of internal feedback mechanisms in the maintenance of homeostasis

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s B.11D describe how events and processes that occur during ecological succession can change populations and species diversity

B.12A interpret relationships, including predation, parasitism, commensalism, mutualism, and competition among organisms

B.12C analyze the flow of matter and energy through trophic levels using various models, including food chains, food webs, and ecological pyramids

B.12F describe how environmental change can impact ecosystem stability

B.11B investigate and analyze how organisms, populations, and communities respond to external factors

B.11C summarize the role of microorganisms in both maintaining and disrupting the health of both organisms and ecosystems

B.12B compare variations and adaptations of organisms in different ecosystems

B.12D recognize that long-term survival of species is dependent on changing resource bases that are limited

B.12E describe the flow of matter through the carbon and nitrogen cycles and explain the consequences of disrupting these cycles

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3© 2013 GF Educators, Inc. Biology

JJournal

Move your arm as though you are waving hello to someone. Where does the energy for you to perform an action such as this come from? Trace the energy all the way back to its original source and describe its pathway to your arm muscle cells.

Journal ScenariosCell Structure and Function

On July 30, 1945 the greatest single loss of life in the history of the U.S. Navy occurred when the USS Indianapolis was hit by two torpedoes fired by a Japanese submarine. Of the 1,196 aboard, about 900 made it into the water before the ship sank. The mission was extremely top secret because they had just delivered critical parts for the first operational atomic bomb to the island of Tinian. Because of this, the men in the water were not discovered for almost five days. While waiting for rescue with almost no food or drinkable water, they faced shark attacks, exposure, and dehydration. Many of the sailors succumbed to drinking the sea water because they were so thirsty. Do you think this would cause them to die more quickly? Why or why not?

Why are viruses on the border of living and non-living?

A Benefits - Why do some people choose to get flu shots (immunizations) annually? B Risks - Why might others choose not to?

A Do you think antibiotics help cure viral infections, bacterial infections, or both?B What does the word “anti-biotic” mean?C How do you think Alexander Fleming discovered penicillin (1st antibiotic) in 1928?

You started out as a single cell. Within that single cell one half of your DNA came from your mother and the other half came from your father. Now you are made up of trillions of cells. A Does every cell in your body, such as a skin cell and a bone cell, have this same

copy of DNA as your first cell? Explain.B How do you think this occurred?

A When you cut your finger, how do you think your body repairs itself?B A tree’s bark can also be “cut” or wounded. How do you think the tree heals itself?

Some cells divide for the entire duration of your life but some do not. Prior to the age of 6, your fat cells divide and multiply in order for you to gain weight. After about the age of 6, you do not gain any additional fat cells. In order to gain or lose weight your fat cells swell and become larger or shrink and become smaller. In order to lose weight, some people choose to have plastic surgery called liposuction where fat cells are removed.A Will this person get additional fat cells in the surgical area of their body ever again? Why or why not?B Will this person be able to gain weight again after surgery? Why or why not?

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JJournal

Journal ScenariosCell Structure and Function

Your body is made up of many things, including carbohydrates, lipids (fats), proteins (polypeptides), and nucleic acids (DNA and RNA). A Where to the molecules that make up your body come from?

B Do you feel it is possible for you to have molecules in your body that once were part of a dinosaur’s body? Why or why not?

A cracker is made primarily of carbohydrates. A peanut is made primarily of lipids (fats). A Which do you think would burn longer, the cracker or the peanut? Explain.

B Which biomolecule (life molecule), carbohydrates or fats, do you think is the primary “fast” energy source for your body? Explain.

DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid) holds the code to make proteins for your body and the instructions needed for cells to grow, develop, and function. Proteins are made up of amino acids, like links make up a chain.

A Name a food that you think will give you the most amino acid “building blocks” to build the proteins that your body needs.

B Do you think the proteins that your body builds look like the food you ate? Why or why not?

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JJournal

Journal ScenariosMechanisms of Genetics

All living things have DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Eukaryotes, such as plants, animals, fungi, and protists, store DNA in the nucleus. Prokaryotes, such as bacteria, do not have a nucleus. Prokaryotic DNA is stored in the cytoplasm.

What do you think are the components, or parts, of DNA? (Labeled drawing acceptable)

A Do you think the components that make up the DNA in a human are the same components that make up the DNA in a strawberry? Explain.B In general, how is the DNA in a human different than the DNA in a strawberry?

You have heard of terms like the human genome, chromosomes, genes, and DNA. What is the difference between all of them? Well, the human genome is a complete set of human genetic information in a single body cell. For a healthy human, there should be two sets of 23 chromosomes. These chromosomes are long strands of DNA. All 46 chromosomes should have of total of 6 billion DNA base pairs (A-T, C-G). The order of these base pairs is what makes each individual human different. The Human Genome Project, completed in 2003, identified all the human genes in DNA. A gene is a certain stretch, or portion, of a cell’s DNA that codes for a particular protein. Different genes code to make different proteins. Each specific protein has a specific job in the body. Proteins perform a vast array of functions within living organisms, including speeding up biological chemical reactions, replicating DNA, responding to stimuli, and transporting molecules from one location to another. Human beings have about 25,000 genes. Researchers have discovered what some of our genes do, and have found some that are associated with disorders. There are, though, many genes whose functions are still unknown.What are some of the ways genes make us different? Make us the same?

Name at least one genetic disorder that you know something about. Quickly research what type of mutation causes this genetic disorder and describe it below.

A mutation occurs when there is a change in DNA. What effect can this change have on the protein or protein(s) that are to be made?

Some mutations only affect one or a few nitrogen bases (gene mutation). Other mutations can affect large portions of, or entire, chromosomes (chromosomal mutations). Which do you think has the potential to be more harmful, a gene mutation or a chromosomal mutation? Why?

You have two copies of each type of chromosome in each of your cells; you received one copy from your father and one from your mother. With that in mind, how many copies of each gene do you think you have? Explain why you chose that number.Also list some traits you received from each parent.

You might have heard the words “purebred” and “hybrid” before. Give examples of where you have heard each of these words and what they both mean.

You may have heard that certain traits “skip a generation.” How do you think this is possible?

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JJournal

Journal ScenariosBiological Evolution and Classification

A If the layers of the Earth are like a cake, where do you think the oldest fossils can be found, in the top, middle, or bottom layers? Explain. (Hint: Think about which layer of a cake has to be put down first.)B How do you think scientists use the fossil record as evidence that certain organisms have descended from a common ancestor?

A If you had to guess which animal a dog was most closely related to, would you pick a lizard or a bear? Explain your answer.B Do you think the animal you chose has more DNA in common with a dog than the other animal? Why or why not?

Dolphins are classified as mammals and sharks are classified as a group of fish. Both dolphins and sharks live in marine biomes and have streamlined bodies. Do you think these two groups are closely related? Why or why not?

Charles Darwin (1809-1882) was the first to propose the idea of natural selection (survival of the fittest) as the key mechanism of evolution (change over time). Basically, nature selects the best fit organisms of an environment and as a result the population becomes genetically “stronger.” Give an example of the natural selection process.

In general, populations of species that have many different traits (lots of variation) have a better chance of surviving environmental changes. Why are scientists saying that genetic variation is key to the survival of a population?

A In your own words, define adaptation. B Can adaptations be passed on from parents to offspring? If so, how?C List some adaptations that you are familiar with.

Imagine all of the furniture in your house. Place the furniture into general groups (for example, tables, chairs, beds, storage, etc). After you have listed as many examples for each general group as you can think of, try to make smaller groups within the larger groups. When you have completed that task, try to arrange the furniture into a branching, family tree-like diagram (The diagram below is just an example; you can arrange your branches however you like). It may take you more than one try to figure out the best way to arrange them, or you may even find that one way makes more than sense another way. Explain which diagram(s) make the most sense to you and why.

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JJournal

Journal ScenariosBiological Processes and Systems

Answer the following questions.A What is the “fight or flight” response? When do we use it?B List the body systems involved in fight or flight.C Explain what each system does to execute fight or flight.D Why must you evacuate your bowels in fight or flight?E Summarize with a statement about how the systems work together.

Imagine that you are a stack of pancakes, and someone is eating you for breakfast. A Describe your journey from their mouth, to their stomach, through their small intestines, through their large intestines and out of their body. What happens to you at each stage? B What body systems interact in order to get your nutrients from the person’s mouth to the stomach to the small intestines and to all of the person’s body cells?

If you go outside during the summer for a jog, what body systems interact to try and maintain homeostasis?

Plants must transport water and food to all of their tissues. Compare and contrast this phenomenon with a person drinking through a soda straw. In what ways do you think plants are similar to soda straws? In what ways do you think they are different?

You have learned about pollination in your previous science classes. Describe the process of pollination. Do you think this is an example of sexual or asexual reproduction? Why, or why not?

Plants have the ability to respond to their environments. For instance, houseplants in windowsills will gradually point their leaves toward the sunlight. How do you think they accomplish this task? Can you think of any other times you have seen plants respond to their environments (responding to touch, gravity, etc.)?

Reflect on your experience classifying furniture. Scientists classify living things in a similar way. What were some obstacles you faced when trying to classify the furniture? Why do you think it is helpful to classify things in the first place?

Humans, dogs, cats, and frogs all belong to the same phylum, Chordata; however, frogs do not belong to the class Mammalia. Explain why the frog is not a mammal.

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JJournal

Interdependence within Environmental SystemsJournal Scenarios

In a healthy forest ecosystem, trees are the dominant plant life with little undergrowth of shrubs and grasses. Texas is home to many forest ecosystems; however, in 2010, Texas began to experience a severe drought, causing many trees to die. Predict what plant life will now dominate the areas where many trees have died. What resources will now be abundant? (Keep in mind that some plant species grow much faster than others.)

Pick two of the following terms: predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism, commensalism. Define your two terms and describe a specific example of each, using organisms you are familiar with.

Create your own food web using the names of at least 6 plants and animals. Place arrows in the appropriate places. Circle one food chain, draw a star by the producers, and draw a box around the consumers. Answer the following questions about your food web.A Who is the top predator of your food web? How do you know?B What do the arrows in your food web represent?C If you included a decomposer in your food web, where would it fit?D Imagine that all of the producers in your food web died. Describe the effects that would

ripple throughout your food web. Be specific, do not just say “they will die”.

An endangered species of violet was found growing in a wetland area along the Sabine River in eastern Texas. A nuclear power plant was planned to be built along the side of the river which would necessitate a drastic alteration of the habitat for the violet. Groups for each side of the issue have suggested possible ways to solve the problem. Read each possible solution below and choose the best solution. Provide support for your choice.A Move the power plant downstream to avoid damaging the violet’s habitat.B Relocate a portion of the violets to a new location upstream from the power plant.

Determine the violet’s survival, then build the power plant in its planned location.C Have the utility company purchase all of the land thereby gaining complete control. Build

the power plant without taking into account the endangered violet species.

Name three events caused by humans that can impact a forest ecosystem. What effects would each event have on the populations of plants and animals living there? Would effects be seen throughout the food web? Would biodiversity be negatively affected? Why or why not?

Amy read an article about tiny protozoal organisms being used to “eat up” oil spills in the northern oceans near Alaska. The article also described how the protozoal organisms had unexpectedly caused a serious intestinal problem in the sea otters who lived on the nearby shores of the treated waters. Environmentalists in the area were against the use of the organisms, yet the oil spills were also causing severe damage to bird life in the areas. If you were a government official with the authority to make a judgment about this case, how would you rule, and why?

Recently researchers have isolated an organic compound known as “taxol” from Yew trees grown in virgin forests. This compound has proven effective in the treatment of some cancers. This discovery could prove extremely beneficial to humans but detrimental to this species of tree. If you were the owner of 10,000 acres of forests which included over 100,000 Yew trees, how would you manage your trees if a pharmaceutical company (a company which makes medicines) offered you a large sum of money for your trees? Support your plan with sound reasoning.

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9 © 2013 GF Educators, Inc. Biology

Cell Structure and FunctionCategory 1 TEKS

TEKS Student Expectations

The student will demonstrate an understanding of biomolecules as building blocks of cells, and that cells are the basic unit of structure and function of living things.

Science concepts. The student knows that cells are the basic structures of all living things with specialized parts that perform specific functions and that viruses are different from cells. The student is expected to

compare and contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells;

investigate and explain cellular processes, including homeostasis, energy conversions, transport of molecules, and synthesis of new molecules; and

compare the structures of viruses to cells, describe viral reproduction, and describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and influenza.

Science concepts. The student knows how an organism grows and the importance of cell differentiation. The student is expected to

describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication and mitosis, and the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms;

examine specialized cells, including roots, stems, and leaves of plants; and animal cells such as blood, muscle, and epithelium;

describe the roles of DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA), and environmental factors in cell differentiation; and

recognize that disruptions of the cell cycle lead to diseases such as cancer.

Science concepts. The student knows the significance of various molecules involved in metabolic processes and energy conversions that occur in living organisms. The student is expected to

compare the structures and functions of different types of biomolecules, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids; and

analyze and evaluate the evidence regarding formation of simple organic molecules and their organization into long complex molecules having information such as the DNA molecule for self-replicating life.

SUPPORTING

B.4A

SUPPORTING

B.5D

READINESS

B.4B

READINESS

B.5A

SUPPORTING

B.5B

SUPPORTING

B.5C

SUPPORTING

B.9D

READINESS

B.4C

READINESS

B.9A Sam

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VVocabulary

Unit VocabularyCell Structure and Function

READINESS

TEKS B.4B• Homeostasis• Passive Transport• Diffusion• Facilitated Diffusion• Osmosis• Active Transport• Concentration Gradient• Photosynthesis• Cellular Respiration• Glucose• ATP• Phosphate Bonds

TEKS B.4C• Virus• Capsid• Lytic Cycle• Lysogenic Cycle• Retrovirus

TEKS B.5A• Cell Cycle• Interphase• DNA Replication• Helicase• DNA Polymerase• Cell Division (Cellular Reproduction)• Mitosis• Cytokinesis• Daughter Cell• Diploid (2N)• Chromosome

TEKS B.9A• Biomolecule• Monomer• Polymer• Carbohydrate• Lipid• Protein (Polypeptide)• Nucleic acid

SUPPORTING

TEKS B.4A• Cell Theory• Prokaryotic cell• Eukaryotic cell• Membrane-bound organelles• Nuclear membrane• Unicellular• Multicellular

TEKS B.5B• Cell Specialization• Multicellular• Dermal Tissue• Ground Tissue• Vascular Tissue• Guard Cell• Epithelial Cell

TEKS B.5C• Cell Differentiation• Stem Cells• Gene Expression• DNA• RNA• Environmental Factors

TEKS B.5D• Cell Division• Disease• Cancer• Tumor

TEKS B.9D• Organic Molecule• HypothesisSa

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VVocabulary

Virus Vocabulary ActivityCell Structure and Function

Across6. process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated

along with the host cell’s DNA(2 words no space) Lysogenic Cycle8. particle made up of nucleic acid, protein, and in some cases lipids, that can replicate only

by infecting living cells Virus9. usually referred to as the flu or grippe, this is a highly infectious respiratory disease

caused by certain strains of a particular virus InfluenzaDown1. the viral DNA that is embedded in the host cell’s DNA Prophage2. disease-causing agent Pathogen3. virus that infects bacteria Bacteriophage4. a retrovirus that destroys white blood cells called helper T cells and causes the disease

known as AIDS HIV5. virus that contains RNA as its genetic information Retrovirus6. process in which a virus enters a cell, makes a copy of itself, and causes the cell to burst

(2 words no space) Lytic Cycle7. outer protein coat of a virus Capsid

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BBackgroundinformation

iTEKS Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic CellsCell Structure and FunctionB.4A

In this TEKS, the student must be able to:

• compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (including plant vs. animal)• contrast prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells (including plant vs. animal)

The Cell Theory has three parts that are described below:

1. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells.2. The cell is the basic unit of life in all organisms.3. All cells come from pre-existing, living cells.

All cells, both prokaryotic and eukaryotic, have a cell membrane (plasma membrane) and genetic material composed of DNA. They all have the ability to reproduce on their own and maintain homeostasis.

Prokaryotes are organisms that are made of a single prokaryotic cell (unicellular). Of the six kingdoms, prokaryotes belong in two of them—Kingdom Eubacteria and Kingdom Archaebacteria. A prokaryotic cell is small and simple compared to a eukaryotic cell. A prokaryotic cell does NOT have a nucleus, nuclear membrane, or any other membrane-bound organelles. The DNA is free-floating in the cytoplasm. Prokaryotic cells DO have ribosomes because ribosomes are not membrane-bound. They also have a cell wall present.

Eukaryotes are organisms that are made of one or many eukaryotic cells. Therefore, eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular. Of the six kingdoms, eukaryotes belong in four of them—Kingdom Fungi, Kingdom Plantae, Kingdom Animalia, and Kingdom Protista. A eukaryotic cell is larger and more complex compared to a prokaryotic cell. Eukaryotic cell DO a nucleus, nuclear membrane, and other membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, and lysosomes.

Plant and animal eukaryotic cells can also be compared. Plant cells DO have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large, single water vacuole. Animal cells do NOT have a cell wall or chloroplasts. And instead of one large water vacuole, animal cells have multiple small vacuoles.aqu

Animal Cell Plant Cell

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iTEKS

B.4B

Category 1

Cellular ProcessesCell Structure and Function


• investigate cellular processes, including energy conversions• investigate cellular processes, including synthesis of new molecules• investigate cellular processes, including homeostasis• investigate cellular processes, including transport of molecules• explain cellular processes, including energy conversions• explain cellular processes, including synthesis of new molecules• explain cellular processes, including homeostasis• explain cellular processes, including transport of molecules

The following cellular processes are important for survival: energy conversions, synthesis of new molecules, homeostasis, and transport of molecules. Energy conversions include photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Photosynthesis is carried out in the chloroplasts of autotrophic prokaryotes (ex. cyanobacteria) and autotrophic eukaryotes (all plants and some protists such as algae, phytoplankton, and Euglena). Cellular respiration is carried out in the mitochondria of all eukaryotic organisms - plants, animals, fungi, and protists. Glucose is a sugar (carbohydrate) made by autotrophs. Solar energy is transferred into chemical energy in the form of glucose through a process called photosynthesis. So the process of photosynthesis synthesizes, or makes, glucose! The glucose is then converted into ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) in the mitochondria during cellular respiration. The energy in the chemical bonds of glucose molecules is transfered to the phosphate bonds of ATP. ATP is chemical energy, or chemical currency $, that cells use for any cellular reaction that requires energy (metabolism). So the process of cellular respiration synthesizes, or makes, ATP! (SOLAR ENERGY --> CHEMICAL BONDS IN GLUCOSE --> PHOSPHATE BONDS IN ATP) In addition to carbohydrates such as glucose, cells synthesize other complex biomolecules including proteins and lipids. Ribosomes are where new proteins are synthesized, or made. Ribosomes can be bound to the rough ER or free-floating in the cytoplasm. The code for making the protein is transported to the ribosome from the DNA via messenger RNA. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) assembles lipids and other molecules. The ER also transports proteins, lipids, and other molecules to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi apparatus functions in the sorting, modifying, and packaging of these biomolecules that are made in the cell. These newly synthesized molecules are then transported, or sent, to places inside or outside of the cell for various functions. For a cell to maintain homeostasis, or a balance, many substances must be transported both into and out of the cell. The cell membrane regulates what goes in and out of the cell and therefore maintains homeostasis. There are two main categories of transporting molecules in cells—active transport and passive transport. Active transport DOES require energy, or ATP. For example, transporting large molecules in (endocytosis) or out (exocytosis) of a cell using vesicles, or tiny sacs are two examples of active transport. Another example of active transport is when protein pumps embedded in the cell membrane transport calcium, sodium, and potassium ions into or out of the cell against the concentration gradient. Passive transport does NOT require energy, or ATP. Diffusion and facilitated diffusion are examples of passive transport. Diffusion is the transport of molecules, such as carbon dioxide and oxygen, from a high concentration to a low concentration until equilibrium is reached. Facilitated diffusion of a substance such as water requires the use of protein channels, or “doors,” imbedded in the cell membrane. Osmosis is the facilitated diffusion of water from a high concentration to a low concentration and does not require energy. The water protein channels are called aquaporins. Water can move into or out of a cell through the aquaporins depending on the concentration of the surrounding fluid or solution. When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, such as oceanic salt water, it shrinks as water moves out of the cell via osmosis. When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, such as tap water, the cell remains the same size. When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, such as distilled pure water, it swells as water moves into the cell via osmosis.

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GOGraphic

Organizer

Cellular ProcessesCell Structure and FunctionB.4B

Cellular

Processes

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Homeostasis

Transport of

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Energy

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GOGraphic

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Cellular

Processes

Cellular

Homeostasis

Transport of

Molecules

Synthesis of

New Molecules

Energy

Conversions

Cell Membrane

Ridding of Cellular Waste

ATP

Proteins and Lipids

Carbohydrates (Glucose)

Nucleic Acids (DNA & RNA)

Photosynthesis (Glucose)

Cellular Respiration (ATP)

Active Transport

Passive Transport

Diffusion

Facilitated Diffusion

Osmosis

Endocytosis

Exocytosis

Protein Pumps

Surface to Volume RatioProtein Channels ("Doors")

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iTEKS

B.4C

Category 1

VirusesCell Structure and Function


• compare the structures of viruses to cells• describe viral reproduction• describe the role of viruses in causing diseases such as human immunodeficiency

virus (HIV) and influenza

A virus is a pathogen, or disease-causing agent, not considered living because it cannot reproduce on its own. Unlike cells which are living, viruses must have a host cell to reproduce. A virus has two main parts: the capsid (outer protein coat) & the genetic material (DNA or RNA). Genetic material, such as DNA or RNA, is found in both viruses and cells such as bacteria. Another commonality between viruses and cells is both have proteins. Viruses with RNA are called retroviruses (ex.HIV). Viral reproduction is when a virus infects a host cell in order to replicate copies of itself. There are two kinds of viral reproduction – the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle. ◦ Lytic cycle - process in which a virus attaches to host cell, injects genetic material, makes new viruses with host cell "machinery", then causes the cell to burst, or lyse, releasing new viruses ◦ Lysogenic cycle - process by which a virus embeds its DNA into the DNA of the host cell and is replicated along with the host cell’s DNA; the virus is dormant until it enters the lytic cycle...(to remember think "lysoge-NINJA" because it hides like a ninja) Viruses cause disease by infecting cells and disrupting the body’s normal equilibrium. In viral infections, each type of virus has its own unique mechanism to attach, infect, and destroy certain cells in the body, causing the symptoms of the disease. How can you determine the reproductive cycle of a viral infection? If there is a quick onset of symptoms after infection, then the virus is lytic. Influenza, also known as the "flu," is an example of a virus that is lytic because the time from when a person is exposed to when symptoms begin is about 1 to 4 days. Lysogenic infections are different; they start out with an acute infection stage but quickly move into a period of dormancy called the latency stage. This is a period of time when a person does not have any symptoms of infection. What causes lysogenic infections to shift to the lytic cycle is not completely understood, but in some cases stress is the stimulus. HIV (human immunodeficiency virus) is a well known lysogenic virus. HIV infects white blood cells called helper T cells. It is so dangerous because it infects cells of the immune system that assist in fighting other diseases in the body. The acute infection stage of HIV is typically called “primary HIV infection.” The latency stage of HIV is typically called "asymptomatic HIV infection." When the virus "switches" to the lytic cycle the disease enters the final stage known as AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome). These steps of the life-cycle of HIV are important to know because the medications used to control HIV infection act to interrupt this replication cycle. Vaccinations, also called immunizations, against some viruses such as influenza, measles, and chicken pox are made available to people. These vaccines are used to build up immunity and help fight off a certain virus in case of exposure.Sa

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VirusesCell Structure and FunctionB.4C

Viruses(non-living)

ViralReproduction

Role of Viruses in Causing

Disease

Viruses Cells

LysogenicLytic

12

2

1

1

2

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Viruses(non-living)

ViralReproduction

Role of Viruses in Causing

DiseaseNon living

Needs a host cell

Living

Can reproduce on own

Genetic material

Proteins

Viruses Cells

LysogenicLytic

Host cell quickly bursts

Viral genetic material stays hidden for a period of time

Influenza - lytic

HIV - lysogenic

12

2

1

1 Capsid

2 Genetic Material

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iTEKS

Category 1

Stages of the Cell CycleCell Structure and FunctionB.5A


• describe the stages of the cell cycle, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication

• describe the stages of the cell cycle, including mitosis• describe the importance of the cell cycle to the growth of organisms

The cell cycle is the entire life of the cell. Part of this cycle for many cells is cell division, or cell regineration. The larger a cell becomes, the more demands the cell places on its DNA and the more trouble it has moving enough nutrients and wastes across the cell membrane. Therefore, in order to maintain homeostasis, a parent cell (original cell) must divide into two daughter cells (new cells) before growing too large (surface-to-volume ratio). During the cell cycle, a cell grows, prepares for division, and divides -- then begins the cycle again. The following are descriptions of each stage in the cell cycle:

• Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its time and performs many of its purposes including preparation for cell division. In preparation for cell division, it increases its size and makes a copy of its DNA. Interphase is also considered to be the “living” phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients, grows, reads its DNA, and conducts other normal cell functions.

• Interphase is divided into three phases: G1 phase, S phase, & G2 phase.• During the G1 phase cells do most of their growing.• During the S phase DNA replication occurs. o DNA replication is when a copy of the DNA is made. An enzyme called helicase unzips the DNA into two strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous bases. Each original strand of the DNA serves as a template for the new strand. Another enzyme called DNA polymerase adds on the correct nucleotides to the template strands of DNA. DNA replication produces two molecules of DNA, each with one original strand and one new strand (semiconservative). DNA replication is important in preserving the original blueprint of genetic information in the new daughter cells.• During the G2 phase the cell prepares, or gets ready, for cell division.• Now the cell is leaving interphase and entering the M phase (cell division in eukaryotic cells).

The M phase and is divided into mitosis (the division of the nucleus) & cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm).

o The events of mitosis (nuclear division) are divided into four phases: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

o During prophase the nuclear membrane disappears and DNA condenses to form chromosomes. o During metaphase the chromosomes line up along the center of the cell.

o During anaphase the chromosomes begin to separate and move to opposite ends of the cell. o During telophase the nuclear membrane reforms around the two new nuclei. o Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division) occurs at the same time as telophase. o NOTE: Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because plants have a

cell wall and animal cells do not have a cell wall. A cell plate forms in plant cells in order to complete cytokinesis.

o The result of the M phase is two genetically identical diploid (2N) daughter cells.

Diploid means two sets of chromosomes: usually, one set from the mother and another set from the father. For example, a human somatic cell (non-sex cell) has 46 chromosomes (2N) in the parent cell and each new daughter cell will have an exact copy of those original 46 chromosomes (2N).Sa

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B.5A Cell Structure and FunctionStages of the Cell Cycle

Cell Division

Interphase

Result =

Cell Division

Mitosis -

Cytokinesis -

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Cell Division

Interphase

Result = 2N diploid daughter cells

Cell Division

Mitosis -

Division of nucleus

Cytokinesis -

Division of cytoplasm

Prepares for cell division

DNA replication occurs

Growth

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iTEKS

B.5B

Category 1

Cell Structure and FunctionSpecialized Cells


• examine specialized cells, including roots of plants• examine specialized cells, including stems of plants• examine specialized cells, including leaves of plants• examine specialized cells, including animal cells

Multicellular organisms have cell specialization. Cell specialization is how a cell’s specific structure relates to its function, or specific job. Specialized cells work together as a tissue for a specific organ. Plants are multicellular organisms that have specialized cells that make up different tissues for its roots, stems, and leaves (organs). Three types of tissues in plants are dermal tissue, ground tissue, and vascular tissue. • The specialized cells in dermal tissue work together to perform the function of protection on

the outer covering of the plant organs. Guard cells are very specialized dermal cells that function in opening and closing the pores, or stomata, for gas exchange and transpiration.

Guard Cell

• The specialized cells in the ground tissue work together to perform the function of a plant’s metabolic processes such as photosynthesis. Organs such as leaves contain cells that have a high number of chloroplasts in order to perform photosynthesis.

• The specialized cells in the vascular tissue work together to perform the function of transporting substances throughout the plant, such as food and water. Xylem is a type of vascular tissue with cells specializing in the transport of water. Phloem is a type of vascular tissue with cells specializing in the transport of food, or glucose, made during photosynthesis.

Animals are multicellular organisms that have specialized cells as well. Red and white blood cells, muscle cells (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth), epithelial cells, nerve cells, bone cells, etc. All cells have a specific structure related to a specific function.• Red blood cells have an ideal shape for osmosis, diffusion, and carrying oxygen.• White blood cells, or leukocytes, are a major part of the body's immune system; these

round, large cells have no nuclei and contain no hemoglobin.• Muscle cells (skeletal, cardiac, and smooth) have a high number of mitochondria to perform

cellular respiration and convert glucose into ATP for energy. This energy is needed for the movement of muscles.

• Cheek cells are epithelial cells. They are irregular in shape and rather flat in order to perform the function of lining the inside of the mouth.

• Nerve cells, or neurons, have an ideal shape for sending (axons) and receiving signals (dentrites).

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iTEKS

Category 1

Cell DifferentiationCell Structure and FunctionB.5C


• describe the role of DNA in cell differentiation• describe the role of ribonucleic acid (RNA) in cell differentiation• describe the role of environmental factors in cell differentiation

Cell differentiation is the process of converting stem cells into more specialized cell types in multicellular organisms. Stem cells are cells that can differentiate into a variety of specialized cell types. Cell differentiation is required for growth in multicellular organisms. Differentiation changes a cell’s shape, size, metabolism, and response. These changes are controlled by gene expression. Gene expression is when part of the DNA is allowed to be decoded into a protein. Different cell types have the same genome (DNA), but different genes are expressed for each type of cell. The genes that are expressed produce specific proteins that direct the modification of the cell’s structure and allow the cell to begin carrying out specialized functions.

What is the role of DNA in cell differentiation? o Holds the code, or an organsims blueprint, that determines which traits (proteins) will be expressed to make a cell specialized o Most directly regulates cell differentiation

What is the role of RNA in cell differentiation? o Makes a copy of the DNA (transcribes/transcription) and carries the code from the DNA to the ribosomes and helps assemble the proteins (translation) that make a cell specialized

What is the role of the environment in cell differentiation? o Radiation, toxic chemicals, temperature, nutrition, etc. can alter gene expression and cell differentiation

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iTEKS

Category 1

Disruptions of Cell Cycle and CancerCell Structure and FunctionB.5D


• recognize that disruptions of the cell cycle lead to diseases such as cancer

A disease is an abnormal condition affecting the body of an organism. Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth caused by a disruption in the cell cycle. This disruption of the cell cycle can be caused by environmental factors, such as smoking, or genetic factors that are already in the DNA.

There are approximately 300 different types of cells in the human body that make up the trillions of total cells in the human body. Any type of cell can lose control of its cell cycle, become cancerous, and divide uncontrollably. A tumor is a mass of cancer cells. Not all types of cancer have tumors. For example leukemia, cancer of the white blood cells, does not develop tumors. Some other types of cancer are breast cancer, prostate cancer, bladder cancer, brain cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, skin cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer, and pancreatic cancer.

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iTEKS BiomoleculesCell Structure and FunctionB.9A

In this TEKS, the student must be able to:• compare the structures of different types of biomolecules, including

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids• compare the functions of different types of biomolecules, including

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids

Biomolecules are large molecules (polymers) of life that are built by joining smaller subunits (monomers) together. The four biomolecules are carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids. We get the building blocks of the biomolecules from the food we eat. These building blocks, or elements, are Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N), and Phosphorus (P) and are essential to life. Each biomolecule is built using specific types of the elements and a specific number of these elements. The different arrangement and composition of these biomolecules give each of them a specific structure and function. The energy to build these biomolecules is also stored in the food we eat in the form of low-energy covalent bonds between elements. This energy is transformed into the high-energy phosphate bonds of ATP, the cell’s primary energy currency. Energy in food is typically measured in units of calories.

Carbohydrates • Monomer - monosaccharide (single sugar also known as glucose)• Polymer - complex carbohydrates known as polysaccharides• Elements - Carbon, Hydrogen, And Oxygen (CHO) in a 1:2:1 ratio• Function - primary energy source for living things ◦ provide structure in cells (For example: plant cell walls – cellulose)Proteins (Polypeptides)• Monomer - amino acid • Elements - Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Nitrogen (CHON) • Function - a source of Nitrogen ◦ some proteins, called enzymes, control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes ◦ some proteins are used to form bones, muscle, hair, skin, etc. ◦ some proteins transport things into and out of cells or help fight diseaseLipids • No True Monomer - one glycerol plus three fatty acids• Elements - made mostly of the elements Carbon (C) and Hydrogen (H) with a few Oxygen

(O)• Function - lipids are used to store energy ◦ some organisms such as mammals use lipids to provide insulation ◦ some lipids are important parts of biological membranes such as the plasma membrane ◦ common categories of lipids are fats, oils, and waxesNucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)• Monomer - nucleotide (NOTE: 1 phosphate group + 1 deoxyribose or ribose sugar + 1

nitrogenous base = 1 nucleotide)• Elements - Phosphate (P), as well as Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), and Nitrogen

(N)• Function - to store and transmit genetic information

Category 1

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B.9A Cell Structure and FunctionBiomolecules

Carbohydrates1 gram = 4 calories

Lipids1 gram = 9 calories

Proteins1 gram = 4 calories

Nucleic AcidsDNA and RNA = No

caloric value

3 Examples: 3 Examples: 3 Examples: 2 Examples:

2 Functions: 2 Functions: 3 Functions: 3 Functions:

Elements:CHO1:2:1Ratio

Elements:CHO

(some have P)(No simple ratio,

have little oxygen)

Elements:CHON

Elements:CHONP

Structure:Monomer:

Sketch structure below:

Structure:No True Monomer

Basic Lipid = 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids

Phopholipid = glycerol + fatty acids + phosphate molecule

Structure:Monomer:


Structure:Monomer:


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Carbohydrates1 gram = 4 calories

Lipids1 gram = 9 calories

Proteins1 gram = 4 calories

Nucleic AcidsDNA and RNA = No

caloric value

3 Examples: 3 Examples: 3 Examples: 2 Examples:

2 Functions: 2 Functions: 3 Functions: 3 Functions:

Elements:CHO1:2:1Ratio

Elements:CHO

(some have P)(No simple ratio,

have little oxygen)

Elements:CHON

Elements:CHONP

Structure:Monomer:


Structure:No True Monomer

Basic Lipid = 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids

Phopholipid = glycerol + fatty acids + phosphate molecule

Structure:Monomer:


Structure:Monomer:


glucose amino acid nucleotide

CerealBread

Pasta

FatsOils

Wax

Muscle

Hair

Bone

RNA

DNA

Insulation

Primary energy Store energy

StructureTransport

Control reactions

Fight diseaseEnergy currencyTranslate code

Store genetic info

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iTEKS

B.9D

Category 1

Cell Structure and FunctionThe Formation of Organic Molecules


• analyze and evaluate the evidence regarding formation of simple organic molecules

• analyze and evaluate the evidence regarding organization [of simple organic molecules] into long complex molecules having information such as the DNA molecule for self-replicating life

There are various hypotheses dealing with the formation of simple organic molecules as well as various hypotheses as to the formation of long complex biomolecules. A hypothesis is a tentative and testable statement that must be capable of being supported or not supported by observational evidence. Organic molecules are molecules that have bonds between carbon atoms. In the 1920s Alexander Oparin and J.B.S. Haldane proposed the “Primordial Soup” hypothesis. The Oparin-Haldane model on the origin of life had three steps: 1. Organic molecules including amino acids and nucleotides were synthesized abiotically, without

pre-existing life. 2. Organic building blocks in the “Primordial Soup” were assembled into polymers of proteins

and nucleic acids. 3. Biological polymers were assembled into a self-replicating organism that fed on the existing

organic molecules.

In the 1950's Stanley Miller and Harold Urey tested Oparin and Haldane’s hypothesis with their classic Miller-Urey experiments. In this experiment, they produced amino acids by passing sparks through a mixture of hydrogen, methane, ammonia, and water (conditions of early Earth). Atoms do not assemble themselves into organic molecules on Earth today because the environment does not allow it. Miller and Urey’s experiments (in addition to other experiments) suggested how mixtures of the organic compounds necessary for life could have arisen from simpler compounds present on a primitive Earth.

Recent discoveries have led to other hypotheses that dispute previous beliefs for the origin of life: 1. The discovery of amino acids in meteorites that have landed on Earth could have been the

source for the origin of life on Earth. 2. Some scientists suggest life began in frozen ocean water. 3. Other scientists suggest life, not just amino acids, originated deep in the universe before

coming to Earth.

It is also hypothesized that RNA was the first genetic material, not DNA (The “RNA World” Hypothesis). The reasons for this are catalytic RNA can self-replicate without additional enzymes and can synthesize proteins without any additional enzymes. Most scientists do agree, however, on the chain of events that led to the formation of cells. The steps are as follows: 1. the formation of simple organic molecules (monomers - subunits of polymers)2. the formation of complex organic molecules (polymers - chains of monomers)3. the formation of self-replicating molecules4. the formation of cellular metabolic processes

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iPindependent

Practice

TEKS

AnswerKey Cell Structure and Function

Independent Practice Answer Key

TEKS B.4A1 A2 B3 C4 A5 B

TEKS B.4B1 D2 D3 B4 B5 C

TEKS B.4C1 D2 B3 D4 C5 C

TEKS B.5A1 A2 D3 D4 A5 C

TEKS B.5B1 D2 A3 D

TEKS B.5C1 A2 A3 B4 D

TEKS B.5D1 D2 A3 C

TEKS B.9A1 C2 A3 B4 C

TEKS B.9D1 A2 D3 D4 A

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HWHomework

Homework Answer KeyCell Structure and Function

AnswerKey

TEKS B.4A1 life.2 reproduce and maintain homeostasis.3 A nucleus, nuclear membrane, and

other membrane-bound organelles are present in eukaryotic cells but absent in prokaryotic cells. All prokaryotic cells have a cell wall. Only some eukaryotes have a cell wall. All prokaryotic cells are microscopic. Some eukaryotes are microscopic.

4 DNA, a cell membrane, and ribosomes are present in both

5 They are prokaryotes.6 They are eukaryotes.7 Plants cells have a large water vacuole

and animal cells have small vacuoles. Plant cells have a cell wall and animal cells do NOT have a cell wall.

8 No, yes9 All organisms are made of cells. All

cells come from pre-existing cells. Cells are the basic unit of structure in all living things.

10

Plant Cell

a. controls the cells activitiesb. site of protein synthesisc. regulates into/out of celld. site of cellular respiratione. site of photosynthesisf. support and protection g. fluid in the cell

h. transporti. storage, package exportj. hold water

TEKS B.4B1 Cellular homeostasis, Transport of

molecules, Synthesis of new molecules, Energy conversion

2 These processes allow the cell to live efficiently and effectively.

3 Photosynthesis and cellular respiration4A ATP, carbohydrates (glucose), proteins,

lipids, nucleic acids4B Photosynthesis4C chloroplast4D mitochondria4E to synthesize new proteins4F endoplasmic reticulum4G store, package, and export substances5A cell membrane5B active - energy is needed, passive- no

energy is needed5C protein pumps (ex. calcium, sodium,

and potasium ions), endocytosis, exocytosis

5D diffusion, facilitated diffusion (ex. osmosis)

TEKS B.4C1 They both contain proteins and genetic

material.2 Viruses are non-living and cells are

living. Viruses need a host cell to reproduce and cells reproduce on their own.

3 It is a lytic infection. The virus injects its genetic material into the host cell,

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HWHomework

takes over the host cell genome, make new viruses, and bursts the host cell open releasing new viruses to attach other cells. This disrupts the body's normal equilibrium and causes the symptoms of the "flu."

4 the mechanism used by the virus to infect cells.

5 lysogenic; because of the latency stage6 a virus attaches to host cell, injects

genetic material, makes new viruses with host cell "machinery", then causes the cell to burst, or lyse, releasing new viruses

7 In the lysogenic cycle, the viral DNA attaches to the host cell DNA and lies dormant

TEKS B.5A1 The life cycle of a cell from one cell

division to the next.2 The cell cycle is important for the cell to

maintain homeostasis.3 Interphase - living phase, G1 - cell

grows, S - DNA synthesis, G2 - cell prepares for division, M phase - mitosis and division, Cytokinesis - cytoplasmic division

4 DNA unwinds when helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds, original strands provide template for the new strands, nitrogen bases link together, 2 strands each with 1 original and new strand

5 Prophase - chromosome/spindle fibers form, nuclear membrane disappears, Metaphase - chromosomes line up on equator, spindle fibers attach to constromeres, Anaphase - chromosomes separate and chromatids move to opposite poles, Telophase

- chromatids separate spindle fibers disappear, nuclear membranes form, Cytokinesis - cytoplasm divides 2 new cells

6 Two diploid cells with DNA identical to the parent cell

TEKS B.5B1 Cell specialization refers to how a cell's

structure relates to a cell's function.2 Cell specialization is only found in

multicellular organisms. Single-celled organisms do not require specialization because they only contain one cell.

3A The function of dermal tissue is protection.

3B Guard cells function in the opening of the stomata that allows for gas exchange.

3C Because photosynthesis occurs in the leaves and chloroplasts are needed to attract the Sun's energy

3D Xylem carries water and minerals from the roots to the stems and leaves. Phloem carries food from the leaves to the stems and the roots.

4A Muscle cells need energy to perform many movements and epithelial cells do not.

4B A cheek cell is irregularly shaped and flat. This allows the cells to be stacked and to compose flat epithelial tissue.

4C A red blood cell is circular (RBC) and this allows it to move through circular tubes (vessels).

4D A nerve cell is branched so that the dendrites of one cell can receive impulses from another cell's axons.

Cell Structure and FunctionAnswer

Key

Homework Answer Key

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TEKS B.5C1 Cells that can differentiate into a

variety of cell types.2 The process of converting stem cells

into more specialized cells. Two blood cells and nerve cells are examples.

3 DNA4A Most directly regulates cell

differentiation; holds the code that determines which traits (proteins) will be expressed to make a cell specialized

4B assembles proteins based on the code provided by DNA

4C radiation, toxic chemicals, temperature, nutrition

TEKS B.5D1 Cancer is uncontrolled cell growth

caused by a disruption in the cell cycle. Examples of cancer are: leukemia, breast cancer, and prostate cancer.

2 The cell divides uncontrollably because its cell cycle is disrupted. A tumor can develop from this uncontrolled growth.

3 A mass of cancer cells4 No, leukemia, a cancer of the blood

does not develop tumors.

TEKS B.9A1 Biomolecule means living molecule2 Proteins, lipids, nucleic acids,

carbohydrates3 smaller subunits4 large molecules5 carbohydrate - glucose protein - amino cid nucleic acid - nucleotide 6 Because not all lipids are made up of

glycerol and fatty acids7 carbohydrates - C, H, O lipid - C, H, O protein - C, H, O, N nucleic acid - C, H, O, N, P8 Carbohydrate: primary energy source

for all living things and provides cell structureProtein: source of nitrogen enzymes control the rate of chemical reaction

Lipid: used to store energy provide, insulation in animals

Nucleic Acid: DNA- store and transmit hereditary information, RNA- translate DNA code into proteins

Cell Structure and FunctionAnswer

Key

Homework Answer Key

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HWHomework

AnswerKey

Homework Answer KeyCell Structure and Function

TEKS B.9D1 molecules that have bonds between

carbon atoms2 simple organic molecules are monomers

and complex organic molecules are polymers

3 Earth's environment today does not allow atoms to assemble into organic molecules.

4 No, they are not. Atoms present in organic molecules came from both living organisms and dead organisms.

5 Because they are not all supported by the same evidence.

6 If meteorites that have landed on Earth have organic molecules then life occurred in space.

7 1. formation of simple, organic molecules 2. formation of polymers 3. self replicating molecules 4. formation of metabolic processes.

8 RNA is catalytic and can self replicate without (proteins) enzymes

9 Life began in frozen ocean water.

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HOAHands

On Activity

Inquiry Lab InstructionsHands On ActivitiesHOA

Inquiry-based approaches to science education focus on student constructed learning as opposed to teacher-transmitted information. This process aims to enhance student learning based on increased student involvement and multiple ways of knowing.For all inquiry-based labs students should do the following:

1 Use a science notebook.

2 Collaborate with a team and write a problem for the lab in question format based on the information and materials provided.

3 Collaborate with a team on designing the experiment.

4 Write a background paragraph using the key words provided about the student-generated problem or question.

5 After the background paragraph, but before the hypothesis, provide the independent (manipulated) variable, the dependent (responding) variable, the control group, the experimental group(s), and the control variables.

6 Write a hypothesis in an “If, then” statement. If ______________________, then _______________________.

7 List the materials used.

8 Write the procedures in a numbered format. The procedures should be easy to follow.

9 Collaborate with a team during the data collection process.

10 Collect data in table format. Make sure the data table(s) include a title.

11 Graph your data. Make sure to label the axis, provide units, and include a title on the graph.

12 Provide an analysis of the data. The analysis is typically a word description of the graph(s).

13 Provide a conclusion— Restate the hypothesis, Was it accepted or rejected?, Explain with supporting evidence from the data, Was there any human error?, What could be done to increase the validity of this experiment?Sa

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Osmosis Inquiry Lab

Problem: (Question format)

Background Information: (Osmosis, Diffusion, Isotonic vs. Hypotonic vs. Hypertonic Solutions)

Independent (Manipulated) Variable:Dependent (Responding) Variable:Control Group:Experimental Groups:Control Variables:

Hypothesis: (If, then statement)

Materials:• 3 grapes• 3 beakers or cups (same size)• graduated cylinder• spoon• salt• tap water• distilled water • grape juice• triple beam balance

Procedures: (Numbered format)

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Results:

Title: Grapes in Various Solutions Data TableType of Liquid Mass of Grape

Before (g)Mass of Grape

After (g)Difference (+ or –)

Graph:Title: _____________

Analysis: (Word description of the graph)

Conclusion: (Restate hypothesis, Was it accepted or rejected?, Explain with supporting evidence from the data, Was there any human error?, What could be done to increase the validity of this experiment?)Sa

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On Activity


Part I: Viruses vs. Cells

Complete the card sort activity, then create a T-chart showing your results.

Part II: Viral Reproduction

A. Draw and describe the lytic cycle.

B. Draw and describe the lysogenic cycle.

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Part III: Role of Viruses in Disease:

Diseases caused by virusesCommon cold

InfluenzaSmallpox

ChickenpoxMeaslesMumpsRubellaWartsAIDSPolio

West NileHepatitis A, B, & C

SARS

A. Viruses play a role in causing many diseases. Examine the list above.

Circle the diseases caused by a lytic viral infection and underline the diseases caused by a lysogenic viral infection. Use the internet for research.

B. Describe the role of vaccines, or immunizations, in disease prevention.

C. What must scientists study in order to develop antiviral drugs?Sam

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Part I Virus Card Sort


LivingResponse to the Environment

Contains DNA

Grows

Can Reproduce by Itself

Able to Perform Cellular

Respiration

Nonliving

No Response to the Environment

Contains DNA or RNA

Must Reproduce Inside a Living Cell

Is Not Able to Perform Cellular

Respiration

CELLS VIRUSES

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On Activity


Instructions:

1 Give a quick overview of the activity and its purpose.2 Tell the students to pay close attention because they will be describing each phase

of the cell cycle through writing. Make sure to tell them that this writing will be their grade for the activity.

3 Explain the hand signals, and have the students do them as you explain (see below).4 Have students grade the writing activity at the end. Each blank is 5 points each.

Explaining the Hand Signals:

CELL CYCLE = INTERPHASE (G1, S, & G2) + CELL DIVISION (Mitosis & Cytokinesis)

Hand Signal #1 = Interphase

Fold fingers together inside both hands (like the church and the steeple kids’ game).

Interphase is the phase of the cell cycle in which the cell spends the majority of its time and performs the majority of its activities as a cell. Interphase is considered to be the ‘living’ phase of the cell, in which the cell obtains nutrients, grows, and conducts other “normal” cell functions.

INTERPHASE “The Living Phase”(G1, S, & G2 phases)

CELL DIVISION “M phase” (Mitosis & Cytokinesis)

In a somatic cell, or non-sex

body cell

Hand Signal #1

Hand Signals #2 - Prophase #3 - Metaphase #4 - Anaphase #5 – Telophase +

Cytokinesis

The Cell Cycle

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Interphase is divided into three phases: G1 phase, S phase, & G2 phase

G1 - cell grows and performs its purpose (To be the #1 G you have to perform!)S – DNA replication (The letter “S” somewhat looks like a DNA helix!)G2 – cell prepares for cell division (Your #2 G helps you in preparing to divide and conquer!)

Hand Signal #2 = Prophase (Beginning of nuclear division, or mitosis!)Open hands with fingers waving still hooked together.

During prophase, the chromatin (large and thin DNA) condenses into chromosomes where we can see them, and the nuclear envelope (nuclear membrane) breaks down, and a spindle begins to form.

Hand Signal #3 = Metaphase Move hands so that fingers and backs of hands are back to back to look like pairs of chromosomes.

During metaphase, the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell (the equator), and each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber.

Hand Signal #4 = AnaphaseMove hands apart to simulate chromosomes moving to opposite poles of cell.Sa

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During anaphase the sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes and are moved apart.

Sister ChromatidsIndividual Chromatids

orChromosomes

Hand Signal #5 = Telophase (The end of mitosis, or nuclear division) + Cytokinesis (cytoplasmic division)

Close both hands into fists to show two new cells.

During telophase, the chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and uncoil, and then two new nuclear envelopes (nuclear membranes) form around this genetic material.

During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm divides forming 2 new cells.

=THE FINAL RESULT(In a somatic cell, or non-sex

body cell)

2 New Genetically Identical

Daughter Cells

Hands together then fists apart!Sa

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Description of the Cell Cycle

The cell cycle is the entire life of the __________. It is made up of __________ and cell division. Interphase is longer that cell division (M phase) because cells divide rapidly. __________________ (M phase) is divided into the following two parts: Mitosis and Cytokinesis. __________ is division of the nucleus (nuclear division), and __________ is division of the cytoplasm (cytoplamsic division).

Before cell division, a cell goes through __________. Interphase is sometimes called the __________ phase of the cell cycle. The 3 phases of interphase are ____________. During the G1 phase ______________________________________. During the S phase _____________________________________________. During the G2 phase _____________________________________________.

After the G2 phase, the cell enters cell division (___ phase) which is made up of both mitosis and cytokinesis. Mitosis, also known as __________ division, has the following four phases:_________________________________________________. Prophase is the beginning of mitosis. During Prophase ____________________________________________________________________. During metaphase _______________________________________________. During anaphase _______________________________________________. Telophase is the last phase of mitosis. During telophase _______________________________________________________. Cytokinesis, also known as __________ division, happens at the same time as telophase.

The final result after cell division in a somatic cell, or non-sex body cell, is ____________________________________________________.Sa

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Biomolecules (Organic Life Molecules)

Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic Acids

1 gram = 4 calories 1 gram = 9 calories 1 gram = 4 calories 0 caloric value

CHO• 1:2:1 ratio

CHO• No simple ratio• Have little

oxygen• Some have

phosphate (P)

CHON• Source of

nitrogen

CHONP

Monomer = sugar or glucose

No true monomer (glycerol and fatty acids or glycerol and fatty acids and a phosphate group)

Monomer = amino acid

Monomer = nucleotide

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Examples:• monosaccharides• disaccharides• polysaccharides

Examples:• fats, oils, waxes• cholesterol• phospholipids

Examples:• enzymes• meat• transport

proteins

Examples:• DNA• RNA

Functions:• primary energy

source• structural

support such as in plant cell walls (cellulose)

Functions:• store energy• component

of cellular membranes

• hormones• insulation in

animals

Functions:• control the rate of

chemical reactions in living things

• structural support • assist in cell

transport and immune response

Function:• store and

transmit genetic information

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Documents

Step Up to the TEKS - stepupteks.com Sample Books/Biology EOC TE...Step Up to the TEKS. ... B.7D analyze and evaluate how the elements of natural : ... Your body is made up of many