Programming Fundamentals & Database

ManagementAdriane Brent S. Castro

A database is an organized collection of data.

The data are typically organized to model relevant aspects of reality in a way that supports processes requiring this information. ◦ For example, modelling the availability of rooms

in hotels in a way that supports finding a hotel with vacancies.

What is a database?

A database is composed of one or more tables.

A table is a set of data elements (values) that is organized using a model of vertical columns and horizontal rows.

A field is a space given for a particular item of info or data. In database systems, they are the small units of information one can access also called cells in spreadsheets.

What is a database?

A database management system (DBMS) is a computer program designed to manage a database and run operations on the data requested by numerous users.

A relational database management system (RDBMS) is a database management system that is based on the relational model as introduced by E. F. Codd. Many popular databases currently in use are based on the relational database model.

What is a DBMS and an RDBMS?

Database normalization is the process of organizing the fields and tables of a relational database to minimize redundancy and dependency.

Normalization usually involves dividing large tables into smaller (and less redundant) tables and defining relationships between them.

Database normalization

The objective is to isolate data so that additions, deletions, and modifications of a field can be made in just one table and then propagated through the rest of the database using the defined relationships.

Assignment: What are the different normal forms of a database? Briefly explain each.

Database normalization

Computer programming is the comprehensive process that leads from an original formulation of a computing problem to executable programs.

It involves activities such as analysis, understanding, and generically solving such problems resulting in an algorithm, verification of requirements of the algorithm including its correctness and its resource consumption.

What is programming?

A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm or process, showing the steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting them with arrows.

This diagrammatic representation illustrates a solution to a given problem. Process operations are represented in these boxes, and arrows.

What is a Flowchart?

They are implied by the sequencing of operations. Flowcharts are used in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.

What is a Flowchart?

Start and End symbols / Terminators - Represented as circles, ovals, usually containing the word "Start" or "End", or another phrase signalling the start or end of a process, such as "submit inquiry" or "receive product".

Symbols used in a Flowchart

Arrows - Showing "flow of control". An arrow coming from one symbol and ending at another symbol represents that control passes to the symbol the arrow points to. The line for the arrow can be solid or dashed. The meaning of the arrow with dashed line may differ from one flowchart to another and can be defined in the legend.

Symbols used in a Flowchart

Generic processing steps - Represented as rectangles.

Symbols used in a Flowchart

Input/Output - Represented as a parallelogram. Examples: Get X from the user; display X.

Symbols used in a Flowchart

Conditional or decision - Represented as a diamond (rhombus) showing where a decision is necessary, commonly a Yes/No question or True/False test.

Symbols used in a Flowchart

Create a flowchart depicting the flow of a login module.

Sample Flowchart

START

Create a flowchart depicting the flow of a login module.

Sample Flowchart

Get username and password of user

Create a flowchart depicting the flow of a login module.

Sample Flowchart

tempUser = username entered by user

tempPass = password entered by user

Create a flowchart depicting the flow of a login module.

Sample Flowchart

Query database using the entered username

as a key

Create a flowchart depicting the flow of a login module.

Sample Flowchart

Is there an existing

record with that

username?

YES (Proceed to next slide)

Output error: Username does not

exist!

NO

Create a flowchart depicting the flow of a login module.

Sample Flowchart

Is the password entered

same as the stored

password queried?

YES (Proceed to next slide)

Output error: Incorrect

password.

NO

Create a flowchart depicting the flow of a login module.

Sample Flowchart

Output: Login successful

Create a flowchart depicting the flow of a login module.

Sample Flowchart

END

Create a flowchart for:◦ Solving the area of a triangle (a = ½ b * h)

◦ Reserving a hotel room

◦ Withdrawing money from an ATM machine

◦ Ordering from a fast food chain.

Activity